Definitions Of Basic Terms Research Articles

Legal support of budget investment: directions of improvement

The need to introduce modern financial instruments in the development of Ukraine’s economy requires the organization and legal support of various forms of investment activity. State support for investment activities is based on budget investments and is carried out on the basis of budget legislation, but the practice of budget investment shows inconsistencies and inconsistencies in terminology, forms and tools of legal regulation of investment activities. The Government of Ukraine has determined that strong investment activity in Ukraine requires consideration and implementation of modern regulations.
 It is emphasized that there is no concept of “investment budget” in the current legislation, inconsistencies in the legal mechanism of their implementation, as well as analysis of the economic situation in some countries with different levels of gross product. low-income countries, the efficient use of public investment is problematic. It is established that budget investments have a special financial and legal nature, are regulated by financial and legal norms and a definition is provided. The features of budget investments as a powerful tool of state regulation of investment activities are identified and it is determined that the efficiency of investment depends on the economic justification of budget investment and legal support.
 It is proved that the improvement of public investment activity is possible through the use of modern financial instruments, including budget investment, which is implemented by allocating funds accumulated in budgets for specific purposes. It is noted that the effectiveness of budget investment depends on a clear targeting of budget funds, their sufficient volume, the procedure established by law and the powers of investment entities. It is determined that the introduction of budget investment requires amendments to the Budget Code of Ukraine, in particular Art. 2 “Definition of basic terms”. It is proposed to involve local governments and the public in investment activities. The author’s definition of «budget Investment» is offered.

Badania autentyczności numerów identyfikacyjnych

This article provides basic definitions of terms, such as „VIN number” and „nameplate”. Also described are methods of vehicle identification, methods of revealing non-factory tampering with identification markings. The examples show how to rework identification markings and replace a body part with a VIN number with another body part with a different VIN number in order to legalise vehicles derived from criminal acts.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON IMPACT OF CREDIT RATING ON CREDIT RISK OF BANKS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

In the financial markets, for investors, lenders, and issuers, credit rating agencies (CRAs) have a critical part in reducing the asymmetry of information between various parties. Credit ratings allow us to recognize the credit impending of a region's individuals. The paper clearly describes the role played in the establishment of a nation by credit rating agencies; there is a rise in new start-ups as all investors are rated favorably. Banks are helping to recognize the investment position of India. The main aim of the study is to analyze the research gap on the impact of credit rating on credit risk with a review of the literature. The study briefly explains the research gap which helps to analyze the factors which are responsible for credit risk. The study analyzes the definitions of basic terms, the origin of credit rating agencies’ objectives, and the scope of the present study and the literature review by assessing the credit rating users and examined the consequence of credit rating agencies on the Indian financial markets. Based on the nationwide and worldwide literature it is found that if the credit history of the investors is good then their credit score would be better and positive. It would also be incredibly convenient to collect loans. Finally, it is concluded that there is a positive impact of Credit Rating on Credit Risk of banking sectors in India.

ESSENCE, STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

This article examines the communicative competence, its essence and component composition, which includes a number of competencies such as linguistic, strategic, discursive, sociocultural, linguistic, as well as distinguishing between the concepts of “competence” and “competence”. there is a goal in teaching a foreign language, namely to teach reading literature in a foreign language, and the most important aspects of learning a foreign language were learning grammar rules and the ability to analyze the text. Despite the significant shortcomings, this method has long dominated the domestic language didactics, partially remaining in the education system until the late 90’s of XX century.The basic definitions of terms by domestic and foreign authors, such as M. Vyatyutnev, N. Gez, N. Mykytenko, L. Bachman, and others, were determined.The model of S. Savignon and the components of the division of communicative competence of M. Kenal and M. Swain are considered, namely into grammatical, sociolinguistic, strategic. As well as three components of NI Gez and the division of communicative competence of VV Safonova. After analyzing domestic and foreign literature, we can conclude that communicative competence is a complex phenomenon in the methodology of teaching foreign languages and requires new approaches to solving the problem of its essence and variable component composition.Many scholars agree on the presence in the structure of foreign language communicative competence of such key components as language (linguistic), sociocultural, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, strategic, professional subcompetence.

COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS OF SLANG AND CANT/ARGOT

This brief overview deals with the definition of sociolects in Slavic and non-Slavic linguistics. It presents the historical development of slang and cant/argot research in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic, as well as the similarities or differences in the definitions of basic terms. It pays attention to the classification of some facultative slangs from an exclusive environment (e.g. criminal). In the last decades, some slangs have been inappropriately characterized as argot. When classifying sociolects, the type of social environment and the social status of the person are often overestimated. Insufficient attention is paid to the communication functions of the sociolect in society and outside, the communication space and the communication potential of the sociolect. Attention is also paid to argot and its inappropriate definition as “the secret language of the low/excluded social groups”. In the case of argot, specific codes can only be identified by a member of a closed community who knows rules for the use of specific verbal or non-verbal codes. Argot may arise and exist in the environment where two antagonistic groups occur. Therefore, argot is not a language of low/excluded social groups, it only has a cryptic function. It is a discrete strategy shielding the communication goal and its occurrence is expected only in a small group of communicators. It has a low communication potential and a radius that is concentrated inside the community. The user of argot can potentially be anyone in any environment, regardless of the motivation for secrecy of communication.

Hygienic aspects of robotization: risk factors and safety principles

The paper presents a review and essays on the hygienic aspects of the problem of robotics. The absence of generally accepted international terminology is noted. There is given a definition of basic terms as a robot, an artificial intelligence system (AIS), and a cyber-physical system (CFS) - according to authoritative sources. In the literature, the term robot is often used to mean CFS. The origin of robots in Russia is briefly described. The role of AIS as the basis of a technological breakthrough is considered. There is represented statistical data on the scientific, economic, and social aspects of the introduction of robotics. Robots are believed to be more likely to replace tasks rather than jobs and create new types of them. The medical and social aspects of robotization based on the experience of the European Union, the USA, and South Korea are examined, and the prospects of creating "smart jobs" are emphasized. The types of robots and their application in industry and medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are described. It is emphasized that robots are the most advanced machines. The dangers created by robots, their causes, and possible consequences from physical (noise, vibration), chemical, electrical, ergonomic, and other perils are described. The presence of both "traditional" and new risk factors is noted. The systematics of the stages of human-robot interaction is proposed: ethical aspects in the design, communication psychology, contacts with the machine during its use and safety aspects, human physiological responses, possible clinical manifestations of health disorders. The safety principles of robots and CFS are formulated, and that the "smarter" the robots, the greater the risks of program failures and breakdowns are noted. The role of information hygiene and the need for training and health education of workers and the population are examined. Estimates are given of the prospects for the robotization of the profession. The occupation of hygienists in the era of digitalization and robotization is noted to have a future.

Soviet Recognition of Foreign Higher Educational Credentials in the 1950-90s

This article studies USSRs unique experience in recognizing credentials issued by foreign educational institutions. It pays particular attention to the special circumstances of the countrys involvement in education internationally in this respect. Because its definitions of basic terms in higher education did not correspond with those of its Western partners, cooperation between the USSR and foreign countries was mostly limited to UNESCOs standards, as well as bilateral agreements with friendly states. In addition to analyzing the evolution of its legal aspects, the authors also study the evolution of the administrative apparatus for recognizing foreign degrees. Beginning in the 1970s, special units of Patrice Lumumba University and the Scientific Research Institute of Higher School Problems have made important contributions in this regard. The authors consider cooperation between the USSR and the leading international organizations, such as UNESCO and the Council of Europe, as well. At the same time, they also study the Soviet Unions first steps in recognizing foreign educational standards in light of changes in the international political climate. In short, the article discusses the challenges of recognizing foreign higher education qualifications in the Soviet Union as well as the institutions charged with the task from 1950 to the early 1990s.

Educational engineering: the technological basis for creating educational products

The article proves and substantiates the necessity of introducing the concept of educational engineering into the educational process. Various definitions of the terms ‘engineering’ and ‘educational engineering’ are analyzed and considered. The main task of engineering in the educational process is determined in the article along with the reasons that stimulate the introduction of educational engineering into pedagogy. The definition of educational engineering is formulated determining the considered term as a model with certain characteristics. The article proposes the concept of educational engineering, which is based on the categories ‘Educational product’ and ‘Educational product life cycle’ and includes a system of principles for implementing an engineering approach to creating such products. The definitions of basic terms are proposed and the structure of the educational product life cycle is characterized. The phases of the educational product life cycle and its phasic states are described. The principles for educational product developing are formulated. The article contains a conclusion about the possibilities for implementing the presented concept of educational engineering.

