Definite Shape Research Articles

To Evaluate Structured Competency-Based Curriculum for Health Programs among Community Medicine Postgraduates: Mixed Method Approach

Background: The postgraduate curriculum needs to be given a definite shape so as to make health programs more intensive and integrative. In the present scenario, most of the information is unclear and infrequent. A structured public health competency-based education is an important aspect to consider for integrative health care. Evaluate the structured competency-based curriculum (SCBC) prepared on health program matters. Methods: Mixed method model involving postgraduate students, faculties in community medicine departments of selected medical colleges and stakeholders from district administration. The SCBC was piloted and validated for use. The evaluation was then done based on pre- and posttest performance analysis, satisfaction survey, and questionnaires for reaction and learning components. Results: For a complete understanding of the program, students had to invest 52 hours of stipulated time. CBC assessment mean scores for a) problems in PHC and programmatic evaluation (78.9%) and b) identification of success and failure of programs (78.2%) were more than 75% mean score; whereas, assessment scores for topics on a) resource allocation and b) evaluation of program as write-up was 65% and 52%, respectively. As compared to the conventional method, the SCBC showed a critical evaluation score of 70% with a 0.001 significance level. Discussion and Conclusion: Students’ narratives were that they could understand as well as integrate them better on the field. There was enhanced satisfaction and encouragement. Structured curriculum will also help in making learning more student-centric and go a long way in boosting their creativity.

Green synthesis of Zn-doped TIO2 nanoparticles from Zanthoxylum armatum

Green synthesis is an easy, safe, and environmentally beneficial nanoparticle creation method. It is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the capping and stabilizing agent carrier separation efficiency of photocatalysts. Herein, Zn-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with high exposure of 360 nm using a UV/visible spectrophotometer were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal decomposition method. A detailed analysis reveals that the electronic structures were modulated by Zn doping; thus, the responsive wavelength was extended to 600 nm, which effectively improved the visible light absorption of TiO2. We have optimized the different parameters like concentration, time, and temperature. The peak for TiO2 is located at 600 cm-1 in FTIR. A scanning electron microscope revealed that TiO2 has a definite shape and morphology. The synthesized Zn-doped TiO2NPs were applied against various pathogens to study their anti-bacterial potentials. The anti-bacterial activity of Zn-doped TiO2 has shown robust against two gram-ve bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) and two gram + ve bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus). Synthesized Zn-doped TiO2 has demonstrated strong antifungal efficacy against a variety of fungi. Moreover, doping TiO2 nanoparticles with metal oxide greatly improves their characteristics; as a result, doped metal oxide nanoparticles perform better than doped and un-doped metal oxide nanoparticles. Compared to pure TiO2, Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit considerable applications including antimicrobial treatment and water purification.

Community resilience placed at the service of the climate-migration-conflict nexus understanding

In the frame of the so-called climate-migration-conflict nexus (CMCN), the potential correlation between these three dimensions has been widely explored. Furthermore, the literature calls for efforts to focus on responding to the impacts on society of this nexus through the development of forms of adaptation, mitigation and resilience. In particular, in the context of CMCN, the concept of community resilience has not received sufficient attention. More generally, this concept has not been the subject of homogeneous definitions such that it can be adequately operationalised in the analysis of CMCN. Bearing in mind the findings from CMCN research and referring to the existing literature on community resilience, we intend to make a theoretical contribution to the debate on this latter concept. The results will take the shape of an operational definition of community resilience that can also be applied in the context of CMCN. Consequently, this reflection may also contribute to overcoming the linear cause-effect approach that has been the subject of the majority of studies on CMCN, by taking into consideration a wider broader spectrum of geographical, political, social, cultural, demographic and economic variables.

Bioinorganic metal nanoparticles and their potential applications as antimicrobial, antioxidant and catalytic agents: a review

Abstract This review article covers the biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) having definite shape and size while using extract obtained from different biological sources such as bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. These biological materials are composed of chloroplast, thylakoid, different types of enzymes extracted from different biogenic sources, different phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, and citric acid having functional groups such as sulfate, carboxyl, amino, amide and hydroxyl groups. These functional groups and enzymes act as efficient reductants to convert metal ions into metal atoms and alternatively metal atoms combine to form MNPs while long hydrocarbon chains present in these bio-macromolecules act as cage to stabilize them for prolong time. Effect of nature of source extract, different reaction conditions such as extract amount, salt amount and solvent used during MNPs preparation process have been critically discussed here in detail. Use of synthesized bioinorganic NPs in various areas including their effectiveness in fighting against bacteria, viruses, fungi, cancer, inflammation, and their potential role in catalytic reduction of environmental harmful substances into friendly products has also been described in a clear and concise manner along with their future consideration.

