Definition Of Term Research Articles

Зумовлені війною: про деякі інновації в сучасному українському документознавстві та архівознавстві

The purpose of the work is to highlight examples of modern proactive documentation by state archives of the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the diff erences between proactive documentation as archival documents. An analysis of the history of proactive documentation was made using the examples of recording evidence of Nazi crimes on the territory of Ukraine during the Second World War, documenting the facts of the Orange Revolution, the 2004 presidential elections etc. The methodology of the article is based on the application of general scientifi c methods, namely: systemic, conceptual, functional, retrospective and comparativehistorical analysis. The study of the infl uence of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the technology of work of the state archives of Ukraine led to the use of comparativehistorical and retrospective methods. The application of the functional method also played a signifi cant role in the scientifi c research, in particular during the analysis of the social functions of archival documents. Scientifi c novelty. The practice of initiative documentation and its modern spread in state archives could not help but infl uence the methodological aspects of Ukrainian document studies and archival studies. The authors of the article assume that the archival document created as a result of initiative documentation is not appropriate in its defi nition in terms of the completeness of the function for which the document was created compared to the established defi nition of the concept of «archival document». And the very practice of a document created as a result of initiative documentation acquiring the status of an archival document with a permanent storage period is somewhat diff erent from the typical practice of forming archival collections, for example, of administrative or personal origin. Conclusions. There is an urgent need to prepare a study of initiative documentation by state archives of the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war, to develop optimal methods of its implementation and technologies for further archival work with the created documents, which should be based on the study of the archives’ experience.

FACING THE RELIGIOUS MULTICULTURALISM IN INDONESIA: MULTICULTURALISM WITH A RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

This study examines how multiculturalism has been theorized, implemented, and utilized in Indonesia as a policy, discourse, and practice. The post-Suharto (the 2nd President of Indonesia) democratic process has created fresh room for formerly suppressed identities to be expressed. While much of the research on multiculturalism concentrates on racial and ethnic differences, this article attempts to widen the term's definition to encompass religious differences, as well as assess the feasibility of "religious multiculturalism", especially in Indonesia. It responds to the following concerns: What are the perspectives on multiculturalism? What are the differences between multiculturalism and pluralism? How is diversity perceived and also implemented? What distinguishes the Western concept of multiculturalism from Indonesian concepts of variety, unity in diversity, and heterogeneity? This study uses qualitative research using library research and several scholars were used to enrich this study.

ЩОДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОНЯТТЯ "КОМПЛАЄНС" І ЙОГО ХАРАКТЕРНИХ ОЗНАК У СФЕРІ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ

In spite of compliance being a fast developing practice in the business sphere the main concept of compliance as a category is particularly underexplored. The variety of compliance spheres is not able to formulate the widely recognised and unified understanding as well as definition of the compliance as a general term in the business area. The article interrogates the concept and term of "compliance" in the field of business, by exploring the definition, usage and characteristic features of this term in the legislation of Ukraine (in the banking field and in the field of regulation of the stock market (capital markets and organized commodity markets), in scientific literature and in international advisory acts, standards and practices. The aims of the research are to arrive at a better understanding of the formulated definitions of the term, determine the advantages and disadvantages of existing definitions of the term "compliance", formulate proposals for the economic and legal definition of compliance, as well as highlight the characteristic features of compliance in the field of business. To achieve the aforementioned goals of the research, the author used the following methods: the method of comparative analysis, induction and deduction, structural-functional, systemic methods, etc. The article establishes that the definition of the term "compliance" in the legislation of Ukraine requires unification and change of the principle of fixing term's definitions for individual spheres of business, where the implementation of compliance is regulated at the level of Law. The author also notes the presence of different approaches to defining the content of compliance in scientific literature on law and categorizes approaches that form the basis of definitions of the term "compliance" formulated by scientists. The work examines the definitions of the term formulated in international practice and international standards, on the basis of which the author comes to the conclusion that the given definitions are excessively laconic and that there is a need to include features that would better characterize compliance in the definition of the term. Based on the research and analysis conducted, the author identifies the most relevant characteristic features of the term "compliance" and proposes her own formulation of the specified concept.

What Is the Relationship between Higher Education and Neoliberalism in the United States?

