Definition Of Inclusion Research Articles

Social inclusion practices in the upstream supply chain: a systematic literature review

PurposeThis study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) on social inclusion within upstream supply chains, targeting a notable literature gap in modern SCM discourse. By delving into this critical, yet underexamined, domain, this study spotlights the pressing need to incorporate social inclusion practices, particularly as global supply chains face increased scrutiny over their social ramifications. It examines social inclusion’s intricacies, offering practical insights for industry professionals to adopt, so that trustworthy social inclusion practices can proliferate across their upstream supply chains, thereby making a substantial contribution to both theoretical understanding and practical application.Design/methodology/approachEmploying five search queries across two leading academic databases, this investigation reviewed 86 articles that examined social issues related to social inclusion in the upstream supply chain. Via content analysis, this study aims to answer essential research questions and employs statistical bibliometric analyses to investigate the collected data further.FindingsThis study’s findings establish a definition of social inclusion within the upstream supply chain and present a conceptual framework delineating levers and indicators for evaluating such practices. Through rigorous analysis, it becomes apparent that mechanisms such as supplier compliance, collaboration and development are crucial for promoting social inclusion; however, their importance differs at various levels of suppliers in multi-tiered supply chains. Furthermore, a methodological matrix is introduced for assessing social inclusion practices’ efficacy, equipping practitioners with a roadmap for developing and executing strategies that extend social inclusion efforts throughout the supply chain, as well as emphasising these levers through monitoring, assessment and application of six specified indicators.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the dialogue surrounding upstream supply chain management by spotlighting social inclusion practices, addressing the literature gap in comprehending how social inclusion dynamics operate within upstream supply chains and outlining a distinct direction for forthcoming research. By highlighting the pressing importance of enhancing social inclusion practices, this study not only enriches the theoretical landscape but also lays the groundwork for subsequent empirical studies aimed at deciphering the complexities and practical hurdles associated with the efficient execution of these practices.

Respect or ambivalence: interpreting student perceptions of inclusivity/exclusivity in a four-year predominately white institution

ABSTRACT Undergraduate students often view and define terms differently than faculty and scholars. Differences in the operationalization of terms can lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding, especially within university classrooms. The present study used the theoretical framework of sensemaking to understand how undergraduate students perceived and defined inclusion in university classrooms. Through the facilitation of eight focus groups (N = 50), we identified four elements that contribute to inclusion/exclusion: “Respect,” “Safety,” “Unfettered Expression,” and “Context Appropriate.” Theoretically, these findings show a lack of concreteness in students’ definition of these terms, which can lead to ambiguity and ambivalence when defining the boundaries of inclusive/exclusive spaces. The lack of specificity dilutes the power of these words and phrases, and its ability to meet its intended purpose (e.g., disruption of oppressive systems). Pedagogically, for instructors to become intentional practitioners of inclusion, we argue that instructors must have an operationalized definition of inclusion grounded in social justice frameworks, share this definition and its rationale with students, engage in instructor reflexivity, and develop proactive strategies to combat challenges to inclusion.

Is inclusive education for children with special educational needs and disabilities an impossible dream?

Countries have been implementing inclusive educational practices for children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) for at least 30 years. Some issues continue to present as unresolved and will be examined in this paper with possible ways forward suggested. 1. There is still a lack of clarity around the definition of inclusion, its theoretical underpinnings, its implementation in practice and evaluation of success. 2. Teachers often still report the same problems of insufficient resources and express the same concerns about lack of skills and knowledge as reported in the early days. 3. A key question is, do children with SEND achieve better outcomes in inclusive educational settings? The paper argues that an overarching executive framework applied to the education of children with SEND is needed to provide a common frame of reference that can be shared by educators, policymakers and researchers. New ways of resourcing inclusion are discussed including supporting collaboration between mainstream and special schools to better utilize the expertise located in special schools. The paper examines the evidence for improved academic and social outcomes for learners with SEND in inclusive schools and proposes that psychological outcomes now need to be measured too. It further suggests that future research needs to drill down to the level of teacher classroom instruction rather than rely on the broader mainstream school-special school comparison.

