Definition Of Closure Research Articles

Tension and relaxation (do not) exist in dodecaphonic music of Webern

Observing tension in music is generally a very sensitive research field. Authors like Wallace Berry and Joseph Swain believe that this is a principle which is the most fundamental aspect of music experience through its history, no matter which music language or compositional system it is. Starting from such general assumptions that it is possible to determine the parameters which affect the feeling of tension and relaxation in dodecaphonic music as well, the possibility of recording the closures that are the basis for the structural delineation of the sections and the determination of phrases and sentences in the musical flow is imposed. The system surely exists, the only question is whether we are able to perceive it in a new, dodecaphonic music flow? Is it possible in a dodecaphonically organized work to find dissonant and consonant harmonies, and thus demonstrate the elements of tension and resolution, or do some other musical components have the primacy in organizing and establishing hierarchical levels in the definition of closures in dodecaphonic music? Relying on the writings of authors who have dealt with this or similar theme (Babbitt 1949, Forte 1973, Lerdahl 1989, Boss 1994, Rothgeb 1997, Farbood 2006, Granot and Eithan 2011, Zatkalik 2016), this work will illustrate the systematization and ranking of closures at the hierarchical level at which they operate in the examples of Webern’s dodecaphonic music (op. 20, op. 21, op. 22, op. 24, op. 27, op. 28 i op. 30). Also, this work deals at a certain extent with the terminology of the cadence-closure. The parameters that are most important for the construction of the closures in Webern’s dodecaphony works are determined, and terminology is proposed: perfect closure – closure – semiclosure. The application of these ideas was demonstrated in the third movement of Webern’s String Quartet op. 28.

"Oh, by the way ...": the closing moments of the medical visit.

To define and describe the communication between physicians and patients in the closing phase of the medical visit. To identify types of communication throughout the visit that are associated with the introduction of a new problem during the closing moments of the visit or with longer closures. Audiotaping of office visits. Tapes were analyzed using a modified Roter Interactional Analysis System (RIAS). The coders' definition of closure was compared with the opinion of communication experts. Outpatient offices of practicing physicians. Eighty-eight patients visiting 20 primary care physicians participated. Physicians were selected by a letter from the Oregon Board of Medical Examiners. The mean number of years from graduation was 16 (range 3-47). One physician per site participated. Frequencies of physician and patient communication behaviors and global affect scores were calculated and correlations were drawn using t-test and chi-square analyses. The physicians initiated the closing in 86% of the visits. The physicians clarified the plan of care in 75% of the visits and asked whether the patients had more questions in 25% of the cases. The patients introduced new problems not previously discussed in 21% of the closures. New problems in closure were associated with less information exchanged previously by physicians and patients about therapy (t = -3.28, p = 0.002; t = -2.26, p = 0.03), fewer orientation statements by physicians (t = 1.86, p = 0.001), and higher patient affect scores (t = 0.252, p = 0.016). Long closures (> 2 minutes) correlated with physicians' asking open-ended questions (0.2438; p = 0.019), laughing (0.3002; p = 0.005), showing responsiveness to patients (0.3996; p < 0.001), being self-disclosing (0.3948; p < 0.001), and engaging in psychosocial discussion with patients (0.2410; p = 0.020). This study is the first description of how physicians and patients communicate during the closing of office visits. Notably, the patients raised new problems at the end of the visit in 21% of the cases. The findings suggest ways physicians might improve communication in the closing phase of the medical interview. Orienting patients in the flow of the visit, assessing patient beliefs, checking for understanding, and addressing emotions and psychosocial issues early on may decrease the number of new problems in the final moments of the visit.

Perceptual closure in acute paranoid schizophrenics.

The term, "perceptual closure," refers to a tendency to complete what is incompletely presented in the visual field in order that as "good" or complete a figure as possible be perceived. This tendency has been well demonstrated in normal subjects (S's) presented with geometric stimulus forms (Gibson,⁴Hempstead,⁵Tiernan,¹⁵and Siedenfield¹⁰). More recently the term has been expanded such that Drever's definition of closure²refers to an all embracing function "by means of which percepts, memories, actions attain stability." Thurstone, in a factorial analysis of perception¹⁴distinguished 3 usages of the term: "(<i>a</i>) when what appears to be unrelated and unorganized suddenly appears as a meaningfully related whole; (<i>b</i>) when a part of the presented items are suddenly perceived as a unity and the remaining parts are perceptually discarded; and (<i>c</i>) when a good configuration has to be destroyed

Closure and Quine's *101

The purpose of this paper is to suggest two alternatives to Quine's definition of closure. These new definitions have two advantages over Quine's definition, and they probably are the simplest definitions having both advantages. The two advantages are:(1). Principle *101 becomes superfluous and may be dropped from Quine's set of principles for quantification. (In the case of my second definition, however, the dropping of *101 must be balanced by a slight change in *104.)(2). Closure is made independent of the alphabetical order of variables.The second of these advantages turns on the fact that the “alphabetical order” possessed by variables in virtue of their respective positions in the alphabet (or arbitrarily assigned to them) is a mere convention and not of genuine logical significance. It seems therefore desirable to consider some alternatives to Quine's definition of closure, since according to his definition the closure of a given formula will be one statement or another, depending upon whether or not one letter of the alphabet is alphabetically prior to a certain other letter. It is interesting that the removal of this minor artificiality also enables us to dispense with *101.According to Quine, the closure of a formula containing n free variables is obtained by prefixing to it in alphabetical order the n universal quantifiers formed from these variables by enclosing each in a pair of parentheses. (If n = 0 the formula is its own closure and is a “statement” rather than a “matrix.”) Thus the statement ‘(x)(y)(z)(xϵy ▪ yϵz)’ would be the closure of ‘xϵy ▪ yϵz’, but ‘(z)(x)(y)(xϵy ▪ yϵz)’ would not be its closure. Now there is no reason why ‘(z)(x)(y)(xϵy ▪ yϵz)’ or (y)(z)(x)(xϵy ▪ yϵz) and so on, could not just as well be regarded as “the” closure of ‘(xϵy ▪ yϵz’ as ‘(x)(y)(z)(xϵy ▪ yϵz)’. I therefore propose to allow to each formula not merely one closure, but as many closures as can be obtained by permuting in various ways the n prefixed universal quantifiers. In this way alphabetical order becomes irrelevant and no preference is given to one order of prefixed quantifiers in contrast to other orders which seem equally good. This constitutes my first redefinition of closure.