Humidity Deficit Research Articles

Model Predictive Control of Humidity Deficit and Temperature in Winter Greenhouses: Subspace Weather-Based Modelling and Sampling Period Effects

Generally, windows in greenhouses are automatically opened and closed to regulate the internal temperature. However, because the air outside during the winter in Japan is dry, opening windows to reduce the temperature causes the humidity deficit to increase above 6 g/m3, thereby inhibiting plant growth. Therefore, in this study, we developed a model that considers the effects of weather and the sampling period using a subspace (N4SID) method based on environmental data from inside and outside a greenhouse during winter. By adopting a data-driven model, models for greenhouse temperature and humidity deficits can be constructed conveniently. First, four models incorporating weather conditions were constructed over a 28-day modelling period. Moreover, the average root mean square error values from 8:00 to 16:00 during the 10-day model evaluation period were examined. Subsequently, model predictive controllers were developed from the four models with sampling periods of 1, 2, 4, and 8 min, and their performances were compared over the model evaluation period. The model predictive controller with a sampling period of 4 min was the most energy-efficient, achieving control of the humidity deficit of up to at most 6 g/m3 (close to the target value of 4.5 g/m3) while maintaining the target temperature of 26 °C.

Water balance in the aeration zone at the irrigation of red beets in the Russian Non-Chernozem area

Basing on experimental data, we obtained the correlation results between the water balance elements in the aeration zone and the calculated layer at the irrigation of red beets on sod-podzolic soils. We provided a methodology to conduct research on experimental plots and in lysimeters. The water balances for the aeration zone in the lysimeters and for the calculated soil layer on the experimental plots are presented. It is shown that the amount of precipitation during the growing season 2010–2011 (97, 195 mm) and the sum of average daily air humidity deficits (12.1, 9.6 mb) influence water consumption (510, 498 mm) and irrigation norms (414, 318 mm). Soil moisture at the conditions of sod-podzolic soil of watershed territories in Moscow Oblast at sprinkler irrigation has a significant impact on all the components of the water balance, especially on the irrigation norm and water consumption of red beets. We stated the relation between the irrigation norm for red beets and the moisture content of the calculated layer of sod-podzolic soil. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0,996+0,031. A relation between the water consumption of red beets and the moisture content in the watershed sod-podzolic soil was obtained. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0,991+0,053.

Uwarunkowania meteorologiczne silnych burz - analiza przypadku z 10 lipca 2020 roku

Considered the most dangerous type of thunderstorm, supercell thunderstorms appear in strictly defined meteorological conditions in the troposphere. Predicting their location is particularly problematic in an environment of strong vertical wind shear and low instability. An example of such a situation is the supercell that contributed to the development of the tornado on July 10, 2020 at 18:10 CEST in Ustronie Morskie. On that day, two dangerous supercells were also created, which, at the peak of activity, passed over Lubusz and Masovian Provinces. The tornado in Ustronie Morskie was formed on the wavy front, while the supercell developing in Lubusz and Mazovia Land was observed on the cold front. Large hail and damaging wind gusts associated with the downburst in the west of the country took place in higher atmospheric instability than the other cases. The MLCAPE was over 200 J kg–1 higher than that for peak activity of the other storms discussed in the paper. This could have been crucial for the formation of the largest hail recorded on July 10, 2020 in Poland. The highest values of wind shear and storm relative helicity occurred on the coast which could have influenced the formation of a tornado despite the low values of atmospheric instability. The hook echo radar signature in Mazovia Land developed with a similar MLCAPE as the tornado on the coast (nearly 500 J kg–1). On the other hand, the MUCAPE and SBCAPE was much higher there (approx. 500 J kg–1 more), and so was the LCL level. This proves a higher humidity deficit in the lower troposphere in the place where the hook echo passes. With regard to the ESTOFEX and Skywarn Polska convection outlook, the tornado was the most difficult phenomenon to predict. Hail and damaging wind gusts not related to rotation coincided to a greater extent with the convective outlook.