STATE-DEPENDENCY IN THE NEXUS BETWEEN DIGITAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate state-dependency in the nexus between digital financial inclusion and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa, with the aim of examining the impact of adopting digital financial technology to reduce financial exclusion and contribute to economic growth. Theoretical Framework: The paper extends the work of Sarma (2008) and Khera et al. (2021), by creating a new financial inclusion index that captures both traditional and digital financial inclusion. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises the principal component analysis (PCA) to identify signals in financial inclusion indicators, thereafter financial inclusion indexes for digital and traditional financial services were constructed. The panel quantile regression methodology was employed to analyse the impact of shocks and determine state dependency in the nexus, respectively. Data collection was carried out through secondary sources. Results and Discussion: The result confirms a positive relationship between digital financial inclusion and economic growth with the greatest impact in countries with lower real GDP, confirming state dependency. Research Implications: The findings suggest that policymakers should focus on promoting digital financial inclusion, particularly in countries with low to intermediate levels of income. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by broadening the definition of digital financial inclusion beyond what is currently found in the literature to include vital financial inclusion dimensions such as access to financial services. The relevance and value of this research are further evidenced by the consideration of state-dependency in the relationship between financial inclusion and growth.

Digital Finance-Fintech and it’s Impact on Financial Inclusion in India

Financial inclusion stands as a critical driver of economic empowerment and social development, ensuring that individuals across diverse socio-economic strata have access to and can effectively utilize formal financial services. In the context of India, where millions have historically been excluded from traditional banking systems, the emergence of digital finance presents a promising avenue for bridging this gap and fostering greater financial inclusion. This research paper delves into the transformative role of digital finance in driving financial inclusion in India, with a particular focus on understanding its impact on key aspects of financial access and empowerment. Central to our exploration is the definition of financial inclusion as the ability to access and effectively utilize a spectrum of formal financial services. In this context, we examine how digital tools such as credit/debit cards, internet banking, mobile banking, and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) can empower individuals, particularly those who have been previously excluded from traditional banking systems. By investigating the impact of these digital instruments across ten key aspects of financial inclusion, including convenience, success rate of transactions, affordability, security, user-friendliness, timeliness, customer care support, internet connectivity, and overall usability, we aim to discern their strengths and weaknesses in promoting financial inclusion. Through a systematic analysis of each dimension, we seek to uncover the transformative potential of digital finance in bridging the financial gap in India. Our research will contribute valuable insights into the effectiveness of digital finance initiatives in fostering financial inclusion, providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions, and fintech companies seeking to create a more inclusive financial landscape for all segments of Indian society. This research is not merely theoretical but grounded in empirical evidence and real-world observations. By synthesizing findings from existing literature and complementing it with primary data analysis, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics shaping digital finance and financial inclusion in India. Our findings will be particularly relevant for policymakers, financial regulators, and industry stakeholders, informing strategic decision-making and shaping the future direction of digital finance initiatives in India.

Gender difference in financial behavior: a comparative analysis

Purpose- Definition of financial inclusion; FI enables adults to access and efficaciously use a range of proper financial services. It plays a crucial role in raising economic growth in point of industry, firm and national level. Accessing to the products and services are achievable with financial inclusion. In the world, financial access is not reachable due to socio-economical reasons. Financial inclusion should involve the obstacles facing, reaching out access. This has an effect on decision makings and financial behaviors. However, gender disagregated statistics are not common in literature. All economies may reach economic growth, recognizing gender differences, and enhancing awareness among households. Aim of this study is to figure out the investing / borrowing behaviors of households. This study seeks “is there a gender difference in the level of financial behavior for Turkiye?”. Methodology- We employ a questionnaire to figure out if there exists a gender difference about various metrics in financial behavior. In the research method of this study, comparative analysis was made to reach out gender differences of respondents regarding financial behavior using excell with the help of coding. Google questionnaire prepared by authors was pre-tested and then authors maintaing to send the questionnaire via social media. 102 respondents were reached out. Firstly, it was made demographic analysis of respondents, and then it was analysed the financial behavior of respondents. Findings- Findings prove the fact that there is gender difference in behavior of making payments, savings, daily life, auto and home needs, making decisions, QR Code usage, awareness of Fintech products and number of credit cards. Majority of respondents feel confident about private pension system.. However, there is slightly difference in number of private pension contracts. In general, all respondents own a bank account. Money transfer, using a bank application behavior, does not differ among individuals. Conclusion- Based upon the analysis, it may be concluded that financial behavior affects individuals’ choices and this generates differences in terms of usage, needs, decisions and awareness. Socio-economical factor plays a crucial role regarding generating awareness in financial behavior. Keywords: Financial behavior, gender differences, financial inclusion, financial literacy, behaviors of households. JEL Codes: G40, G41, M10