What Is the Relationship between Higher Education and Neoliberalism in the United States?

ArGoT: A Glossary of Terms extracted from the arXiv

We introduce ArGoT, a data set of mathematical terms extracted from the articles hosted on the arXiv website. A term is any mathematical concept defined in an article. Using labels in the article's source code and examples from other popular math websites, we mine all the terms in the arXiv data and compile a comprehensive vocabulary of mathematical terms. Each term can be then organized in a dependency graph by using the term's definitions and the arXiv's metadata. Using both hyperbolic and standard word embeddings, we demonstrate how this structure is reflected in the text's vector representation and how they capture relations of entailment in mathematical concepts. This data set is part of an ongoing effort to align natural mathematical text with existing Interactive Theorem Prover Libraries (ITPs) of formally verified statements.

The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain

The Intimate Frontier: Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain

Emergence of PT-symmetry breaking in open quantum systems

The effect of \mathcal{PT}𝒫𝒯-symmetry breaking in coupled systems with balanced gain and loss has recently attracted considerable attention and has been demonstrated in various photonic, electrical and mechanical systems in the classical regime. However, it is still an unsolved problem how to generalize the concept of \mathcal{PT}𝒫𝒯 symmetry to the quantum domain, where the conventional definition in terms of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians is not applicable. Here we introduce a symmetry relation for Liouville operators that describe the dissipative evolution of arbitrary open quantum systems. Specifically, we show that the invariance of the Liouvillian under this symmetry transformation implies the existence of stationary states with preserved and broken parity symmetry. As the dimension of the Hilbert space grows, the transition between these two limiting phases becomes increasingly sharp and the classically expected \mathcal{PT}𝒫𝒯-symmetry breaking transition is recovered. This quantum-to-classical correspondence allows us to establish a common theoretical framework to identify and accurately describe \mathcal{PT}𝒫𝒯-symmetry breaking effects in a large variety of physical systems, operated both in the classical and quantum regimes.

Convergence to IFRS: a comparative analysis of accounting standards in India

This study has employed summative content analysis to measure de-jure harmonisation between the Indian converged IFRS (Ind.AS) and IFRS under the headings Definition Terms (DT), Measurement and Recognition (M/R), and Presentation and Disclosures (P/D). The study has also introduced the convergence index, which was used to investigate differences that the convergences process has removed between the existing GAAP (AS) and IFRS. There are significant differences between Ind.AS and IFRS in Measurement/Recognition and Presentation/Disclosure. The convergence index shows that Ind.AS has removed about 86% of the difference between the existing local GAAP (AS) and IFRS. The most interesting difference between Ind.AS and IFRS is that Ind.AS provides options where IFRS does not, while IFRS also provides options where Ind.AS does not. Users of financial statements should understand that, although India has converged to IFRS, there are significant differences between Measurement/Recognition and Presentation/Disclosure of some major transactions. However, most of the differences between IFRS and Ind.AS are time and transaction-specific likely to be undertaken by large companies; hence, it may not reflect in financial statements of small and medium enterprises. The study makes a methodological contribution by introducing a convergence index which measures how a country has bridge the gap between local GAAP and IFRS

Three opportunities for standardization: A literature review of the variation among pharmacists' patient care services terminology.

Variation describing pharmacists' patient care services exist, and this variation contributes to the prevalent misunderstanding of pharmacists' roles. In contrast, standard phraseology is a critical practice among highly reliable organizations and a way to reduce variation and confusion. This work aims to identify and define pharmacists' patient care service terms to identify redundancies and opportunities for standardization. Between May to August 2018, terms and definitions were searched via PubMed, Google Scholar and statements/policies of professional pharmacy organizations. Two references per term were sought to provide an "early definition" and a "contemporary definition." Only literature published in English was included, and data gathered from each citation included the date published, the term's definition, and characterization of the reference's source as either a regulatory or professional body. A five-person expert panel used an iterative technique to revise and verify the list of included terms and subsequent literature review results. Terms were then searched in the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Heading Database (MeSH) in July, 2019. There are fifteen commonly misunderstood terms that refer to the patient care services provided by pharmacists. The appearance of these terms in the literature spanned nearly five decades. Nearly half of terms appeared first in regulatory, law or policy documents; of these, two terms had contemporary definitions appearing in the professional literature that differed from their early regulatory definition. Three opportunities to improve standardization include: (1) Implementation of standardized phraseology systems similar to nursing's Clinical Care Classification System; (2) Academics' adherence to standardized MeSH terms; and (3) Clarification of pharmacy education accreditation standards. Numerous terms are used to describe pharmacists' patient care services, with many definitions of terms overlapping in several key components. The profession has made concerted efforts to consolidate and standardize terminology in the past, but more opportunities exist.