IMPROVING UKRAINE'S ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL SUPPORT FOR CYBER SECURITY: EU AND NATO EXPERIENCE IN COUNTERING HYBRID CYBER THREATS

The article focuses on the activities of NATO and the European Union, that consider combating hybrid threats a priority for international cooperation. A number of EU documents have been analyzed, which form a clear idea of cyber threats’ hybridity and main directions of administrative, legal and organizational support of cybersecurity, in particular, on combating hybrid cyber threats in the European Union. Based on the analysis, that at the present stage of development of society the bases were formed on the establishment of a sustainable perception of the risk problem as one of the forming factors of the modern and especially the future society, which is also becoming increasingly socially important. The aim of the article: to identify areas for improving the administrative and legal support of cybersecurity in Ukraine by borrowing the experience of the EU and NATO to combat hybrid cyber threats. The research methodology: the system of general scientific and special methods of cognition, namely the formal-legal method, comparative legal method and method of scientific abstraction. It is emphasized that the domestic regulatory framework has significant shortcomings and requires the introduction of appropriate rules for the introduction of risk-based approach in cybersecurity activities in Ukraine, as well as the definition of basic terms («risk-based approach to cybersecurity», «risk-oriented approach to critical infrastructure protection», «risks», «risk management»). The essence and meaning of the term «sustainability», which has gained practical application in strategic documents in the field of security and in essence is the latest concept of modern theory of national security, which has practical significance for state policy in security environment and is important for security practice in cyberspace, because it is the presence of hybrid threats in cyberspace that cannot be prevented, necessitates the formation of a new approach, in particular, the formation of «sustainability», which in turn should be implemented in public cyberspace policy.

Explanation of terms of grey forecasting models

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the terms of grey forecasting models and techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe definitions of basic terms about grey forecasting models and techniques are presented one by one.FindingsThe reader could know the basic explanation about the important terms about various grey forecasting models and techniques from this paper.Practical implicationsMany of the authors’ colleagues thought that unified definitions of key terms would be beneficial for both the readers and the authors.Originality/valueIt is a fundamental work to standardise all the definitions of terms for a new discipline. It is also propitious to spread and universal of grey system theory.

Explanation of terms of grey incidence analysis models

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the terms of grey incidence analysis models.Design/methodology/approachThe definitions of basic terms about various grey incidence analysis models are presented one by one.FindingsThe reader could know the basic explanation about the important terms about various grey incidence analysis models from this paper.Practical implicationsMany of the authors’ colleagues thought that unified definitions of key terms would be beneficial for both the readers and the authors.Originality/valueIt is a fundamental work to standardize all the definitions of terms for a new discipline. It is also propitious to spread and universal of grey system theory.

Explanation of terms of grey clustering evaluation models

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the terms of grey clustering evaluation models.Design/methodology/approachThe definitions of basic terms about grey clustering evaluation models are presented one by one.FindingsThe reader could know the basic explanation about the important terms about various grey clustering evaluation models from this paper.Practical implicationsMany of the authors’ colleagues thought that unified definitions of key terms would be beneficial for both the readers and the authors.Originality/valueIt is a fundamental work to standardise all the definitions of terms for a new discipline. It is also propitious to spread and universal of grey system theory.

Explanation of terms of concepts and fundamental principles of grey systems

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the terms of concepts and fundamental principles of grey systems. Design/methodology/approach The definitions of basic terms about concepts and fundamental principles of grey systems are presented one by one. Findings The reader could know the basic explanation about the important terms about concepts and fundamental principles of grey systems from this paper. Practical implications Many of the authors’ colleagues thought that unified definitions of key terms would be beneficial for both the readers and the authors. Originality/value It is a fundamental work to standardize all the definitions of terms for a new discipline. It is also propitious to spread the universal principles of grey system theory.

Explanation of terms of sequence operators and grey data mining

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the terms of sequence operators and grey data mining. Design/methodology/approach The definitions of basic terms about sequence operators and grey data mining are presented one by one. Findings The reader could know the basic explanation about the important terms about sequence operators and grey data mining from this paper. Practical implications Many of the colleagues thought that unified definitions of key terms would be beneficial for both the readers and the authors. Originality/value It is a fundamental work to standardize all the definitions of terms for a new discipline. It is also propitious to spread the universal principles of grey system theory.