Analysis of the implementation of the Merdeka curriculum with Pancasila-profiled learners in early childhood education

Merdeka curriculum is interpreted as a learning design that provides learning opportunities for children to learn with freedom and creative thinking, creating a generation of lifelong learners following the values of Pancasila. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the Merdeka curriculum with Pancasila-profiled learners in early childhood education. This research uses a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) with three steps: planning, conducting, and reporting the review. The procedure through stages is the development of a review protocol, definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria, literature search in predetermined databases, critical appraisal, data extraction, and information synthesis. The result shows that implementing the Merdeka curriculum with the Pancasila student profiled in early childhood education is carried out in intra-curricular, extra-curricular, and school culture learning, starting with understanding the Merdeka curriculum and learning outcomes. Future research might delve deeper into assessing the holistic impact of the Merdeka Curriculum's Pancasila-student profiling on various aspects of early childhood development beyond values integration, such as cognitive, social, and emotional growth.

Digital competence and information literacy: clarifying concepts based on a literature review

ABSTRACT This study aimed to collect input for the definition of a conceptual framework of digital competence for information literacy to be developed in the context of doctoral programs in Education. A systematic literature review methodology was adopted, and several steps were developed that included: preliminary readings and initial mapping, which allowed to define the search terms and expressions; the definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria; the research in databases and aggregators; the pre-selection of articles; and the selection of the corpus of analysis, which included seven articles published in scientific journals with peer review. The studies are mainly focused on information literacy. The two concepts are addressed simultaneously in only three articles. Digital competence is related to the mastery of digital tools, namely to search for information in databases or to define alert strategies. We infer that this competence seems to be closer to more operative concepts, such as digital skills. Information literacy requires the effective use of information involving information search, selection, evaluation and communication. We conclude that it is necessary to cross-reference and triangulate existing studies in order to define the digital competences for information literacy that doctoral students in Education should develop. This is the object of an ongoing doctoral project.

Meaningful Social Inclusion and Mental Well-Being Among Autistic Adolescents and Emerging Adults: Protocol for a Community-Based Mixed Methods Study.

In the United States, autistic people face high rates of co-occurring mental illnesses and premature death due to self-harm, which are indicators of threats to mental well-being. Social inclusion may enhance mental well-being and resilience among autistic people. According to Simplican and colleague's (2015) model of social inclusion for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, social inclusion is an interaction between community participation and interpersonal relationships. There is limited research on social inclusion that includes the integration of interpersonal relationships and community participation among autistic people or the impact of social inclusion on the well-being of autistic people. Additionally, little evidence exists regarding how autistic people prefer to be included in the community or form interpersonal relationships. The long-term objective of this project is to improve social inclusion factors to support the mental well-being of autistic people. This protocol describes a community-based, mixed methods pilot study to develop a definition of meaningful social inclusion for autistic people and to understand the relationship between meaningful social inclusion and mental well-being among autistic adolescents and emerging adults. The project uses a community-based, sequential mixed methods design with a formative phase (Phase 1) that informs a survey phase (Phase 2) and concludes with a process evaluation of the community engagement process (Phase 3). During Phase 1, we will recruit 10 community partners (autistic adults and stakeholders) and conduct sharing sessions to cocreate a definition of meaningful social inclusion and a survey of meaningful social inclusion and well-being. During Phase 2, we will recruit 200 participants (100 autistic adolescents and emerging adults and 100 caregivers) to complete the survey. We will examine whether meaningful social inclusion predicts well-being given sociodemographic factors using ordered logistic regression, with well-being categorized as low, medium, and high. During Phase 3, the community partners from Phase 1 will complete a survey on their experiences with the project. Ethics approval was obtained for this project in March 2023. We have recruited community partners and started the Phase 1 focus groups as of September 2023. Phase 2 and Phase 3 have not yet started. We expect to complete this study by March 2025. Using a community-based, mixed methods approach, we intended to develop a definition of meaningful social inclusion for autistic people and understand the role meaningful social inclusion plays in the well-being of autistic people. PRR1-10.2196/52658.