Fabrication, mechanical, finite element and In vitro evaluation of 3D printed polylactide/biphasic calcium phosphate composite blends

Polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with biphasic calcium phosphate mixtures were extruded as filaments and subsequently 3D printed into definite shapes in accordance with the ASTM standards. The optimum combination of PLA and BCP to attain a stable 3D printed component has been respectively determined as 80 and 20 wt %. BCP inclusions in the range of 2.5 and 5 wt % in PLA led to a respective upsurge ∼11 % in tensile strength and ∼15 % upsurge in compressive strength than pure PLA. While excess BCP additions led to a decline in the material strength. Further, representative volume element models were developed using the properties of BCP and PLA to build ASTM models for performing Finite element analysis (FEA) under both static and dynamic loading conditions. FEA results specified good uniformity with the experimental mechanical data. In vitro tests ensured the biocompatibility of 3D printed PLA-BCP composites.

ROMANIAN ARCHITECTS IN ODESSA (1941-1944) AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT FATE

The topic of Holocaust is mostly mentioned in reference to Transnistria in the years of 1941-1944. Our research studies concerning the rapport between the officials and the architects/architecture during the totalitarian regimes in Romania unveiled the opportunity for us to discover new information and elements helping to give a more definite shape and enliven a plethora of issues, left neglected and even forgotten until today. A good example of the above is the activity of the Romanian architects in Odessa and their later destiny, marred almost to its end by the horrors lived through during the Second World War. Hence the main thesis of our article. Documents in the Romanian Securitate archives are assisting us to build their professional and human portrait, along with other enthralling elements, trying to find out how their lifes – both social and professional – were affected by what happened in 1941-1944. We already knew that the vast majority of Transnistria government’s officials were convinted for war crimes or crimes against the pease by the people’s court (1945-1946), but the fate of these architects remained unknown – or, at last, forgotten – until our research. Following the idea that they were simple technicians, our initial intuition was confirmed. Although they were arrested and investigated, in the end they were exonerated of any accusation related to their activity in Transnistria. However, from a double perspective – both the criminal record from 1945 and their belonging to a social class destined to disappear – they were under the Securitate’s lens for many years, having a series of both social problems and, above all, professional. Their ascension was completely blocked, they were constantly under surveillance, their involvement in other political processes was attempted, their transformation into Securitate’s collaborators was desired. The irony of fate is precisely that, relying exclusively on the documents of the former Securitate, we can recreate today the portraits of two architects who otherwise would have remained completely unknow.

The importance of the local structure of fractal aggregates

The pair correlation function, g(r), is a fundamental descriptor of the inner structure of fractal aggregates of monomers. It provides a natural tool for studying physical properties involving two-point interaction (e.g. optics of aggregates). Several domains of distances between pairs of monomers have been identified. The fractal domain (in which g(r) is a power-law) is generally dominant for large aggregates. We show here that the local behavior of g(r)—involving monomers tangent to a given monomer—is necessary for most of the quantitative applications, even if that local domain is not directly related to fractal morphology. We derive a simple generic pair correlation function for fractal aggregates, depending on three structural parameters only: the fractal dimension, df ; the prefactor, kf ; the local mean coordination number, Zˉ . Unlike the fractal dimension, the prefactor and the mean coordination number are not universal since they depend on many parameters of the generation process. We discuss the impact of the definite shape of g(r) on the aggregate structure factor profile (a measurable quantity through small-angle x-ray scattering). Improvement from the new g(r) shape is also illustrated deriving an analytical expression of the geometric cross section, G, of aggregates for fractal dimension <2 . Accuracy is checked by comparing with numerical data from aggregates of fractal dimension df=1.9 . On the up-to-date analytical expression of G, the contributions of the short- and long-range behaviours of g(r) are well separated, and it is clear that the local behavior of the pair correlation function is required to obtain accurate values of the geometric cross section. Thus, in addition to the fractal structure of aggregates, the local structure of aggregates (to which the prefactor kf and the g(r) divergence at short distances are related) also appears important to accurately describe their physical features.