Synoptic patterns associated with the occurrence of fire foci in the Ecological Station Taim and Campos Neutrais - Brazil

Abstract: Weather and climate conditions directly influence the occurrence and dynamics of forest fires. And when they occur in environmental preservation regions, they have impacts on biodiversity loss, climate change and water security. This study identified the synotic patterns favorable to the occurrence of hotspot in the Ecological Station Region of the Taim and Campos Neutrais, both located in the extreme south of Brazil. In the study region, humidity deficits are more important than high temperatures, differing from what is described in the literature. Three synoptic patterns were identified: the first presenting negative anomalies of temperature and humidity, established after the passage of a cold front, which has as main contribution to generate a postfrontal stability, associated with the displacement of a high pressure system. The second and third pattern (64% of wildfire) correspond to the most intense and long-lasting events, which occur in the presence of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone and Humidity Convergence Zone, respectively, and act on the northwest-southeast region of Brazil. These systems favor the slow displacement of a high pressure system over the study region, which contributes to the intensification of a stable environment, favoring moisture deficit and positive temperature anomalies in the study region. The results of this study provide an understanding of how the atmosphere influences the occurrence of wildfire in the study region, and will help in planning the minimization of the impact they can cause in an environmental preservation region

Assessment of the aridity index of various agro-climatic regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan

The issue of updating information about the aridity index AI for various agro-climatic regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan is considered in the article. It has been found out that the irrigated lands are mainly concentrated in arid zones with an aridity (hydrothermal) index AI = 1.3...3.0 (for soils with different degrees of salinity and with different intensity of erosion processes). The humidity (water) deficit D is on average 199...800 mm. It is noted that the obtaining of guaranteed yields of agricultural crops is possible with reclamation measures only. The maps-schemes of agro-climatic regions and aridity index zoning of the Republic of Azerbaijan are presented in the article.

Роль и динамика инфильтрации в структуре влагообмена зоны аэрации орошаемого поля

Purpose: scientific and technical substantiation of the water balance components of an irrigated field in the particular case of connecting an aquifer and an aeration zone through a capillary fringe. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at Pobeda LLC, Bagaevsky district, Elkin farmstead, in 2018 and 2019. When organizing the research, an integrated approach was used: stationary and experimental sites were used. The climatic conditions of the research objects correspond to the semi-arid steppe zone, the soils are southern chernozems. Results. As a result of processing data from field experience, it was determined that with infiltration varying from 0.183 to 1.915 mm: the average daily water supply ranged from 0.8 to 7.33 mm/day; relative moisture reserves – from 0.61 to 1.20; average daily air temperature – from 8.0 to 23.0 °C; average daily air humidity deficit – from 2.1 to 12.0 mbar; average daily evaporation – from 1.3 to 7.34 mm/day. The correlation analysis determined that, according to the correlation coefficient, the infiltration value has the greatest correlation – 0.86 and 0.63 with water supply (M + P) and relative moisture reserves (W0), respectively; the smallest – 0.28; 0.38 and 0.37 with temperature (t), air humidity deficit (dφ) and evaporation (Eω), respectively. In turn, the multifactor correlation analysis determined that the formation of the infiltration runoff volume in the system of vertical moisture exchange of an irrigated field has the greatest connection with a paired change in the values of water supply and relative moisture reserves. Conclusions: infiltration of irrigation water and atmospheric precipitation beyond the root layer is determined by the obtained empirical dependence, is observed when the moisture reserves of this layer exceed the moisture reserves corresponding to the minimum moisture capacity and water supply, and has the greatest close relationship according to the coefficient of multiple determination (R²) 81 % (multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.899) with changes in these two factors.