Narrowing the Definition of Social Inclusion in Sport for People with Disabilities through a Scoping Review.

The concept and practice of social inclusion in sport are still undefined, causing confusion both in the field of sport policy and practice. According to the United Nations (UN), a conceptual and analytical work on what constitutes inclusion is needed. Therefore, this study aims to define social inclusion in sport for people with disabilities by reviewing the existing literature. Using a scoping review framework, articles related to a possible definition of social inclusion in sport or to the elements of this definition were reviewed. For the eighteen (18) articles selected, the focus was on 152 statements, which were grouped into 6 main categories, namely: policy (29), fundamental conditions (28), key elements (30), soft skills (20), field gaps (31), and best practices (14). Ten keywords were extracted from each of the six categories using the free online program cortical.io. All 60 keywords were then compared with each other. After deleting the duplicates, 24 keywords remained, which were classified into five major categories: (1) key people, (2) key environments, (3) key ways to use, (4) key benefits, and (5) key barriers, in order to create a descriptive definition of social inclusion in sport for people with disabilities that can contribute to the goals of the UN 2030 Agenda. In addition to the definition, relevant issues were also raised for in-depth discussion and further research.

Inclusive writing

This article documents the linguistic, disciplinary, geographical and ideological circulation of the notion of ‘inclusive writing/d’écriture inclusive’ in order to understand the French controversy surrounding the term. The article shows that North American Protestant feminist theologists first spread the expression in the 1970s. The expression then circulated in feminist circles in English and French, in Europe and North America, but also in the fields of disability and pedagogy. Its success in the French space, however, is not only due to its Protestant roots but also to a republican definition of inclusion emerging in France in the 1990s. By the time the controversy shot up, the paradigm of inclusion was thus loaded with its French republican meaning as much as its English and/or North American meaning, creating an ideological paradox that limits inclusive writing’s critical capacity and fails to question relations of domination.

An Analysis of the Level of Parental Demand for a Preschool Facility with a Special Focus on the Inclusion of Artistically Gifted Children and the Adequacy of its Marketability

The aim of this paper is to analyse the level of awareness and interest of parents and other relevant subjects in a new form of educational preparation for the inclusion of specially talented children, and the adequacy of its introduction to the market, through the analysis of demographic development at selected locations. The research in this area is very underdeveloped, because the focus is shifted towards the other end of the spectrum, and that is why we would like to draw attention to this problem via our article. In the introduction, the paper deals with the theoretical definition of social inclusion of gifted children and social entrepreneurship and its conditions in the Slovak Republic. In a separate chapter, the paper describes the methodology, data collection procedure, and sources and methods used, such as abstraction, comparison, and basic statistical and mathematical methods. Then exponential smoothing was used for prediction. We analysed through a survey the interest of parents and other relevant subjects, and the data collected was then synthesised. The last chapter presents the results of our work together with its limitations, and recommendations for future research. The whole idea of our preschool facility could be summarised in four words based on our results, namely, adequate, necessary, desirable and original. The paper serves to clarify and support the solution of our chosen research problem: education and the inclusion of above-average gifted children through social entrepreneurship.

Central extracorporeal circulatory life support (cECLS) in selected patients with critical cardiogenic shock.

