Deficits In Attentional Control Research Articles

Unified and distinct cognitive control deficits in adolescents with cognitive disengagement syndrome and learning burnout.

Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) is a psychological disorder characterized by daydreaming, mental fogginess, and slow thinking, while learning burnout (LB) is characterized by a passive and inattentive attitude toward learning. These two disorders are closely related but can be challenging to differentiate from one another. The present study aimed to identify shared and distinct cognitive control deficits between CDS and LB. We recruited 136 adolescents (aged 14 to 17 years) from an initial screening of CDS and LB (N = 476) and divided them into four groups: CDS, LB, CDS + LB, and typically developing control. After a second screening, 129 adolescents completed two tasks to assess their attentional networks and cognitive control capacity (CCC). Adolescents with high CDS symptoms (both CDS group and CDS+LB group) exhibited impaired disengaging effect of attention and lower CCC, indicating deficits in orienting attention and the upper limit of information processing for cognitive control specifically. Furthermore, support vector machine modeling identified CCC as the most significant parameter differentiating the CDS and LB groups. Our findings suggest that while adolescents with high CDS and high LB symptoms have similar outward manifestations in the adolescent's school life, deficits in attention and cognitive control, particularly in the CCC, may distinguish between the two groups.

Cognitive neuropsychological and neuroanatomic predictors of naturalistic action performance in left hemisphere stroke: a retrospective analysis.

Individuals who have experienced a left hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (LCVA) have been shown to make errors in naturalistic action tasks designed to assess the ability to perform everyday activities such as preparing a cup of coffee. Naturalistic action errors in this population are often attributed to limb apraxia, a common deficit in the representation and performance of object-related actions. However, naturalistic action impairments are also observed in right hemisphere stroke and traumatic brain injury, populations infrequently associated with apraxia, and errors across all these populations are influenced by overall severity. Based on these and other data, an alternative (though not mutually exclusive) account is that naturalistic action errors in LCVA are also a consequence of deficits in general attentional resource availability or allocation. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from a large group of 51 individuals with LCVA who had completed a test of naturalistic action, along with a battery of tests assessing praxis, attention allocation and control, reasoning, and language abilities to determine which of these capacities contribute uniquely to naturalistic action impairments. Using a regularized regression method, we found that naturalistic action impairments are predicted by both praxis deficits (hand posture sequencing and gesture recognition), as well as attention allocation and control deficits (orienting and dividing attention), along with language comprehension ability and age. Using support vector regression-lesion symptom mapping (SVR-LSM), we also demonstrated that naturalistic action impairments are associated with lesions to posterior middle temporal gyrus and anterior inferior parietal lobule - regions known to be implicated in praxis; as well the middle frontal gyrus that has been implicated in both praxis and attention allocation and control. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that naturalistic action impairments in LCVA are a consequence of apraxia as well as deficits in attention allocation and control.

Prefrontal cortical network dysfunction from acute neurotoxicant exposure.

Prefrontal cortical (PFC) dysfunction has been linked to disorders exhibiting deficits in cognitive performance, attention, motivation, and impulse control. Neurons of the PFC are susceptible to glutamatergic excitotoxicity, an effect associated with cortical degeneration in frontotemporal disorders (FTDs). PFC susceptibility to environmental toxicant exposure, one possible contributor to sporadic FTD, has not been systematically studied. Here, we tested the ability of a well-known environmental neurotoxicant, methylmercury (MeHg), to induce hyperexcitability in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) excitatory pyramidal neurons, using whole cell patch-clamp recording. Acute MeHg exposure (20 μM) produced significant mPFC dysfunction, with a shift in the excitatory to inhibitory (E-I) balance toward increased excitability. Both excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) charges were significantly increased after MeHg exposure. MeHg increased EPSC frequency, but there was no observable effect on IPSC frequency, EPSC amplitude or IPSC amplitude. Neither evoked AMPA receptor- nor NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC amplitudes were affected by MeHg. However, excitatory synapses experienced a significant reduction in paired-pulse depression and probability of release. In addition, MeHg induced temporal synchrony in spontaneous IPSCs, reflecting mPFC inhibitory network dysfunction. MeHg exposure also produced increased intrinsic excitability in mPFC neurons, with an increase in action potential firing rate. The observed effects of MeHg on mPFC reflect key potential mechanisms for neuropsychological symptoms from MeHg poisoning. Therefore, MeHg has a significant effect on mPFC circuits known to contribute to cognitive and emotional function and might contribute to etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as FTD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prefrontal cortical neurons are highly susceptible to glutamatergic excitotoxicity associated with neuronal degeneration in frontal dementia and to environmental toxicant exposure, one potential contributor to FTD. However, this has not been systematically studied. Our results demonstrate that methylmercury exposure leads to hyperexcitability of prefrontal cortical neurons by shifting excitatory to inhibitory (E-I) balance and raising sensitivity for spiking. Our results provide a mechanism by which environmental neurotoxicants may contribute to pathogenesis of diseases such as FTD.