Blood supply management (RBC): definitions, description as a process, tools for assessment and improvement

BackgroundA patient‐centered vision leads to conceive all transfusion medicine activities as a “blood supply chain”, starting with patients’ needs and ending with transfusion of needed blood components (BCs) to patients. This blood supply chain comprises two main sectors: the hospitals ‐ where transfusion is ordered by clinicians and administered to patients ‐ and the suppliers, acting from donor management to BC distribution, usually Blood Establishments (BEs).The aim is to help all involved actors to assess and improve their blood supply management (BSM) for the primary benefit of patients.Materials and methodsBlood supply management, focusing on red blood cell concentrates (RBC), has been investigated by a working group (TS003 WG) of the European Committee (partial agreement) on blood transfusion (CD‐P‐TS), and also by an ISBT working party on BSM. From scientific literature, current members’ experiences and definitions of basic terms (use, demand, needs, self‐sufficiency, RBC supplier), the TS003 WG first designed BSM as a real process with the following steps. i) Assess past hospital RBC use for patients; ii) Establish a forecast for overall annual supply (BEs) and use (hospitals); iii) Establish annual blood collection program (BEs); iv) Weekly balance RBC use and supply in both BEs and hospitals; v) Review and update the patients’ RBC needs and their satisfaction. This process has been used as a basis to elaborate a questionnaire to investigate each step of the BSM process in the Council of Europe (CoE) countries, and CoE observers (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA)ResultsThe most striking outcomes from the survey were as following. Of 45 surveyed countries, 39 (87%) responded. The blood supply chain (BSC) structures could be classified in three main types: National BE based, 100% hospital based and mix of different organisations. Information exchange between hospitals and RBC supplier(s) was frequently lacking. A national effective coordination of BSM could be found in countries with any of the three BSC organisations. A “vein to vein” IT system covering the entire BSC appeared to be of major importance to achieve such national coordination of BSM. The results of the study have been presented and discussed at a symposium organised by the CoE in October 2012. This provided an opportunity to evaluate the use of the TS003 questionnaire, combined with a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis, to self‐assess the current status of BSM in a given country and to deduce measures for improvement. This experience, deemed very fruitful by all participating countries, can be considered as a first validation of the proposed tool and methodConclusionsThe self‐assessment TS003 questionnaire combined with a SWOT analysis may be considered as an effective tool to evaluate current situation of BSM, deduce measures for improvement and assess their effectiveness. A complementary study by the ISBT BSM WP should help to further disseminate, evaluate and improve this tool and method in a larger number of countries, and gain additional knowledge to establish Good practices in BSM, for the primary benefit of patients, and also all other involved stakeholders.

Shifting goal posts: First and second order access

Snodgrass et al.’s (2009) commentary makes explicit one of the major problems in consciousness research; that there seem to be just as many definitions of basic terms are there are people in the field. Although Snodgrass et al.’s position appears at odds with the views expressed in Irvine (2009), many of their arguments are actually consistent with the proposed views, or else fail to engage with them as a consequence of the shifting goal posts of what basic terms mean.

Definitions of basic terms relating to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001)

Abstract This document is the first published by the IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. Because of the breadth of its scope, it has been prepared in collaboration with representatives of the International Liquid Crystal Society. The document gives definitions of terms related to low-molar-mass and polymer liquid crystals. It relies on basic definitions of terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science. The terms are arranged in five sections dealing with general definitions of liquid-crystalline and mesomorphic states of matter, types of mesophases, optical textures and defects of liquid crystals, the physical characteristics of liquid crystals (including electro-optical and magneto-optical properties), and finally liquid-crystal polymers. The terms that have been selected are those most commonly encountered in the conventional structural, thermal, and electro-optical characterization of liquid-crystalline materials.