Percutaneous extracorporeal life support (pECLS) is increasingly applied in cardiogenic shock (CS) despite a lack of evidence from randomized trials. The in-hospital mortality rate of pECLS still reaches up to 60%, while vascular access site complications remain a shortcoming. Surgical approaches with central cannulation for ECLS (cELCS) have emerged as a bail-out option. To date, no systematic approach exists that allows a definition of inclusion or exclusion criteria for cECLS. This single-center, retrospective, case-control study includes all patients fulfilling criteria for CS at the West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen/Germany between 2015 and 2020 who underwent cECLS (n = 58), excluding post-cardiotomy patients. Seventeen patients received cECLS (29.3%) as a first-line treatment strategy and 41 patients as a second-line strategy (70.7%). The main complications leading to the use of cECLS as a second-line strategy were limb ischemia (32.8%) and ongoing insufficient hemodynamic support (27.6%). The first-line cECLS cohort showed a 30-day mortality rate of 53.3% that was constant during follow-up. The 30-day mortality rate of secondary cECLS candidates was 69.8% and the rate at 3 and 6 months was 79.1%. Younger patients (<55 years) were more likely to exhibit survival benefit with cECLS (p = 0.043). Surgical cECLS in CS is a feasible therapy for highly selected patients with hemodynamic instability, vascular complications, or peripheral access site limitations as complementary strategy in experienced centers.

The Role of Financial Inclusion in the Stability of Islamic Banks

Purpose: The purpose of this research is studying the role of financial inclusion on financial stability in the Islamic banks, Highlighting the role of Islamic law in promoting financial and banking inclusion. Theoretical framework: Introduce financial inclusion and definition of financial inclusion, statement of financial stability, and the role of financial inclusion in the stability of Islamic banks, in which the concept of financial inclusion and its dimensions was reviewed. Methodology: The study was based on a qualitative research method, as it collected information from books, reports, journals, newspapers, and websites. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to study and analyze the various aspects of financial inclusion, its dimensions in Islamic banks, and its relationship in financial stability. Findings: The relationship between financial stability and financial inclusion in Islamic banks is a direct relationship and financial stability cannot be reached without achieving financial inclusion and vice versa. The financial sectors must develop two sectors in parallel to achieve the desired economic development. Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: Central banks, Islamic banks (clients /staff), financial institutions, and small clients are the main beneficiaries of these ideas. Originality/value: This study contributes to determining the role of financial inclusion in financial stability, using Islamic banks, which is to determine the effect of applying financial inclusion on the financial investment of Islamic banks. The research is based on a lack of studies on research variables.

INTER-Encyclopedia: Interviewing Children

The article provides a brief overview on interview as a method for studying the opinions of children, their life experience, and emotional experiences. The analysis of the method is based on the principles of the new sociology of childhood: equal communication, agency of children, involvement in decision-making concerning the lives of children. A definition of methodological inclusion is given as a mechanism for adapting a method to the characteristics of a social group. The following aspects of the children’ interviewing are identified and described: in-depth study of the interview script, taking into account the characteristics of age and the inclusion of elements of gamification and projective techniques in the interview script, selection of the best interview venue, selection of interviewers and more thorough briefing due to their age, dynamic interviewing with switching activities, flexibility in conducting interviews in accordance with the individual characteristics and development of the child, contact with a parent or other responsible person before and after the interview.

Estratégias de ensino do raciocínio clínico nos cursos de Medicina do Brasil - revisão integrativa

Abstract: Introduction: Clinical reasoning is considered one of the main skills that must be developed by medical students, as it allows the establishment of diagnostic hypotheses and directs investigative and diagnostic strategies using a rational approach. Although educators have traditionally focused the teaching method on the analytical model, many medical professors face the challenge in their daily lives of finding new strategies to help their students develop clinical reasoning. Objective: To carry out an integrative literature review to identify the strategies used in the teaching-learning process of clinical reasoning in Brazilian medical schools. Method: The methodology used consists of six steps: 1. creation of the research question; 2. definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria; 3. list of information to be extracted; 4. evaluation of included studies; 5. interpretation of results and 6. presentation of the review. Results: Most studies indicate that the teaching of clinical reasoning is carried out through discussions of clinical cases, incidentally, in different disciplines or through the use of active methodologies such as PBL, TBL and CBL. Only three studies presented at conferences disclosed experiences related to the implementation of a mandatory curricular discipline specifically aimed at teaching clinical reasoning. The teaching of clinical reasoning is prioritized in internships in relation to the clinical and pre-clinical phases. Final considerations: There are few studies that analyze how clinical reasoning is taught to medical students in Brazilian medical schools. Although more studies are needed, we can observe the lack of theoretical knowledge about clinical reasoning as one of the main causes of the students’ difficulty in developing clinical reasoning.

