Definition Of Procedures Research Articles

Automatic Definition of Traffic Analysis Zones Based on Big Data

The planning process for any transport system can be considered complete if it is accompanied by a modeling system to evaluate the intervention. The study area should always be divided into traffic zones. Correct zoning is the key to any transport system study. The basic principles of zone creation require a thorough understanding of the area and local traffic conditions. However, this is not always a given, especially if a universally applicable assessment system is to be developed. This has led to the need to develop an algorithm that is able to provide an estimate for the definition of traffic zones based on some automatically observable or measurable phenomena or sequence of events. The aim of this research is to identify the observable events that are suitable for characterizing the area, so that an automatic zone definition procedure can be developed based on these. In this paper, automatic WAZE-generated congestion data were processed in a selected district of Budapest. During the processing, the area was divided into a grid network and time series were developed that show the traffic flow on the grid network as a function of the congestion level. The area subdivisions were then clustered using spectral clustering to create spatially distinct districts with identical traffic behavior.

Definitions of and Evaluation Procedures for Emotional Disturbance: A Tale of 50 States

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act allows states some autonomy in altering the disability category terminology and definitions, given that the changes do not exclude students eligible under the federal language. Several states have used this flexibility for the emotional disturbance category historically. This study provides a contemporary analysis of the interstate variation in the emotional disturbance category through a comprehensive evaluation of state department education policy documents for differences in terminology, definition, and disability-specific evaluation procedures and guidance. The work is contextualized by previous reviews of similar but different purposes relevant to the time periods in which they occurred. Data from the current study show continued convergence toward the language in the federal definition. Results present notable differences related to cultural considerations, the social maladjustment exclusionary clause, and the provision of mental health services. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

Problems with the Asylum System and Their Solutions: Take Case of Colombia v. Peru on the Right of Asylum as an Example

The right of asylum in international law refers to the right of citizens of one country to enjoy asylum in another country, and in the interaction of sovereign states, the right of asylum is usually applied in the context of a citizen of a country requesting to enter another country or having entered another country for political reasons and in an emergency, and is approved by the government of another country. For a long time, there have been debates on the definition, establishment conditions and examination procedures of the right of asylum, and there have been many differences in the determination of the application of the right of sanctuary in practice. Based on the study of the Colombia v. Peru asylum case and the literature related to the right of asylum, this paper uses the comparative research method and the case analysis method to discuss the differences between the academic research on the right of asylum in the past and the present, and analyzes the problems and challenges of the asylum right system in the current international environment based on real cases, and finally provides suggestions for clarifying the criteria for determining the right of asylum in the form of a convention and formulating strict review procedures.

EU Case Law Guidelines on Registering Three-Dimensional (Shape) EUTM in the Light of the Trademark Reform

The case-law developed by the European Court of Justice aims to ensure consistency and legal certainty in the registration of EU three-dimensional trademarks. It interacts closely with the legislative amendments introduced by the trademark reform, which aim to make the registration procedure for EU trademarks more flexible and transparent, thanks to the European Court of Justice's work in interpreting and developing the law. The problem of the definition and registration procedure of three-dimensional marks is an important issue in EU trademark case law, as this category of marks is the most popular of the non-traditional marks for which the trademark reform provides a legal framework, but also overlaps with other forms of intellectual property protection.

Does capital flight tone down economic growth? Evidence from emerging Asia

PurposeThis study aims to offer an up-to-date estimate of capital flight from selected emerging Asian economies and examine the anti-growth phenomenon of capital flight by using annual data for the period 1981–2019.Design/methodology/approachThe study relies on residual methods to derive the estimate of capital flight with necessary adjustments. It then applies the autoregressive distributed lag Bounds testing approach in examining the impact of capital flight on the economic growth of Asian emerging economies.FindingsThe study identifies capital flight as the attributor to the slower economic growth of the selected emerging economies of Asia.Practical implicationsApart from appropriate policies addressing the issues causing capital flight, unleashing the way of private sector-led growth of the emerging countries with necessary policy, infrastructural, institutional and regulatory support can rather help them retain and repatriate domestic capital.Originality/valueThe capital flight estimates in earlier studies are antithetical as they differ in terms of definition and estimation procedure. Again, the growth effect of capital flight in these economies has received meager attention in research and policy debates. Furthermore, being country-specific or region-specific, existing studies are unable to compare the growth effect of capital flight for different emerging economies in this region. Examining the growth effects for a large number of countries separately based on a common estimate of capital flight can resolve these issues that this study aims to do.