Examining attentional control deficits in adolescents with test anxiety: An evidential synthesis using self-report, behavioral, and resting-state EEG measures

Attentional control theory suggests that test anxiety hinders individuals' attentional control, aiding our understanding of how test anxiety may impair cognitive function. However, various methods used to assess attentional control have yielded inconsistent findings. Moreover, past studies, especially on adolescents, that examine the distinct impacts of worry and the emotional components of test anxiety on individuals' attentional control capacity are scarce. This study, using self-report, behavioral, and resting-state EEG measures, explores how worry and emotionality, impact attentional control in adolescents. It enhances our understanding of the link between test anxiety and cognitive function. Referring to the effect size from prior studies, a total of 42 adolescents took part in the study. We used the Test Anxiety Inventory, due to it can assess worry and emotionality components. We employed three widely-utilized measures of attentional control: the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), the Go/Nogo task, and resting-state electroencephalography measures (alpha oscillation and the theta/beta power ratio). Both worry and emotionality components were significantly and negatively correlated with the ACS scores. Unlike worry, emotionality demonstrated a significant positive correlation with response times for the Go trials and alpha power in the parietal cortex. These results suggest that, emotionality, but not worry, is highly correlated with attentional control deficits in adolescents. This study underscores the significance of distinguishing between the components of test anxiety, which aids in comprehending the negative impacts of test anxiety on adolescents' academic performance.

External cues improve visual working memory encoding in the presence of salient distractors in schizophrenia.

People with schizophrenia (PSZ) are impaired in attentional prioritization of non-salient but relevant stimuli over salient distractors during visual working memory (VWM) encoding. Conversely, guidance of top-down attention by external predictive cues is intact. Yet, it is unknown whether this preserved ability can help PSZ encode more information in the presence of salient distractors. We employed a visuospatial change-detection task using four Gabor patches with differing orientations in 66 PSZ and 74 healthy controls (HCS). Two Gabor patches flickered which were designated either as targets or distractors and either a predictive or a non-predictive cue was displayed to manipulate top-down attention, resulting in four conditions. We observed significant effects of group, salience and cue as well as significant interactions of salience by cue, group by salience and group by cue. Across all conditions, PSZ stored significantly less information in VWM than HCS. PSZ stored significantly less non-flickering than flickering information with a non-predictive cue. However, PSZ stored significantly more flickering and non-flickering information with a predictive cue. Our findings indicate that control of attentional selection is impaired in schizophrenia. We demonstrate that additional top-down information significantly improves performance in PSZ. The observed deficit in attentional control suggests a disturbance of GABAergic inhibition in early visual areas. Moreover, our findings are indicative of a mechanism for enhancing attentional control in PSZ, which could be utilized by pro-cognitive interventions. Thus, the current paradigm is suitable to reveal both preserved and compromised cognitive component processes in schizophrenia.

A Retrospect in Study of Relationships Between Anxiety, Depression and Working Memory Capacity

Working Memory Capacity (WMC) is a crucial component in the study of cognitive functions such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Recent research has illuminated the neurobiological foundations of WMC and its connection to academic success, particularly in children. In addition, research into individual differences throughout a persons life has uncovered connections between visual short-term memory, working memory and mathematical proficiency. Depression, marked by emotional distress and neurological degradation, and anxiety, typified by elevated discomfort and physiological arousal, often coincide. It is important to note that these disorders have high comorbidity rates, impacting almost 90% of those with anxiety and 85% of those with depression. Understanding this comorbidity is crucial due to its significant social impact. Existing research demonstrates that depression and anxiety have separate effects on WMC. Therefore, it is essential to grasp the intricacies of depression and anxiety in context of the comorbidity, considering their adverse social impact. Depression compromises working memory, especially in situations involving emotionally-charged data, while anxiety directs cognitive resources away from tasks requiring WMC by causing deficits in attentional control. Comorbidity exacerbates these deficits and appears to be linked with impairments in inhibitory control.Future research must focus on mechanistic insights, exploring the neural basis and therapeutic interventions for this intricate interplay.In conclusion, there is potential for enhancing cognitive function and mental health interventions through comprehending the interplay between WMC, anxiety, and depression. These results underline the necessity of holistic approaches to tackle the cognitive functioning consequences of mental health issues.