Frederick Douglass: America's Prophet by D. H. Dilbeck

Reviewed by: Frederick Douglass: America's Prophet by D. H. Dilbeck Teresa Blue Holden Frederick Douglass: America's Prophet. By D. H. Dilbeck. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. [xii], 191. $28.00, ISBN 9781-4696-3618-4.) In Frederick Douglass: America's Prophet, D. H. Dilbeck narrowly interprets written and spoken works of Frederick Douglass to bolster the claim that Douglass possessed and proclaimed a "prophetic voice" that was rooted in evangelical Christianity (p. 45). Dilbeck situates the book as a religious biography and draws almost solely on Douglass's own words, relying heavily on the second of Douglass's three autobiographies, his speeches, and articles from his publications. Unlike previous biographers, Dilbeck focuses on Douglass's [End Page 167] conversion to Christianity and the ways Douglass deployed Christian beliefs through his utterances and writings in a few selected instances. Dilbeck differs from other scholars by providing evidence that Douglass maintained Christian beliefs until the end of his life, but the work's narrow focus offers a limited perspective on Douglass. In its attempt to elevate Douglass to the status of a religious prophet, the book ignores other, less heavenly facets of the man, and it does not recognize the evolution of his intellectual thought and religious beliefs. Dilbeck describes Douglass as a prophet in the same auspicious company as the biblical Elijah and Jesus. In the first half of the work, Dilbeck uses My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass's 1855 autobiography, which is the most descriptive of his early spiritual journey) to document Douglass's religious initiation. Dilbeck defines Douglass as "born-again," arguing that Douglass experienced a conversion to "evangelical" Christianity during his boyhood in slavery (p. 4). Dilbeck acknowledges that later Douglass notoriously rejected American Christian institutions because they did not forcefully promote full integration of all races and people. Still, he identifies Douglass as evangelical without disambiguating the term's definition over time. By doing so, Dilbeck seems to align Douglass with the positions and loyalties of current-day evangelicals in direct contradiction with Douglass's worldview. Further, Dilbeck accepts without question Douglass's self-depiction as a singular figure, one who was set apart—first, from other enslaved people and, later, from other free black people—for a higher purpose, while not recognizing Douglass's penchant for self-promotion that other scholars have noted. This interpretation undergirds Dilbeck's claim that Douglass was a prophet. The second half of the book highlights instances in which Douglass voiced a Christian worldview at pivotal moments after he escaped slavery and during his career as an abolitionist and reformer. Explaining the role of a biblical prophet as one who articulates both scorn and hope, Dilbeck highlights how Douglass did both, proclaiming scorn toward those who practiced hypocrisy and oppression and hope for people (and nations) who repented and demonstrated justice and mercy. Examples include Douglass's affiliation and eventual split with Garrisonian abolitionists, his dissent from religious institutions, his discussions with women' s rights activists over passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, and his leadership during the controversial "Colored People' s Day" at the 1893 Columbian Exposition. Dilbeck asserts that Douglass, during his later life, downplayed God's role in human events and underscored human agency to motivate African Americans to energetically take action rather than to passively submit to white oppression. Focusing exclusively on Douglass's words, Dilbeck illuminates Douglass' s usage of Christian themes and biblical allusions, but Dilbeck often lacks a full explication of the context of each situation. Dilbeck offers compelling evidence that Douglass maintained Christian faith until the end of his life. His insistence on Douglass' s stature as a biblical prophet who voiced a message from God to the United States lacks evidence. This claim boxes Frederick Douglass into an evangelical corner of the sort that he pushed against throughout his life. [End Page 168] Teresa Blue Holden Greenville University Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