Toward the use of LES for industrial complex geometries. Part I: automatic mesh definition

With the constant increase of computational power for the past years, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become an essential part of the design in complex industrial processes. In this context, among the scale resolving numerical methods, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) has become a valuable tool for the simulation of complex unsteady flows. To generalise the industrial use of LES, two main limitations are identified. First, the generation of a proper mesh can be a difficult task, which often relies on user-experience. Secondly, the ‘time-to-solution’ associated with the LES approach can be prohibitive in an industrial context. In this work, these two challenges are addressed in two parts. In this Part I, an automatic procedure for mesh definition is proposed, whereas the Part II is devoted to numerical technique to reduce the LES ‘time-to-solution’. The main goal of these works is then to develop an accurate LES strategy at an optimised computational cost. Concerning the mesh definition, because LES is based on separation between resolved and modelled subgrid-scales, the quality of the computed solution is then directly linked to the quality of the mesh. However, the definition of an adequate mesh is still an issue when LES is used to predict the flow in an industrial complex geometry without a priori knowledge of the flow dynamics. This first part presents a user-independent approach for both the generation of an initial mesh and the convergence of the mesh in the LES framework. An automatic mesh convergence strategy is proposed to ensure LES accuracy. This strategy is built to guarantee a mesh-independent mean field kinetic energy budget. The mean field kinetic energy is indeed expected to be mesh independent since only turbulent scales should be unresolved in LES. The approach is validated on canonical cases, a turbulent round jet and a turbulent pipe flow. Finally, the PRECCINSTA swirl burner is considered as a representative case of complex geometry. First, an algorithm for the generation of an unstructured mesh from a STL file is proposed to generate a coarse initial mesh, before applying the mesh convergence procedure. The overall strategy including automatic first mesh generation and its automatic adaptation paves the way to use LES approach as a decision support tool for various applications, provided that the ‘time-to-solution’ is compatible with the applications constraint. A second paper, referred as Part II, is devoted to the reduction of this time.

Participatory methodology guidelines to promote citizens participation in decision-making: Evidence based on a Portuguese case study

Citizens' role evolved to become active agents in decision-making. However, existing policy definition procedures are still not tailored to engage citizens and the participation of specific groups. Moreover, it is vital to understand citizens' interests and motivations to set the methods and build democratic methodologies that make them feel comfortable and willing to participate. In this context, this paper explores how policymakers view the role of citizens in policymaking. Specifically, it looks at the obstacles outlined by policymakers to the involvement of citizens in the policy definition. Second, it explores how citizens view their participation and the respective challenges. This study was conducted within the Portuguese context, following a methodology supported by mixed methods research, which combined interviews with policymakers and questionnaires applied to citizens. Furthermore, this research shows detailed data about how the Portuguese population and how particular groups wish to engage in decision-making. Guidelines are presented in the following areas: willingness to be identified, subjects, topics, methods, and channels to participate. The findings suggest there is significant heterogeneity on the engagement modes. Therefore, to promote the inclusion of different groups of citizens, policymakers should tailor participatory methodologies to these, in line with the guidelines of this paper.