B - 47 Attentional Risk Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: a Synthesis of the Literature and Meta-Analysis.

Theory suggests that attentional processes, such as attentional bias and attentional control, may contribute to suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Specifically, among individuals with suicidal ideation, attentional biases towards suicide-related information may increase distress. This combined with the inability to disengage and shift attention away from suicidal thoughts (i.e., deficits in attentional control) might contribute to increased risk for suicidal behavior. Despite this, there has been limited research examining associations between attentional biases and STBs or attentional control and STBs. We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms used to identify articles included: ("attention* bias" or "attentional control") AND (suicid*). The search returned 77 articles, 49 when duplicates were removed. Following full text reviews, a total of 16 articles were retained for meta-analysis. A significant relationship was observed between attentional bias and STBs (r = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.15), but not attentional control and STBs (r = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.24, 0.10). The funnel plot for attentional bias and STBs suggested low risk of publication bias. The limited number of studies identified, and therefore low power, precluded moderator analyses from being conducted. Additional experimental and longitudinal research with diverse assessments of attentional risk factors (e.g., dot probe, eye tracking) is needed. Despite these limitations, the present study provides preliminary evidence for the association between attentional bias and STBs.

Aggressive behaviors predict greater intraindividual reaction time variability in children: Evidence from cross-lagged panel models.

Deficits in attentional control or inhibitory control are distinct features of childhood aggressive behaviors. Lower attentional control or inhibitory control is considered to predict more aggressive behaviors, while few studies have documented the possible predictive effects of aggressive behaviors on attentional control or inhibitory control. The present study examined the bidirectional relations between aggressive behaviors and both inhibitory control and attentional control in 169 Chinese primary school children (75 girls, Mage = 7.15, SDage = 0.33), annually for 3years starting at age 7. The No-go accuracy on a Go/No-go task was used as the index of inhibitory control, and the intraindividual reaction time variability (IIRTV) of correct Go trials indicated attentional control. The aggressive behaviors subscale of the child behavior checklist-Chinese versionwas used to assess the children's aggressive behaviors. The results demonstrated a significant and stable predictive effect of previous aggressive behaviors on subsequent attentional control, with more aggressive behaviors predicting greater IIRTV at both the between-child and within-child levels. No significant effects of inhibitory control or attentional control on aggressive behaviors or sex-specific patterns were found. The findings suggest the negative impact of childhood aggressive behaviors on attentional control and underscore the importance of early prevention and intervention for childhood aggressive behaviors.

Gender moderates the association between resting vagally mediated heart rate variability and attentional control.

Women typically exhibit weaker attentional control ability than men. Lower resting vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is thought to reflect the poorer function of the neurophysiological pathways underlying attentional control and thus, poorer attentional control ability. However, existing findings are inconsistent regarding the relationship between vmHRV and attentional control. Gender may be an important moderator. To examine whether gender moderates the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control, and to provide neurophysiological evidence for elucidating gender differences in attentional control ability. Two hundred and twenty college students completed the Attentional Control Scale to evaluate their attentional control ability. Resting vmHRV was assessed during a 5 min baseline period using an electrocardiographic amplifier (ECG100C) of the Biopac MP150 physiological recorder. (1) There was no significant difference in the total scores of the Attentional Control Scale between men and women (t = 0.498, p > 0.05), but the scores of the attentional shifting dimension of women were significantly lower than those of men (t = 1.995, p < 0.05); (2) Resting vmHRV was significantly negatively correlated with attentional control in women(r = -0.233, p < 0.01), whereas the correlation was not significant in men; (3) Gender significantly moderated the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control (B = -3.088, 95% boot CI [-5.431, -0.745], t = -2.598, p < 0.05); (4) Among participants with lower resting vmHRV, there was no significant difference in attentional control between men and women (B = 2.284, 95% boot CI [-0.748, 5.310], p > 0.05), but among participants with higher resting vmHRV, men scored significantly higher than women in attentional control (B = -3.377, 95% boot CI [-6.406, -0.348], p < 0.05). Gender moderates the relationship between resting vmHRV and attentional control, with higher resting vmHRV in women reflecting a compensatory response to deficits in attentional control.