Содержание термина «контркультура» и его использование для описания творческих инициатив

Содержание термина «контркультура» и его использование для описания творческих инициатив

Yow Cheun Hoe 游俊豪. Yimin guiji he lisan lunshu: Xinma huaren zuqun de zhongceng mailuo 移民轨迹和离散论述--新马华人族群的重层脉络 [Migration trajectories and diasporic discourses: Multiples contexts of ethnic Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia]. Shanghai: Sanlian Publishing Company, 2014, ii+243p.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.)Yimin guiji he lisan lunshu: Xinma huaren zuqun de zhongceng mailuo...[Migration trajectories and diasporic discourses: Multiples contexts of in Singapore and Malaysia]Yow Cheun HoeShanghai: Sanlian Publishing Company, 2014, ii+243p.The word Huaren has been used to refer broadly to people outside of but there is little consensus on details of term's definition. FitzGerald (1965) employed term the third China, whereas Alexander (1973) called them the invisible China; Heidhues (1974) perceived them to be minorities, but Purcell (1980) continued to write of them as the Recently, scholars in field seem to prefer phrase ethnic Chinese in order to better reflect outside-in nature1) of these Southeast Asians with their origins in China.2) The scientific community's lack of consensus over definition of ethnic Chinese confirms one belief-namely, that identity of in Southeast Asia entails a complex composition. To trace origin and impact of such an identity requires multilevel analysis, and that is what author of this book intends to achieve.Focusing on cases of Malaysia and Singapore, Yow Cheun Hoe () discusses anxiety of in their search for identity: on one hand, original inhabitants in two countries push to margins of out-group; on other hand, deny considering themselves as China Chinese. At first glance, this thesis is by no means novel; nevertheless, author justifies book's existence by proposing a new approach to interpret situation of in Malaysia and Singapore. He compares migration trajectories with their diasporic discourses with aim of elucidating inner self and their impact on society in which they live.This book is divided into three parts. Part One revisits diasporic experiences at a national level. The author scrutinizes migration trajectories of from three perspectives-family, race, and nation. The analysis reveals that in Malaysia and Singapore manifest different patterns of diasporic experience. Decades after their immigration, in Malaysia experience difficulty as members of a social minority; even after establishing themselves in their host country (Chapter Two), these wanderers still seek an identity. By contrast, even though in Singapore encounter structural problems when integrating into Singaporean society, their existence obliges government to implement economic or even legal reforms in order to achieve a harmonious society (Chapter Three). To illustrate these experiences, author opts for an unusual approach: Chapter Four evokes migration trajectories of two representative figures in Singapore-Tan Kah Kee (1874-1967) and Lee Kong Chiang (1893-1967)-whereas Chapter Five probes construction, deconstruction, and reconstruction of cultural signals transmitted by Nanyang University (1955-80) as a way of reflecting transformation of people in an evolving society.Part Two of book discusses connections with China. This is illustrated by behavior of emigrant communities (qiaoxian) vis-a-vis Fanyu and Xinyi-two townships in province of Guangdong from which many emigrants originated. Fanyu and Xinyi are evoked and compared because they tell different stories with respect to contribution and solidarity with their home-towns. In this regard, Fanyu benefits far more from emotional and material returns by its emigrants than Xinyi does. Opposed to traditional views, author argues that attachment to China is not simply driven by kinship; rather, it is a blend of nostalgia, structures and processes of host nation, and economic development (p. …

The Saccharomyces Genome Database: Gene Product Annotation of Function, Process, and Component.

An ontology is a highly structured form of controlled vocabulary. Each entry in the ontology is commonly called a term. These terms are used when talking about an annotation. However, each term has a definition that, like the definition of a word found within a dictionary, provides the complete usage and detailed explanation of the term. It is critical to consult a term's definition because the distinction between terms can be subtle. The use of ontologies in biology started as a way of unifying communication between scientific communities and to provide a standard dictionary for different topics, including molecular functions, biological processes, mutant phenotypes, chemical properties and structures. The creation of ontology terms and their definitions often requires debate to reach agreement but the result has been a unified descriptive language used to communicate knowledge. In addition to terms and definitions, ontologies require a relationship used to define the type of connection between terms. In an ontology, a term can have more than one parent term, the term above it in an ontology, as well as more than one child, the term below it in the ontology. Many ontologies are used to construct annotations in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD), as in all modern biological databases; however, Gene Ontology (GO), a descriptive system used to categorize gene function, is the most extensively used ontology in SGD annotations. Examples included in this protocol illustrate the structure and features of this ontology.