Experimental Validation of Fast Design Rules for Curved Surface Slider Devices through the Hybrid Simulation Technique

In this work fast design procedures for a get-started definition of the seismic isolation system for buildings have been validated through the analysis of the outcomes of experimental hybrid tests. More specifically, earthquake simulations have been performed, by adopting both numerical and physical substructures, represented by an equivalent Multi Degree of Freedom for the building and a full-scale Double Curved Surface Slider isolator for the whole isolation system. A suite of seven natural seismic events has been selected, by ensuring the proper spectrum compatibility with respect to the hazard of the considered case study structure, in terms of acceleration response spectrum. Special attention has been focused on global results of the isolation layer, in terms of displacement and total force responses, together with the evaluation of the effective protection of the superstructure against eventual plastic deformation demands. The response parameters returned by both the single-events and as average values among the suite of selected events have been compared to the performance initially estimated through fast design rules. Furthermore, Non-Linear Time History Analyses have been performed, by adopting the same analytical model of the building used within the hybrid tests algorithm, for sake of comparison between numerical and experimental simulations.

Непредставительная институция: к вопросу о положении анализантов в психоаналитических сообществах

Ever since Sigmund Freud decided on the necessity of establishing a psychoanalytic institution as a representative body of psychoanalytic theory and clinic, psychoanalysis has generally not undertaken an examination of its own institutionality and has not thought of its very existence in the forms of a “psychoanalytic community” as a problematic point. One of the reasons for avoiding this question is the historical position of those who receive analysis, since, as the article shows, a double institutional definition procedure is carried out regarding the latter. By identifying themselves as “analysts” and acting as “partners” of analysts in the realization of the analysis, they are thereby seen as an element of the analytic process. Nevertheless, they are not recognized as part of psychoanalytic communities. This non-recognition is justified by psychoanalysis itself as a measure to ensure the preservation of analysis as an exclusive professional practice. At the same time, a specific psychodynamic factor underlies the formation of psychoanalytic communities: Freud’s anxiety that psychoanalysis could preserve its existence only through permanent measures to cleanse the psychoanalytic professional field and to remove any extraneous components to the analysis. Freud is shown to undertake the establishment of a psychoanalytic community, not sure about the benignity of this form, but expecting that it would prove capable of maintaining the necessary disciplinary dissociation. However, the continued existence of psychoanalysis in the form of communities reveals that external dissociation procedures generate a series of processes within the communities themselves, causing their constant destabilization and their members’ susceptibility to various forms of collegiality violation. In drawing open attention to these violations for the first time, the Gabriel Tupinambá’s Desire of Psychoanalysis raises the question of the position of the didactic analyst (as potential member of the community as future psychoanalyst), which we consider incomplete and in need of radicalization through a different question about the degree to which analysts belong to the psychoanalytic community in principle.

OPTIMALISASI STRATEGI PERTOLONGAN PERTAMA PADA GAWAT DARURAT PADA MASYARAKAT DI DESA SUNGAI ALAT KECAMATAN ASTAMBUL

Emergency events can occur anytime and anywhere, and require immediate treatment, because they can be life threatening or cause permanent disability. Emergency events can be caused, among others, by traffic accidents, diseases, fires and natural disasters. One of the three main pillars of the Healthy Indonesia Program is strengthening health services, including strategies to increase access to health services, optimize the referral system and improve the quality of health services, where one way is through the Integrated Emergency Management System Purpose Emergency assistance is expected to reduce the complications of a disease. This service activity is in partnership with Sungai Alat Village, Astambul District. The form of emergency first aid that can be given to prevent complications due to trauma, bleeding and shock is to provide training in first aid methods for trauma, bleeding and shock. The activity began with socialization of activities, followed by strengthening of cadres, training in emergency first aid in cases of bleeding, trauma and shock. Based on these activities, it can be concluded that after conducting emergency first aid training, the majority of participants already know the definition, purpose, benefits, indications and contraindications and procedures for carrying out emergency first aid. In addition, the majority of participants also felt enthusiastic and interested in performing emergency first aid.