Salp-J Colony Optimization-based advanced hybrid ensemble deep predictor with LSTM for protein structure prediction

Protein structure prediction (PSP) is a key concern in computational biology, which is considered a challenging task that is vital to determine the structure and the protein function since each protein possesses a definite shape, whereas the protein secondary structure prediction (PSSP) is the foundation for three-dimensional PSP. An Advanced hybrid ensemble deep predictor is utilized for predicting the structure of a protein using Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), in which the performance of the predictor is improved for obtaining the features through the Salp-J Colony Optimization, which is developed by integrating the features of three optimizations the exploration behavior of Ulmaris, the immune system of virus colony and the teamwork of salp for solution update that helps to predict the accurate protein structure. The proposed method achieved the value of 99.1% accuracy, 99.5% sensitivity, 98.85% specificity, and 0.9% error at the 80% of training percentage 90 using CullPDB. Similarly, in Protein Net, the attained value of accuracy is 97.27%, sensitivity is 98.13%, specificity is 97%, and error is 2.7% concerning training percentage 90%. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Study of flow resistance coefficients acting on regular non-spherical particles in simple shear flow at moderate Reynolds numbers

This contribution is devoted to the study of the aerodynamic characteristics of non-spherical particles of definite regular shape, such as prolate and oblate ellipsoids as well as cylinders, immersed in a locally linear shear flow. The flow resistance coefficients of drag, lift and pitching torque are computed by means of the Particle Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation (PR-DNS) technique for such shapes as function of the Reynolds number Re. The parameter space comprises particle aspect ratio, AR, fluid spin ratio, ζ, and particle orientation angle, α. The Reynolds numbers of interest are in the intermediate range 1≤Re≤100, common in industrial and environmental processes. To properly understand and explain the obtained results, the role of the friction and pressure contributions to total flow coefficients is analyzed in detail for the different cases, allowing the differences between the considered shapes to be pointed out. On the other hand, the behavior of the pressure and skin friction coefficients in the particle plane of symmetry parallel to the flow is investigated as a function of the previous parameters (shape, AR, ζ, α), which provides further insights into the features of the shear flow around the non-spherical particles at finite Re. Finally, the influence of the shear flow magnitude and incidence angle on the location of the center of aerodynamic force is devised for the three shapes considered as function of Reynolds number and particle aspect ratio. It is expected that the information generated in this work will be useful for researchers to enhance the modeling of non-spherical particles immersed in non-uniform flows.

Geometric entropy of plant leaves: A measure of morphological complexity.

Shape is an objective characteristic of an object. A boundary separates a physical object from its surroundings. It defines the shape and regulates energy flux into and from an object. Visual perception of a definite shape (geometry) of physical objects is an abstraction. While the perceived geometry at an object's sharp interface (macro) creates a Euclidian illusion of actual shape, the notion of diffuse interfaces (micro) allows an understanding of the realistic form of objects. Here, we formulate a dimensionless geometric entropy of plant leaves (SL) by a 2-D description of a phase-field function. We applied this method to 112 tropical plant leaf images. SL was estimated from the leaf perimeter (P) and leaf area (A). It correlates positively with a fractal dimensional measure of leaf complexity, viz., segmental fractal complexity. Leaves with a higher P: A ratio have higher SL and possess complex morphology. The univariate cluster analysis of SL reveals the taxonomic relationship among the leaf shapes at the genus level. An increase in SL of plant leaves could be an evolutionary strategy. The results of morphological complexity presented in this paper will trigger discussion on the causal links between leaf adaptive stability/efficiency and complexity. We present SL as a derived plant trait to describe plant leaf complexity and adaptive stability. Integrating SL into other leaf physiological measures will help to understand the dynamics of energy flow between plants and their environment.

Covalent inhibitors: An ambitious approach for the discovery of newer oncotherapeutics.