Improved attention and performance monitoring in high procrastinating students after positive relative to negative norm-referenced feedback

Procrastination is an irrational delay of task completion. Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals who often procrastinate present deficits in attentional control and performance monitoring and that these dysfunctions might be differentially manifested depending on the motivational context. Building upon these results, the present event-related potential (ERP) study aimed to investigate the impact of norm-referenced feedback on executive functions among students with high (HP; N = 75) or low (LP; N = 77) procrastination levels. Participants completed the parametric Go/No-Go task, while receiving either positive or negative false feedback indicating how well they performed in comparison to others. The results indicated that positive (as opposed to negative) feedback led to higher self-reported arousal and increased post-error slowing in HP (vs. LP) participants. Moreover, neurophysiological measures indicated lower neural activation linked to attentional control (P300) and performance monitoring (ERN, CRN and Pe) in HP than LP participants, while the groups did not differ in these indices during the positive feedback condition. Obtained findings indicate that HP might be more sensitive to the motivating effects of success and more vulnerable to the detrimental influence of failure.

Impact of acute psychosocial stress on attentional control in humans. A study of evoked potentials and pupillary response

Psychosocial stress has increased considerably in our modern lifestyle, affecting global mental health. Deficits in attentional control are cardinal features of stress disorders and pathological anxiety. Studies suggest that changes in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system could underlie the effects of stress on top-down attentional control. However, the impact of psychosocial stress on attentional processes and its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychosocial stress on attentional processing and brain signatures. Evoked potentials and pupillary activity related to the oddball auditory paradigm were recorded before and after applying the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Electrocardiogram (ECG), salivary cortisol, and subjective anxiety/stress levels were measured at different experimental periods. The control group experienced the same physical and cognitive effort but without the psychosocial stress component. The results showed that stressed subjects exhibited decreased P3a and P3b amplitude, pupil phasic response, and correct responses. On the other hand, they displayed an increase in Mismatch Negativity (MMN). N1 amplitude after MIST only decreased in the control group. We found that differences in P3b amplitude between the first and second oddball were significantly correlated with pupillary dilation and salivary cortisol levels. Our results suggest that under social-evaluative threat, basal activity of the coeruleus-norepinephrine system increases, enhancing alertness and decreasing voluntary attentional resources for the cognitive task. These findings contribute to understanding the neurobiological basis of attentional changes in pathologies associated with chronic psychosocial stress.

Associations Between Preterm Birth, Inhibitory Control-Implicated Brain Regions and Tracts, and Inhibitory Control Task Performance in Children: Consideration of Socioeconomic Context.

Preterm birth (PTB) is associated with increased risk for unfavorable outcomes such as deficits in attentional control and related brain structure alterations. Crucially, PTB is more likely to occur within the context of poverty. The current study examined associations between PTB and inhibitory control (IC) implicated brain regions/tracts and task performance, as well as the moderating role of early life poverty on the relation between PTB and IC-implicated regions/tracts/task performance. 2,899 children from the ABCD study were sampled for this study. Mixed effects models examined the relation between PTB and subsequent IC performance as well as prefrontal gray matter volume, white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD). Household income was examined as a moderator. PTB was significantly associated with less improvement in IC task performance over time and decreased FA in left uncinate fasciculus (UF) and cingulum bundle (CB). Early life poverty moderated the relation between PTB and both CB FA and UF MD.

Distinct cognitive changes in male patients with obstructive sleep apnoea without co-morbidities.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a multisystem, debilitating, chronic disorder of breathing during sleep, resulting in a relatively consistent pattern of cognitive deficits. More recently, it has been argued that those cognitive deficits, especially in middle-aged patients, may be driven by cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities, rather than by distinct OSA-processes, such as are for example ensuing nocturnal intermittent hypoxaemia, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and sleep fragmentation. Thus, we undertook to define cognitive performance in a group of 27 middle-aged male patients with untreated OSA, who had no concomitant comorbidities, compared with seven matched controls (AHI mean ± S.D.: 1.9 ± 1.4 events/h; mean age 34.0 ± 9.3 years; mean BMI 23.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2). Of the 27 patients, 16 had mild OSA (AHI mean ± S.D.:11.7 ± 4.0 events/h; mean age 42.6 ± 8.2 years; mean BMI 26.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2), and 11 severe OSA (AHI 41.8 ± 20.7 events/h; age: 46.9 ± 10.9 years, BMI: 28.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2). In our patient cohort, we demonstrate poorer executive-functioning, visuospatial memory, and deficits in vigilance sustained attention, psychomotor and impulse control. Remarkably, we also report, for the first time, effects on social cognition in this group of male, middle-aged OSA patients. Our findings suggest that distinct, OSA-driven processes may be sufficient for cognitive changes to occur as early as in middle age, in otherwise healthy individuals.