O risco do tabagismo passivo no desenvolvimento de pneumopatias

Objective: To analyze the development of respiratory syndromes correlated with passive smoking. Methods: This is an integrative review. Databases from the regional portal of the Regional Health Library were used. The search for articles was carried out using descriptors, such as “passive smoking”, “risk” and “lung disease”. The review was carried out following the following steps: establishment of the theme, definition of eligibility parameters, definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria, verification of publications in databases, analysis of the information found, evaluation of the studies found and presentation of the results. Results: It was observed that the damage caused by passive smoking can generate a series of negative consequences for health in general, such as a risk for the development of heart and respiratory diseases and, mainly, malignant neoplasms. This compilation of factors demonstrates the need to combat smoking and, consequently, passive smoking. Final considerations: In view of the aforementioned facts, it was possible to infer that passive inhalation of cigarette smoke points to a greater risk of aggravating or developing respiratory diseases, such as asthma, COPD and lung cancer.

Measuring Financial Inclusion in India : An Approach

In light of the COVID-19-induced financial crisis, the need for robust financial services and networks has become more apparent than ever, which necessitated the accurate measurement of the breadth of financial inclusion in India. First, the study conducted a detailed critical review of the current indices and their construction methodology. Then, we created a financial inclusion index for India by accounting for the flaws existing in the current indices. The primary contribution of this study to the existing literature is the new approach it proposed for the assignment of weights in the financial inclusion index. Based on this new financial inclusion index, the study concluded that Indias Southern states and union territories showed better financial inclusion. In contrast, the traditionally backward BIMARU states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, and a few of the North Eastern states of India, lagged. The study also provided a refined and inclusive definition of financial inclusion based on its new approach to index creation.

ФИНАНСОВАЯ ИНКЛЮЗИВНОСТЬ КАК ФАКТОР СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The purpose of the article is to reveal scientific and practical approaches to the definition of the concept and place of financial inclusion in the system of factors of socio-economic development. The methodology of the research is based on the application of methods of theoretical generalization and abstract-logical analysis in the systematization and generalization of scientific approaches to understanding financial inclusion. As a result, we have studied the evolution of the concept of «inclusion» from the sphere of analysis of social processes at the level of social groups (including various social relations) to the macroeconomic level. It is revealed that various interpretations of the concept of «financial inclusion» contain its definition as a «process», «stage» or «state» (development). Financial inclusion is established to be one of the factors of economic development, and also the need to study the role of financial inclusion among the factors of socio-economic development is justified. The author's definition of the concept of financial inclusion is proposed. An alternative view on the definition of financial inclusion is substantiated based on its opposite – financial exclusivity, which is either voluntary (self-exclusivity) or compulsory and is determined by four groups of reasons. The consensus formed in the scientific literature on the three main components of financial inclusion: coverage, use and quality of financial services is analyzed. Positive factors and risks of financial inclusion development, as well as negative aspects of financial exclusivity are identified.

Investigate the significant impact of Effective Strategic Management on The Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses: A Case Study of M-Gurush Money Transfer Company

This study aims to investigate the impact of effective strategic management on the performance of small and medium-sized businesses through a case study of M-Gurush Money Transfer Company Limited. There are initiatives on the impact of mobile money in various places throughout the world, including Juba, South Sudan. Given that the definition of financial inclusion is "the share of individuals and firms that use financial services," the majority of studies have focused on the relationship between financial inclusion and mobile money (World Bank Group, 2014). Unquestionably, the growth of mobile money in Sub-Saharan Africa helps to accomplish this first goal. The global agenda item of financial inclusion is of great interest to policymakers, regulators, academia, businesses, and other stakeholders. Conduct a study for the M-Gurush Money Transfer Company, situated in Juba, South Sudan, evaluating the effectiveness of strategic management practices used by small and medium-sized businesses. Analyze how effective strategic management affects small and medium-sized firms' performance. Another crucial aspect of m-gurush money transfer is the generation of new concepts and technological innovations.