Nomenclature of Liquid Crystals

Abstract One of the signs of the maturing of a new area of knowledge is a heightened discussion and awareness of nomenclature, conventions and labels. In emerging sciences, the facts are often in dispute or open to different interpretations, and so premature attempts to categorize and standardize will only serve to confuse and delay real understanding. Liquid crystal science is now of an age when the attention of its practitioners is being drawn to considerations of nomen-clature. Indeed in 1997 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) issued provisional recommendations concerning the definition of basic terms and symbols for liquid crystals. Members of the International Liquid Crystals Society have become involved with the preparation of a final document, which hopefully will be generally accepted and followed by scientists in the field. Some of the initial recommendations have already been reported in the new Handbook of Liquid Cryrstals, published in 1998 [1], so the process of formalising the nomenclature of liquid crystals has begun.

Nomenclature of Liquid Crystals

One of the signs of the maturing of a new area of knowledge is a heightened discussion and awareness of nomenclature, conventions and labels. In emerging sciences, the facts are often in dispute or open to different interpretations, and so premature attempts to categorize and standardize will only serve to confuse and delay real understanding. Liquid crystal science is now of an age when the attention of its practitioners is being drawn to considerations of nomen-clature. Indeed in 1997 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) issued provisional recommendations concerning the definition of basic terms and symbols for liquid crystals. Members of the International Liquid Crystals Society have become involved with the preparation of a final document, which hopefully will be generally accepted and followed by scientists in the field. Some of the initial recommendations have already been reported in the new Handbook of Liquid Cryrstals, published in 1998 [1], so the process of formalising the nomenclature of liquid crystals has begun.

Modern rural family and household in Yugoslavia

The paper analyzes modern rural household in Yugoslavia, both by region and at the level of the country as a whole. The author begins by providing a statistical and sociological definition of basic terms, and proceeds with a combination of social and demographic analysis. The basic criterion used is the residential status of the population (permanent residence) based on the administrative distribution of settlements with the non-city ("other") population treated as part of rural population. The descriptive basis was formed on the basis of two types of sources: population census data and relevant studies, on the one hand, and comprehensive researches of rural family in the 1990s, on the other. The modernization theory has provided the basic framework for the analysis of the state and movement in rural households in Yugoslavia since the beginning of the 20th century, but the paper deals mainly with social and economic developments following the Second World War. The following components of the rural households are analyzed: dynamics and average size, as well as composition of households. With reference to the level of the social change they had undergone and some demographic special features, rural households are classified into four main types: 1) purely agricultural; 2) mixed (with income earned from agricultural and non-agricultural activities); 3) non-agricultural; and 4) households of elderly people. The appearance and growth of mixed households during the pest-war period, following adoption of the socialistic command economy, came as a result of objective contradictions in transformation of an individual agricultural household into a modern market-oriented holding, and its cooperation with the state-owned cooperative sector. Since early 1980s, however, with deterioration in its position, agricultural production is gradually given up or maintained at the subsistence level, while most family members earn their living from the non-agricultural sector. These tendencies were most rapidly observed in Vojvodina, which is the most fertile region of the country, and most slowly in central Serbia. As a result of the above social and economic transformation the village was also exposed to a strong demographic transformation, which was most readily observed in ageing and feminization of population and its labor force and narrowing down of family structure to conjugal family united through marriage, which is made up of aged parents without an heir. The rural household and/or family have undergone crucial changes in respect of three main segments: 1) size; 2) structure; and 3) position and role of family members. This last aspect has been the subject of numerous comprehensive studies into the way of life in villages. The analysis of family relations in a village was conducted in two segments: intra-generation (between spouses and between children, especially of different gender) and inter-generation (parent - children relations). Segregation of roles by gender is still characterized by male domination, husband - head of the family, and son - the heir. Housework, parenthood, and the homestead itself (due to the increased engagement of the husband in non-agricultural activities) are the main sources of self-realization of women. Marriage and bearing children (especially male children) represent the main social promotion channel for young girls in a village environment, while education and earning income from work outside the village do not ensure a significant role in making decisions on family life in general, children's future or even personal destiny. Incidence of conflict in marriage is rare. Satisfaction with a twofold role of the mother and housekeeper is very high as well as understanding for tl1e difficulties of the social position of a man - the "bread winner" in the current social crisis and disintegration. The author points to the lack of data on rural households in Kosovo and Metohia caused by the boycott of the latest census by the majority, ethnic Albanian population. An attempt was hence made to compensate for the lack of quantitative information by presenting results of representative investigation of Albanian zadrugas in Kosovo and Metohia.