Aircraft Noise Compatibility of the Airports with Progress of Noise Reduction at Source

Сreation of noise exposure maps and airport noise compatibility programs are the basic steps in aircraft noise exposure and impact management in/around the airports, both of them are fundamental for aircraft noise zoning procedures. Noise reduction at source is also a strategic element of this management, and efficient implementation of quieter aircraft designs in operation provides closer distances of the boundaries of noise zones prohibited for residences to runway axis. These new conditions oblige the decision-makers, responsible for noise management, to be stricter with procedures for noise zones definition and to include in consideration a number of new acoustic sources inside the aerodrome besides the aircraft in flight operation, which may influence the overall exposure and impact of noise on population living or/and acting around the airport. In other words, current noise exposure maps and airport noise compatibility programs must include these dominant noise sources at specific locations of the airport also, not only the flight noise sources, as it was enough before. Today such essential noise sources for consideration in airport noise management are the aircraft in maintenance and overhaul and the aircraft during the taxing between the runway and stands on apron first of all, especially if their locations are quite far from aircraft flight operation routes and close to the residential areas around the aerodrome. The noise maps are required to be calculated currently, as for aircraft operation, so as for their maintenance and overhaul, but the measurements are evident also for their confidence and accuracy purposes.

Do YouTube Videos Provide Enough Reliable Information to Patients about White Spot Lesions? A Video Content and Quality Analysis

This study examines the quality and reliability of videos about white spot lesions (WSLs) uploaded to YouTube. The keyword required for searching was analyzed using the Google Trends online application, which determined a “white spot lesion.” The first 140 videos about WSLs were watched and 85 of them were evaluated. The videos watched were divided into two categories according to their reliability score (RS): low reliability and medium/high reliability. The videos also examined the global quality index (GQS) and video information and quality index (VIQI) data for the videos. Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate analysis of variance were used to evaluate the data. It was determined that there were more videos about WSLs with medium/high reliability (65.9%) than with low reliability and that most of the videos were uploaded by clinics (49.4%). The videos contained more information about WSLs in terms of definition (70.6%), treatment indication (77.6%), treatment advantage (77.6%), and treatment procedure (76.5%). It was also determined that the mean GQS, VIQI, and RS values differed according to video reliability category, and only the mean interaction index values differed significantly according to video source (p < .05). Most YouTube videos about WSLs examined in this study were of medium/high reliability. Thus, it can be concluded that the videos about WSLs on YouTube are generally reliable.

Equivalence Procedures for Culture-Specific Words and Their Application in the Arabic-English Dictionary

Despite the extensive research carried out on the definition, classification and translation procedures of culture-specific words (CSWs) in text translation, little attention has been given to these procedures in the creation of equivalence in the bilingual dictionary. This paper examines the nature and adequacy of the major CSWs translation procedures as well as their application in two Arabic-English dictionaries: Wehr’s Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic and Munir Baalbaki’s Al-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary. The analysis will show that, statistically, the most commonly used procedure is borrowing, followed by explanation, explanatory equivalence and a combination of these three procedures. Other procedures, namely cultural equivalence, functional equivalence and synonymy, are less frequently used and produce, for the most part, inadequate and/ or inaccurate equivalents as evidenced by examples in sections B., C. and E. It will further demonstrate that the two dictionaries show inconsistencies, errors of judgment and occasional failure to employ procedures that best capture the exact meaning of the word in the target language. It will be concluded that if the dictionary intends to provide accurate and unambiguous interlingual equivalents, the compiler will have to resort to procedures capable of accomplishing this task.