Is There Such a Thing as Relative Analyticity?

AbstractFine bases his influential conception of essence on a particular account of definitions. And he complements it with a specific account of analyticity. I will argue that Fine's conception of relative analyticity confuses the idea of a sentence's being true in virtue of a term's definition with the idea of a sentence's being true in virtue of a term's meaning. His idea that correct definitions specify essential properties of meanings is mistaken. The correctness of definitions can only be assessed by reference to the actual usage of the terms involved. The resulting conception of definitions leads to a deflationary interpretation of claims about essences.

Aspects of an Integrated Approach to Economic and Social Development of the Romanian Rural Communities

With recent economic and social transformation of the Romanian rural environment, itrequires an approach to rural community development, given at least three essentialcategories of influencing factors, namely: economic, social and ecological (environmental). Integratedrural development is, according to experts, as an end in itself and a methodological approach. Themain purpose is to include the rural poor in the growth of welfare of rural community members, andthe approach to achieve this is to implement a balanced package of economic and socio-political. Inthis process, by applying specific research methods, have studied the relationship of interdependenceof all economic, social, political, and ecological techniques. In these conditions, a quantitative analysisis difficult, but necessary. The studies and research that address socio-economic development of ruralcommunities, more often find phrases like integration, integrated approach, integrated policyformulation economic and social, etc. In this paper we present some general and specific economicand social development Romanian rural communities, the authors identified in studies andresearches carried out as scientists, PhD students and academics. The content material will be referredto domain specific terminology, methodology and research methods, systems of indicators, definitionof terms and concepts, etc.

Do Economists Recognize an Opportunity Cost When They See One? A Dismal Performance or an Arbitrary Concept?

asked 199 professional economists a multiple‐choice question about opportunity cost. Given that only 21.6% answered “correctly,” they conclude that professional understanding of the concept is “dismal.” We challenge this critique of the profession. Specifically, we allow for alternative opportunity cost accounting methodologies—one of which is derived from the term's definition as found in Ferraro and Taylor— and rely on the conventional relationship between willingness to pay and substitute goods to demonstrate that every answer to the multiple‐choice question is defensible. The Ferraro and Taylor survey question suggests difficulties in framing an opportunity cost accounting question, as well as a lack of coordination in opportunity cost accounting methodology. In scope and logic, we conclude that the survey question does not, however, succeed in measuring professional understanding of opportunity cost. A discussion follows as to the concept's appropriate role in the classroom.

On the terminology of the spectral vegetation index (NIR − SWIR)/(NIR + SWIR)

The spectral vegetation index (ρNIR − ρSWIR)/(ρNIR + ρSWIR), where ρNIR and ρSWIR are the near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) reflectances, respectively, has been widely used to indicate vegetation moisture condition. This index has multiple names in the literature, including infrared index (II), normalized difference infrared index (NDII), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), land surface water index (LSWI) and normalized burn ratio (NBR). After reviewing each term's definition, associated sensors and channel specifications, we found that the index consists of three variants, differing only in the SWIR region (1.2–1.3, 1.55–1.75 or 2.05–2.45 μm). Thus, three terms are sufficient to represent these three SWIR variants; other names are redundant and therefore unnecessary. Considering the spectral representativeness, the term's popularity and the ‘rule of priority’ in scientific nomenclature, NDWI, NDII and NBR, each corresponding to the three SWIR regions, are more preferable terms.