Covalent inhibitors have been used to treat several diseases for over a century. However, strategic approaches for the rational design of covalent drugs have taken a definitive shape in recent times. Since the first appearance of covalent inhibitors in the late 18th century, the field has grown tremendously and around 30% of marketed drugs are covalent inhibitors especially, for oncology indications. However, the off-target toxicity and safety concerns can be significant issues related to the covalent drugs. Covalent kinase inhibitor (CKI) targeted oncotherapeutics has advanced dramatically over the last two decades since the discovery of afatinib (Gilotrif®), an EGFR inhibitor. Since then, US FDA has approved 10 CKIs for diverse cancer targets. The present review broadly summarizes the ongoing development in the discovery of newer CKIs from 2016 till the end of 2022. We believe that these efforts will assist the modern medicinal chemist actively working in the field of CKI discovery for varied indications.

Development, Physiochemical characterization, Mechanical and Finite element analysis of 3D printed Polylactide-β-TCP/α-Al2O3 composite

Herein, material extrusion (MEX) technique is utilized to develop 3D printed models based on reinforcing β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite in polylactide (PLA) matrix. β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite has been synthesized through co-precipitation method and the phase content of β-Ca3(PO4)2 and α-Al2O3 components are respectively determined as 64 and 36 wt%. The resultant β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite mixed with PLA at various weight ratios were extruded as filaments and subsequently 3D printed into definite shapes for the physiochemical, morphological and mechanical evaluation. 3D printed bodies that comprise 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 composite yielded an increasing tensile, compressive and flexural strength in the corresponding order of ∼15, ∼15 and 22% than 3D printed pure PLA. Further, the Representative volume element (RVE) unit cells developed based on the various investigated compositions of PLA-β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 were subjected to mechanical evaluation through Finite element analysis (FEA) under both static and dynamic loading conditions on ASTM standard specimens. The results from experimental and FEA analysis demonstrated good uniformity that confirmed the reinforcement of 5 wt % β-Ca3(PO4)2/α-Al2O3 in PLA matrix as an optimum combination to yield better mechanical strength.

Aerodynamic Performance Assessment of an Airfoil at Reynolds Number 10000: A Computational Approach

Effects of a low Reynolds number flow on an airfoil with cavities of a specified shape are analyzed computationally to assess the aerodynamic performance by observing the coefficients of lift and drag with increasing angles of attacks. The Reynolds number considered for the simulation is 1×104 operating at atmospheric conditions at sea level. Indentations with a definite shape (right-angled triangle) are utilized to find the vortex effects of air in the cavity on the shear layer separation on airfoil surface to retain the flow even at higher angles of attack. The simulation is run in ANSYS Fluent to study the increase in the aerodynamic performance, research findings include an increase in coefficient of lift values by approximately, 111.86% of cavity with depth 0.05C indented at 70% of the chord length at 6° angle of attack, 68.13% of cavity with depth 0.05C indented at 50% of chord length at 6° angle of attack, 23.93% of cavity with depth 0.025C indented at 70% of chord length at 6° angle of attack, 3.96% of cavity of depth 0.025C at 6° angle of attack, 9.59% of cavity of depth 0.05C at 18° angle of attack.

A reuse approach of grinding sludge: Analysis of corrosion and mechanical properties of oxyacetyline torch melted Fe and Cu alloy

This study mainly focuses on investigating the feasibility of utilizing grinding sludge, a by-product of grinding steel plates, as an alternative raw material by filtering and compressing the sludge, removing impurities, adding copper wire bits, and analyzing the resulting samples for improved hardness and corrosion resistance. To improve the hardness and convert the sample to a definite shape, copper wire bits are added to the separated Fe particles during melting. These copper wire bits, which are common scrap available during electrical maintenance, are melted together with Fe particles using the oxy-fuel steel cutting torch at a temperature range of 1539–1600 °C. The melted samples are then characterized using XRD, optical, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The XRD results confirm the presence of a body-centered cubic lattice structure. Optical and scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal the formation of grains and the mixing of Cu with Fe. Further investigations are conducted to analyze the strength and corrosion properties of the samples. Micro-hardness and electrochemical analysis are performed, and the results show that the addition of copper wire bits improves the corrosion resistance and micro-hardness of the Fe. The fact that the addition of copper wire bits during the melting process improved the corrosion resistance and micro-hardness of the Fe means that the samples can now be sent to the cupola furnace for melting and reuse. This is a sustainable approach that will allow for the responsible disposal of the materials, while also potentially reducing the need for new materials in future production processes.