INTERTEXTUAL ROUTES OF CONTEMPORARY MUSIC: ASSOCIATIVE MUSIC TEXT ISSUE

The purpose of the article is to present the concept of associative musical text (definition, typology, methodology) and analytically prove the viability of associative musical text as an effective technique of modern text forming. Research methodology. The author has applied the method of generalisation, which allowed us to review the intertextuality issue in humanitarianism and systematise observations on associative musical texts; a methodological definition procedure has allowed determining the category of associative musical text; a typological approach has provided the possibility of differentiating associative musical text; methods hermeneuticalsemantic, intonation and comparative analysis, which have become the basis for identifying the intonation and dramatic specifics of the works reviewing. Scientific novelty. The author has proposed the concept of an associative musical text, representing three scientific positions: definition, typology (10 types), and research methodology. Conclusions. The article proves the associative musical text concept as a categorically independent, functional, or contemporary composer’s thinking. It is found that associative musical text, as one of the basic, technologically developed mechanisms of text formation in modern music, is the sphere of activation of meanings that is always different, aimed at dialogue or counterdialogy with the primary source, author, era and its socio-cultural priorities. The theory reasoning for the concept is carried out based on “Сarpe Diem” by the Ukrainian composer A. Bezborodko and “Biber. Battalia a 10 (with pieces by PatKop from “Ghiribizzi”) by Moldovan and Swiss artist P. Kopachynska. Various trends in the work of a modern composer with intertext are studied: from Game modelling of “fragments” of old texts with the discovery of their unexpected figurative and semantic resources (“Сarpe Diem” by A. Bezborodko) to adaptation in a new artefact of a complete composition of the past (“Bieber. Battalia” by P. Kopachynska). The article has proven the significance of the associative musical text as a perfect heuristic mechanism of modern text formating, thanks to which there is the reconstruction and updating of “old” text phenomena and an alternative reputation of the modern author as a co-creator of a corporate artefact in the article.

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: How to Define, Diagnose, and Treat At-Risk Patients

Introduction Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease with a rapid progression of symptoms leading to high patient mortality. It is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary vasculature and poor pulmonary perfusion, resulting in patient fatigue, dyspnea, and syncope, especially upon physical exertion. A sub-clinical form of pulmonary hypertension also exists which is referred to as exercise induced pulmonary hypertension, where patients display normal resting hemodynamic properties but abnormal pulmonary responses to exercise. Discussion Recent evidence suggests early intervention and treatment of pulmonary hypertension can improve patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting effective treatments for exercise induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH), arguably the earliest stage of pulmonary hypertension. This is due in part to the removal of EIPH from official guidelines such as the European Respiratory Society in 2008. EIPH was removed from clinical guidelines due to a lack of consensus on the definition and standardized testing procedures for diagnosing EIPH. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise testing following a standardized protocol of stress echocardiography or right heart catheterization of patients may allow for the classification of EIPH as a mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output slope &gt; 3 mmHg/L/min, and/or mean pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 30 mmHg with a pulmonary vascular resistance &gt; 3 Wood Units. Conclusion Providing evidence for a consensus definition of EIPH, along with a validated, standardized testing procedure, will hopefully foster the progression of research on EIPH and further the development of treatments and improve patient outcomes for people with pulmonary hypertension.

Денотация и коннотация как логический приём в юридической технике

The article discusses the specifics of legal techniques in the formulation of legal definition. A comparative analysis of approaches to understanding the definition procedure in jurisprudence, philosophy, logic, mathematics and philology is carried out.&#x0D; The relevance of the topic under study lies in the absence in modern legal tech-nology of generally accepted approaches to understanding the methodological speci-ficity of the implementation of the definition procedure. The purpose of this article is to determine the methodological foundations of differentiation of axiomatic and con-textual definitions, the implementation of the critical analysis of the classifications of types of definitions in the modern scientific literature.&#x0D; The basis of the concept of definition proposed by the authors is the analytical study of the logicallinguistic operation of determination on the example of the defi-nition of «corruption» from the Federal Law of December 25, 2008 No. 273-FZ.&#x0D; There is a lack of legal recognition of corruption as a bribe, and criticism of the narrow definition. Corruption is defined as a criminal act of a social and legal nature, which is constrained by the nature of official crimes in conflict with the interests of society and the State, the essence of which is an obvious mercenary motive in personal en-richment (material and non-material) through the use of his official position (authori-ty) for mercenary purposes.&#x0D; The study is based on the methodological tools of systemic, structural-functional and comparative cognition methods.