Monitoring dynamics of green spaces in Surkhandarya region based on remote sensing data of climate change

Smallholder farmers in Uzbekistan have been facing severe climate-related hazards, particularly highly variable drought. Climate change-induced rise in temperature is the main impetus for more reforms and adoption of modern technologies in the agricultural sector. This article analyzes the data of 2 weather stations, including Kamashi and Shakhrisabz, in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to study the effects of climate change in the Surkhandarya region and its border areas. These weather stations provide temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and humidity deficit information. In addition, Landsat 8 OLI images for the study area were used for land cover change analysis in 2010, 2015, and 2020. In addition, NDVI analysis for the studied area was also carried out. From these data, it can be concluded that intensive horticulture plantations implemented in the region effectively reduce climate change's impact on the agro-economic sector.

Использование главных компонент для построения регрессионных моделей оценки средней районной урожайности озимой пшеницы для отдельных областей Центрально-Черноземного УГМС

The results of the forecast model development based on the principal component analysis for calculating the expected winter wheat yield for the regions of the Central Chernozem Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (AHEM) were shown. Satellite, meteorological and statistical data were used as input information. Satellite data included the NDVI and VCI indices, and meteorological data included average air temperature for one and three 10-day periods, total precipitation per one and three 10-day periods, average air humidity deficit for one and three 10-day periods, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient. The results of calculating the average winter wheat yield for the selected groups of separate regions on the territory of the Central Chernozem AHEM were presented. The calculations were based on the integration of satellite and ground-based information for the period from 2012 to 2021 and on the developed forecast models using the principal component analysis. Key words: satellite data, principal component analysis, orthogonal projections to latent structures, winter wheat, average regional yield

The possibility of planning winter wheat grain productivity in the southern part of the Rostov region

The current paper has presented the results of study conducted at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019–2021. The winter bread wheat variety ‘Lidiya’ was taken as the object of study. The forecrop was sunflower. In the variants where it was planned to yield 5.0; 6.0 and 7.0 t/ha, there were used mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, ammophos and potassium salt) in doses (mean through the years) of N66P66K43, N79P79K52 and N92P92K61, respectively. In the control variant, there were used on fertilizers. The purpose of the study was to find out the possibility obtaining the planned winter wheat grain productivity in the southern part of the Rostov region under the use of mineral fertilizers. The amount of precipitation during the agricultural year and a vegetation period of winter wheat was 520.3 and 431.6 mm, while the norm was 582.4 and 446.3 mm, respectively. Depending on the hydrothermal conditions, the sum of air humidity deficits from September to June varied from 1034.1 to 1278.2 mm over the years, and water need for plants ranged from 672.2 to 830.8 mm. The coefficients of precipitation and moisture availability for winter wheat were in the range of 0.53–0.67 over the years. The hydrothermal conditions during the years of study determined win­ter wheat moisture supply during a vegetation period and contributed to obtaining grain productivity of different levels. Under the prevailing hydrothermal conditions, it was not possible to obtain the planned productivity of the winter bread wheat variety ‘Lidiya’. However, all applied doses of mineral fertilizers were cost-effective and there were obtained a significant yield increase of 1.28–2.03 t/ha (the yield on the control was 3.52 t/ha). There has been recommended to take into account the conditions of moisture supply in the cultivation zone when planning productivity and effective use of mineral fertilizers.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Long-Term Field Warming Methods on the Physical Environment and Biological Responses in a Subtropical Forest