Gardstrom, S. C. (2007). Music Therapy Improvisation for Groups: Essential Leadership Competencies. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona. 180 pages. ISBN 1-891278-49-5. $29.00

Gardstrom, S. C. (2007). Music Therapy Improvisation for Groups: Essential Leadership Competencies. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona. 180 pages. ISBN 1-891278-49-5. $29.00. Music Therapy Improvisation for Groups: Essential Leadership Competencies is the newest text focusing on clinical improvisation. The impetus for this book came from Gardstrom's desire to offer a course in group improvisation and her inability to find a suitable text. This led Gardstrom to develop her own course content and sequence, which she modified over several years based on feedback from her students and recent graduates. This process, succinctly described in the introductory chapter, culminated in the development of competencies for clinical improvisation (found in Appendix A) and the publication of this text. The remaining chapters of the book are arranged in hierarchal order, each covering one particular aspect of clinical improvisation. Chapters 2 through 4 serve as the foundation upon which the rest of the book is built. The vocabulary used in clinical improvisation is defined in Chapter 2, Terms and Nomenclature. Gardstrom thoroughly discusses the differences between method, procedure, and technique, terms that are commonly used interchangeably. Additionally, she also provides a very clear explanation of the difference between clinical improvisation and drum circles. This distinction is important not only for students but for the profession as well as we continue to seek to differentiate music therapy interventions from other types of therapeutic music. Chapter 3, Instruments of Improvisation, is more than a narrative describing the instruments used in clinical improvisation. Topics covered in this chapter include suggestions for 1) selecting instruments for use in clinical improvisation, 2) arranging the environment, and 3) presenting the instruments to group members. Two sections within this chapter bear special mention. First, Gardstrom points out potential hazards some instruments may possess for certain client groups. The information contained in this section may be especially important for young therapists to consider. Second, she includes a brief discussion of the instrument the therapist will play during a group improvisation. This section seems incomplete when compared to the rest of the information contained in the chapter. While the quote from Towse & Roberts provides an academic explanation as to the effect instrument choice may have on group process, an actual clinical vignette would have made the relevance of this issue clearer, especially for students. Chapter 4, Musical Elements of Improvisation, reviews the fundamental building blocks of clinical improvisation. As in previous chapters, each musical element is carefully defined. This is followed by a brief discussion of the elements use and clinical significance in improvisational music therapy. Gardstrom also includes a table in which all the scales and modes commonly used in improvisation are listed. Appendix D supplements the information provided in this chapter with suggested chord progression for improvisation which can be played on either piano or guitar. Taken together, these chapters provide the reader with a foundation upon which to develop a basic understanding of and proficiency in clinical improvisation. Gardstrom has defined several key terms that are used in clinical improvisation. In reading these chapters, it is quite evident that she researched the music therapy literature and gave considerable thought to each term's definition. This thoughtful consideration of terms and their meanings is not uniformly found in the music therapy literature. Hopefully authors will be inspired to follow her lead. Chapters 5 through 8 present an overview of facilitative skills, those abilities a music therapist should master in order to successfully facilitate an improvisation group. Chapter 5, Structures for Improvisation, invites the reader to consider the structure needed for 1) the overall session and 2) each improvisation experience. …

New Media Synergy: Emergence of Institutional Conflicts of Interest

The accelerated trend toward media cobranding, joint ventures, strategic alliances and mergers, and acquisitions with nonjournalistic companies raises new ethical concerns about the entanglements created in the name of synergy. As traditional media companies buy stakes in Internet companies in equity swaps, the cross-ownership of media creates vast potential for real or perceived conflicts of interest. Ethics scholarship routinely defines conflict of interest as an individual act, ignoring the rise of the media conglomerate. This article introduces the concept of institutional conflict of interest. The problem with the traditional definition of conflict of interest, then, is that it assumes the interests of the institution are always good, and that only the journalist, acting individually can violate the norm. The article outlines how media consolidation creates new conflicts of interest by outlining the term's definitions in various professions and proposing a revised definition that encompasses institutional conflict of interest.

Gatekeeping for Cultural Competence: Ready or Not? Some Post and Modernist Doubts

Cultural competence, an axiomatic idea full of promise, struggles to meet its mission due to four handicapping conditions: the over-ambitiousness of the term's definition; the underrepresentation of the humanities in HBSE content; the over-simplification of the term culture; and the underpreparedness of professors and programs for delivery of diversity content. “Mastery” of minority content may not be possible, and those who believe they have such mastery face the danger of understanding clients too soon, too superficially. Ironically, the postmodern stance of “not knowing” leads to greater levels of empathy toward members of all populations.