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: How to Define, Diagnose, and Treat At-Risk Patients

Introduction Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating disease with a rapid progression of symptoms leading to high patient mortality. It is characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary vasculature and poor pulmonary perfusion, resulting in patient fatigue, dyspnea, and syncope, especially upon physical exertion. A sub-clinical form of pulmonary hypertension also exists which is referred to as exercise induced pulmonary hypertension, where patients display normal resting hemodynamic properties but abnormal pulmonary responses to exercise. Discussion Recent evidence suggests early intervention and treatment of pulmonary hypertension can improve patient outcomes. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting effective treatments for exercise induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH), arguably the earliest stage of pulmonary hypertension. This is due in part to the removal of EIPH from official guidelines such as the European Respiratory Society in 2008. EIPH was removed from clinical guidelines due to a lack of consensus on the definition and standardized testing procedures for diagnosing EIPH. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise testing following a standardized protocol of stress echocardiography or right heart catheterization of patients may allow for the classification of EIPH as a mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output slope &gt; 3 mmHg/L/min, and/or mean pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 30 mmHg with a pulmonary vascular resistance &gt; 3 Wood Units. Conclusion Providing evidence for a consensus definition of EIPH, along with a validated, standardized testing procedure, will hopefully foster the progression of research on EIPH and further the development of treatments and improve patient outcomes for people with pulmonary hypertension.

Understanding variations in reported epidemiology of major lower extremity amputation in the UK: a systematic review

ObjectiveEstimate the prevalence/incidence/number of major lower extremity amputations (MLEAs) in the UK; identify sources of routinely collected electronic health data used; assess time trends and regional variation; and identify reasons...

Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Enriched with Glycine and Proline in Eyebrow Augmentation Procedure

BackgroundThe eyebrow area is a clinically critical district due to the anatomical complexity and the propensity to aging-related atrophy. Hyaluronic acid fillers have been proposed to recover the dermal volume of the facial and lips regions.AimThe aim of the present investigation was to evaluate hyaluronic acid fillers enriched with glycine and proline for the treatment of eyebrow augmentation.MethodsA total of 15 healthy patients were treated with eyebrow augmentation procedure. The distance between mid-bipupil to lateral eyebrow and mid-eyebrow to the medial eyebrow was measured before, immediately after treatment and at follow-up of 6 months.ResultsThe healing period was uneventful, and no evidence of inflammation or swelling associated with the treatment was reported. No macroscopical alteration was reported in the surrounding tissues with no evidences of visible wheals or lumps in the treated sites at the follow-up. Before treatment, the angle was equal to 9.32 ± 0.2°, while after treatment it was 11.21 ± 0.4° (p < 0.01); after three and 6 weeks, it was, respectively, 10.66 ± 0.2° (p<0.05) and 10.02 ± 0.3°(p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe study results suggest that the hyaluronic acid fillers enriched with glycine and proline treatment resulted as being a useful procedure for augmentation, contour and volume definition and elevation of the eyebrow region with a high-level aesthetic result.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

A novel design approach for micro-robotic appendages comprised of active and passive elements with disparate properties

Recent innovations in microsystems materials and fabrication permit the creation of complex microactuation mechnisms with heterogeneous properties and behaviors. Meanwhile, emerging applications such as micro-robotics extend the environments in with microsystems may operate. This introduces substantial challenges for the design given the wide range of feasible devices. This paper describes a novel synthesis method based on structural topology optimization for the automated design of micro-robotic appendages realized by utilizing heterogeneous materials and embedded actuation. A typical mechanism designed by this approach, inspired by innovations in thin-film piezoelectric integration with other microstructures and materials, might include active smart actuators, elements formed from traditional semiconductor materials, and comparatively soft polymer flexures. We will introduce the framework for design optimization, and detailed procedure for problem definition, parameterization, and optimization. The focus of the synthesis is on realizing micro-robotic appendages that can achieve control of an end-effector in different directions (one and two). Original formulations of the optimization objective functions that lead to desired micro-robotic solutions are presented. Examples of different optimized designs are presented, with novel micro-robotic appendage solutions that can realize large in-plane displacement compared to prior devices, controllable actuation in largely-decoupled axes, and/or generation of unusual rotational displacement from initially planar geometries. Performance predicted by the design optimization algorithm is compared to simulated behavior through computational modeling. The presented synthesis method can be utilized by others to design micro-robotic solutions for different applications.