Hierarchical Zinc Stannate Nanoneedle-Based Sensitive Detection of Formaldehyde

Perovskite-type ternary metal oxides have persisted as an area of research toward developing interesting nanostructures and their subsequent application. The paper presents a nanodimensional needle-like hierarchical structure of zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) material for the sensitive detection of formaldehyde. The nanomaterial was successfully synthesized through a simple and low-cost hydrothermal process. The morphology and structural properties were validated through various material characterization techniques. The nanoneedles were formed with a definite shape having an average thickness and a length of 20 and 450 nm, respectively, along with high crystallinity. Additionally, the evolution process of the grown nanostructure was discussed considering the involved chemical reactions. The gas-sensing behavior was investigated, where the maximum response was found toward formaldehyde with admirable sensitivity, fast kinetics, complete reversibility, and good selectivity and reproducibility. The limit of detection was found to be 717 ppb using the power law theory of semiconducting gas sensors. The sensing mechanism was explained using adsorption theory and the corresponding electron depletion layer modulation. The reported results indicate the potential influence of the prepared ZnSnO3 nanoneedles toward efficient integration in various electrochemical applications.

A shake table investigation on low-cost seismic isolation using unbonded scrap tyre pad isolators

Seismic isolation is an effective strategy to mitigate the effect of earthquake on structures. Conventional seismic isolation is still inaccessible to developing countries as it is expensive. Scrap tyres have been identified to be suitable for use as base isolators. It is also a challenge to recycle, reuse and effectively dispose this rapidly accumulating waste material without harming the environment as it is heavy, thick and made up of multiple materials. In this paper, the effectiveness of using scrap tyre pads for base isolation is investigated. Scrap tyres of size 175/65/R14 are considered in the study. The tread portion of the scrap tyre is cut into pads of definite size and shape and arranged one above the other to form the isolator. The scrap tyre pads which contain both rubber and intervening steel cords make it vertically stiff and laterally flexible which will in turn reduce the cost of the system as they do not require additional materials for enhancing the stiffness properties. The application without steel end plates further reduces the cost and hence suitable as a low-cost seismic protection system for developing countries. In the present study square shaped unbonded scrap tyre pad isolators of three configurations using 4, 6 and 8 layers of scrap tyre pads are considered. Initially, the dynamic horizontal stiffness of different configurations of scrap tyre pad isolators is estimated using a shake table test on a system consisting of a set of rectangular plates supported by 4 isolators at the corners of the base plate. A shake table test is also conducted on a three storied scaled building frame model supported on four isolators at the four corners of the base of the model. All the isolators are found to be effective in shifting the fundamental time period of the frame. Finite element analysis on isolators with 4, 6, 8 and 10 layers are also carried out to determine the effect of vertical pressure on the fundamental frequency and dynamic stiffness of isolator systems.

Center backbone-rigidified DNA polygonal nanostructures and bottom face-templated polyhedral pyramids with structural stability in a complex biological medium.