The propensity to sign-track is associated with externalizing behavior and distinct patterns of reward-related brain activation in youth

Externalizing behaviors in childhood often predict impulse control disorders in adulthood; however, the underlying bio-behavioral risk factors are incompletely understood. In animals, the propensity to sign-track, or the degree to which incentive motivational value is attributed to reward cues, is associated with externalizing-type behaviors and deficits in executive control. Using a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm, we quantified sign-tracking in 40 healthy 9–12-year-olds. We also measured parent-reported externalizing behaviors and anticipatory neural activations to outcome-predicting cues using the monetary incentive delay fMRI task. Sign-tracking was associated with attentional and inhibitory control deficits and the degree of amygdala, but not cortical, activation during reward anticipation. These findings support the hypothesis that youth with a propensity to sign-track are prone to externalizing tendencies, with an over-reliance on subcortical cue-reactive brain systems. This research highlights sign-tracking as a promising experimental approach delineating the behavioral and neural circuitry of individuals at risk for externalizing disorders.

Neuro-Immune Modulation of Cholinergic Signaling in an Addiction Vulnerability Trait.

Sign-tracking (ST) describes the propensity to approach and contact a Pavlovian reward cue. By contrast, goal-trackers (GTs) respond to such a cue by retrieving the reward. These behaviors index the presence of opponent cognitive-motivational traits, with STs exhibiting attentional control deficits, behavior dominated by incentive motivational processes, and vulnerability for addictive drug taking. Attentional control deficits in STs were previously attributed to attenuated cholinergic signaling, resulting from deficient translocation of intracellular choline transporters (CHTs) into synaptosomal plasma membrane. Here, we investigated a posttranslational modification of CHTs, poly-ubiquitination, and tested the hypothesis that elevated cytokine signaling in STs contributes to CHT modification. We demonstrated that intracellular CHTs, but not plasma membrane CHTs, are highly ubiquitinated in male and female sign-tracking rats when compared with GTs. Moreover, levels of cytokines measured in cortex and striatum, but not spleen, were higher in STs than in GTs. Activation of the innate immune system by systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevated ubiquitinated CHT levels in cortex and striatum of GTs only, suggesting ceiling effects in STs. In spleen, LPS increased levels of most cytokines in both phenotypes. In cortex, LPS particularly robustly increased levels of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10. Phenotype-specific increases were restricted to GTs, again suggesting ceiling effects in STs. These results indicate that interactions between elevated brain immune modulator signaling and CHT regulation are essential components of the neuronal underpinnings of the addiction vulnerability trait indexed by sign-tracking.

General deficits of attentional inhibition in high trait anxiety: ERP evidence.

Behavioral evidence shows that individuals with high trait anxiety tend to be distracted by irrelevant stimulation not only for threat-related stimuli but also for non-emotional neutral stimuli. These findings suggest that there may be a general deficit of attentional control in trait anxiety. However, the neural mechanism underlying the anxiety-related deficit in attentional control, especially inhibition function, is still unclear. Here, we examined the attentional processing of the non-emotional neutral distractor on 66 young adults with different levels of trait anxiety, using the ERP indices of attentional selection (N2pc) and top-down inhibition (Pd) in a search task with geometric stimuli. We found that the distractor-evoked N2pc amplitude did not vary with anxiety levels, but increased anxiety was associated with smaller Pds (i.e. worse inhibition). Besides, delayed attentional selection of targets was associated with higher anxiety levels. These correlations of trait anxiety remained significant even after controlling for state anxiety, and state anxiety did not affect the attentional processing of distractors and targets, suggesting that trait anxiety, not current anxiety, affects attentional function. Our findings clarify the mechanism underlying the general attentional deficits in trait anxiety, e.g. reduced distractor inhibition and delayed target selection.

When emotions cannot be efficiently used to guide attention: Flexible, goal-relevant utilization of facial emotions is hindered by social anxiety

In order to achieve optimal outcomes in diverse situations, emotional information can be used to initiate novel, goal-directed processes that are not inherently related to the emotional meaning. Demonstrating this goal-dependent flexibility, in a recent study, we presented facial emotions as informative spatial cues: Participants could direct their attention to the probable target location based on the expressed emotion with a remarkable efficiency (Folyi, Rohr, & Wentura, 2020). However, as inherent motivational aspects of threat-related facial expressions can be particularly salient to socially anxious individuals (e.g., Staugaard, 2010), they might not be able to use this information flexibly in the pursuit of a context-specific goal. The present study tested this assumption in an endogenous cueing task with anger and fear expressions as informative central cues. Indeed, in Experiment 1 (N = 174), higher social anxiety was associated with reduced cueing at a 600 ms cue-target asynchrony, and this deficit was specific to social as opposed to general anxiety. Furthermore, this effect occurred only when faces were presented upright (Experiment 1), and not under inverted presentation (Experiment 2, N = 90), ruling out a general deficit in attentional control. The results suggest that flexible utilization of threat-related emotional information is sensitive to participants’ social anxiety, suggesting an imbalance between using emotional information in the pursuit of a context-dependent goal on the one hand, and processes intrinsically related to the emotional meaning on the other.

Attentional control deficits and suicidal ideation variability: An ecological momentary assessment study in major depression

Suicidal behavior is associated with deficits in cognitive control; however, suicidal ideation (SI), a key precursor to suicidal behavior, has been less consistently linked to neuropsychological functioning. Additionally, no study to date has examined attentional control capacities in relation to variability in suicidal ideation, defined as fluctuation in SI intensity and duration across short periods of time. Prior research suggests that suicidal individuals with highly variable SI experience greater stress-responsive increases in SI and cortisol, potentially raising risk for suicidal behavior. Here, we examined attentional control capacities associated with SI variability and severity in ninety-five subjects with major depressive disorder. Variability and severity of SI and depressive affect were quantified using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) over a 7-day period. Participants completed the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and a computerized Stroop task for assessment of attentional control. EMA SI variability was associated with greater attentional interference on the Stroop task, and this was not accounted for by severity of SI, concurrently assessed depressive affect, or baseline depression. CPT performance was not related to SI variability or intensity. Findings highlight the utility of EMA methods in characterizing patterned experiences of SI and suggest that attentional control deficits may contribute to these characteristic patterns.

Do Executive Dysfunction, Delay Aversion, and Time Perception Deficit Predict ADHD Symptoms and Early Academic Performance in Preschoolers.

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are commonly observed to have learning difficulties. This study examined how three neuropsychological constructs—executive dysfunction, delay aversion, and time perception—were associated with ADHD symptoms and early academic performance in preschoolers at risk of ADHD. One hundred and thirty-one preschoolers (70 boys, 53%) aged 4 to 6 (M = 5.31 years) were assessed on their ADHD-related behaviors, neuropsychological functioning, word reading, and math abilities at two time points one year apart. Factor analysis indicated that inhibitory and attentional control deficit, delay aversion, and time perception/working memory deficit were three dissociable factors. Among the three factors, inhibitory and attentional control measured at Time 1 was the strongest predictor of ADHD symptoms at both Time 1 and Time 2. Time perception was closely related to working memory, and they predicted word reading and numeration across time most strongly among other neuropsychological constructs. Our findings suggested that inhibitory and attentional control, delay aversion, and time perception are dissociable neuropsychological deficits underlying ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. Poor time perception may serve as a marker for the early identification of preschoolers with potential learning problems, and a possible target of intervention for ADHD.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10802-022-00937-x.

The dysregulation of top-down control in individuals with high test anxiety: A resting state fMRI study

BackgroundIndividuals with high test anxiety (HTA) have deficits in attentional control and in stress responses when faced with tests. However, little is known about the underlying neural mechanism. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in both attention and emotion networks, therefore this study examined the neural functional dysregulation in test anxiety from the perspective of functional connectivity (FC) using bilateral ACC as the regions of interest. MethodsFifty-one participants were divided into HTA (n = 23) and low test anxiety (LTA, n = 28) group according to their Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) scores. Brain imaging data in resting, preparing, and recovering phases of a modified social evaluative threat task were collected, and emotional changes were assessed. ResultsCompared with the LTA group, the HTA group exhibited significantly lower FCs between the ACC and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in all 3 phases, significantly lower FCs between the ACC and inferior parietal gyrus (IPG), and significantly higher FCs between the ACC superior temporal gyrus (STG) in the preparing phase. Moreover, in the HTA group, the resting state IPG-ACC FC was associated with their TAS score, the preparing state STG-ACC FC was associated with the increased anxiety. Conclusions: Individuals with HTA have general prefrontal control deficits. When facing a test, they tend to recruit more resources to deal with high emotional interference. The dysregulated control of the ACC by the frontal-parietal network may underlie the pathophysiology of test anxiety.