Due to the sequence programmability, good biocompatibility, versatile functionalities and vast sequence space, DNA oligonucleotides are considered to be ideal building blocks for the assembly of diverse nanostructures in one, two and three dimensions that are capable of engineering of multiple functional nucleic acids into a useful tool to implement intended tasks in biological and medical field. However, the construction of wireframe nanostructures consisting of only a few DNA strands remains quite challenging mainly because of the molecular flexibility-based uncontrollability of size and shape. In this contribution, utilizing gel electrophoretic analysis and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate the modeling assembly technique for the construction of wireframe DNA nanostructures that can be divided into two categories: rigid center backbone-guided modeling (RBM) and bottom face-templated assembly (BTA) that are responsible for the construction of DNA polygons and polyhedral pyramids, respectively. The highest assembly efficiency (AE) is about 100%, while the lowest AE is not less than 50%. Moreover, when adding one edge for polygons or one side face for pyramids, we only need to add one oligonucleotide strand. Especially, the advanced polygons (e.g., pentagon and hexagon) of definite shape are for the first time constructed. Along this line, introduction of cross-linking strands enables the hierarchical assembly of polymer polygons and polymer pyramids. These wireframe DNA nanostructures exhibit the substantially enhanced resistance to nuclease degradation and maintain their structural integrity in fetal bovine serum for several hours even if the vulnerable nicks are not sealed. The proposed modeling assembly technique represents important progress toward the development of DNA nanotechnology and is expected to promote the application of DNA nanostructures in biological and biomedical fields. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: DNA oligonucleotides are considered to be ideal building blocks for the assembly of diverse nanostructures. However, the construction of wireframe nanostructures consisting of only a few DNA strands remains quite challenging. In this contribution, we demonstrate the modeling technique for the construction of different wireframe DNA nanostructures: rigid center backbone-guided modeling (RBM) and bottom face-templated assembly (BTA) that are responsible for the assembly of DNA polygons and polyhedral pyramids, respectively. Moreover, cross-linking strands enables the hierarchical assembly of polymer polygons and polymer pyramids. These wireframe DNA nanostructures exhibit the substantially enhanced resistance to nuclease degradation and maintain their structural integrity in fetal bovine serum for several hours, promoting the application of DNA nanostructures in biological and biomedical fields.

Enhancement of Glimepiride Bioavailability by Co-Crystallization Technique

Abstract: Drugs with low aqueous solubility show limited oral bioavaibility and dissolution enhancement is a promising strategy for improving drug bioavailability. Co-crystallization is a promising technique used to improve the oral solubility and dissolution rate of the drugs and hence their oral bioavailability. In general pharmaceutical co-crystals improve the physical properties such as crystallinity, solubility, wettability and dissolution behaviors of the drug without altering its pharmacological activity. The aim of this study was to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and limited oral bioavailability of glimepiride (GLM) by cocrystallization with different carboxylic acid co-formers. Different co-crystal formulations were successfully prepared by ultrasound assisted suspension co-crystallization technique and then suspected to solubility study to choose the best formula to complete the study. Co-crystal of glimepiride -oxalic acid was characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and then further evaluated for dissolution behavior. The result showed that co-crystal could increase solubility and dissolution rate of glimepiride. The results of XRPD, FTIR and DSC indicating the presence of a new crystalline phase and formation of cocrystal while the SEM micrograph revealed the definite shape with crystalline composition of co-crystal. In vivo bioavailability study in rats showed higher Cmax , longer t1/2 el and MRT0-∞ and increased AUC0-∞ of 2.66 fold compared to the plain GLM. Therefore, co-crystallization technique can be expected to represent a promising tool for enhanced delivery of glimepiride.

Seamless Workflows for In-House Aligner Fabrication

In-house aligner systems (IHAs), alternatively known as in-office aligners (IOA), in the strictest sense, refer to clear aligner systems wherein every aspect of the aligner fabrication from digital treatment planning (DTP) to the delivery of the orthodontic care is managed in the orthodontic office itself. Although still in its nascent stages, increased accessibility to chairside intra-oral scanners and office-based 3D printers, rapid advances in DTP software and aligner fabrication materials, have all helped the cost-effective concept of fabricating aligners in orthodontic offices, take a definite shape. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the essential components of an IHA system and elucidate a systematic workflow for seamless in-house clear aligner fabrication with an emphasis on clinical reproducibility, along with a clinical illustration of a patient treated with IHAs. The authors believe that the development of a standard operating protocol for in-house clear aligner systems may help reduce the heterogeneity associated with IHA fabrication and subsequently allow meaningful comparisons with established commercial clear aligner systems of the day.

Coordinate measurement in multi-beam drone positioning system

The multi beam drone positioning system for automatic measurements of drone coordinates is presented. One part of this system is installed round a landing pad or a goods delivery pad. It forms a set of low-energy optical beams of definite shapes in three-dimensional space. Each beam transmits a digital code that characterizes its location relatively this pad. Second part of this system is a small set of miniature photodetector units that are fixed under a drone. The paper describes the technique based of the beam code analysis for calculation of drone coordinates relatively a landing pad. This system guarantees the accuracy that is necessary for accurate drone taking off, landing or goods delivery without usage of an expensive digital camera or a human operator. The advantages and possible applications of these sensors are also discussed.