Tree growth may be affected by rising temperature. We conducted two long-term, independent warming experiments in a subtropical forest; one experiment used translocation warming and one experiment used infra-red (IR) warming. Both warming techniques are designed to increase air and soil temperatures (Tair and Tsoil), but may also differentially affect other environmental variables, including soil volumetric water content (SVWC), air relative humidity (RH) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Hence, tree response ascribed to Tair and Tsoil may be dependent on the indirect effects of the warming techniques. We experimentally tested these ideas on three native tree species (Machilus breviflora, Syzygium rehderianum, and Schima superba), which occurred at all experimental sites, in subtropical China. We translocated trees from higher elevation sites to lower elevation sites in the coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest (Tair was 0.68 ± 0.05°C higher; 8 years) and mountain evergreen broadleaf forest (Tair was 0.95 ± 0.06°C and 1.63 ± 0.08°C higher; 8 years). IR warming was imposed at an experimental site in a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (Tair was 1.82 ± 0.03°C higher; 5 years). We found that both methods directly increased Tair and Tsoil (although to varying degrees), while translocation warming indirectly dried the soil (lower SVWC) and IR warming indirectly dried the air (lower RH and higher VPD). Machilus breviflora exposed to translocation warming exhibited lower photosynthesis due to higher Tsoil and lower SVWC, leading to declining growth. Higher Tair and Tsoil due to translocation warming increased photosynthesis and growth for S. superba. Trees exposed to IR warming exhibited reduced photosynthesis due to lower RH (M. breviflora) and to lower stomatal conductance (gs) as a function of higher Tair (S. rehderianum and S. superba). This study highlights the potential direct and indirect effects of different warming techniques on the physical environment of forest ecosystems, and subsequently their impacts on biological traits of trees. Hence, different warming techniques may provide different outcomes when assessing the impact of warming on trees in future climates.

Forecast of meteorological droughts with neural networks in Sonora watershed, Mexico

Droughts are hydrometeorological hazards that are characterized by an abnormal and persistent humidity deficit. In the last years, this hazard has been present more frequently and with more severity levels, producing negative impacts on the ecosystem, agriculture, livestock, and society. Therefore, its monitoring and forecast, must be part of integral planning, preparation, and mitigation of its adverse effects at local, regional, and national levels. In Mexico, most of the drought studies are focused on characterization and analysis. Thus, in this research, we evaluated the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) to forecast the meteorological droughts in the medium and high parts of the Sonora River watershed. SPI and SPEI index were used, on scales of 3, 6, 12, and, 24 months, for the 1974 to 2013 period of years. Forecast results showed that ANN has a satisfactory level of prediction, with an average determination coefficient (R2) in the validation phase, of 0.76. It was observed that the statistical efficiency of SPEI was better than that of SPI, and that this efficiency increased with the longer temporal scale; maybe because in a short term, climate variability is greater.

Carbon dioxide measurements above a wheat crop. II CO2 flux density and the effects of diffuse radiation

The relationships between the daytime CO2 flux density above a wheat crop and both solar irradiance and evapotranspiration are investigatedusing physical and biophysical measurements made in 1971 in Australia. Well-established flux‒gradient relations are used to estimate the hourly CO2flux density using the measured CO2 concentration at heights of 1 m and 2 m above the crop.Principal component regression identifies four key environmental variables (diffuse and beam shortwave irradiance, leaf-area index, humidity deficit) whose variations together explain almost 80% of the variations in the hourly CO2 flux. For the diffuse ratio Sd/Sg ≈ 0.9 (generally overcast skies), where Sd and Sg are the observed diffuse and global broadband shortwave irradiances (wavelength range 285 nm to 2800 nm), respectively, both light-use and water-use efficiencies are found to be around double those for Sd/Sg ≈ 0.1 (sunny skies). For a given value of Sg this doubling in the water-use efficiency is primarily due to the sensitivity of the CO2 flux to the diffuse ratio.Profile measurements of narrowband (350 to 950 nm) irradiance within the canopy confirm that the increase in light-use efficiency is primarily due to the greater interception of radiation in the canopy under an increased diffuse ratio, up to 15 percent in overcast conditions.

Quantification the diffusion-induced fractionation of 1H217O isotopologue in air accompanying the process of water evaporation

Advances in laser technology enabling simultaneous analyses of three heavy water isotopologues (1H2H16O, 1H218O and 1H217O) triggered renewed interest in studies of the hydrological cycle using full isotopic composition of water. Such studies require adequate knowledge of equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects accompanying phase transitions of water. Here we report the results of laboratory experiments aimed at quantification of diffusion-induced fractionation of 1H217O isotopologue in air, accompanying the process of water evaporation. Three evaporation experiments have been conducted: (i) evaporation under constant temperature and relative humidity levels, (ii) evaporation under constant temperature and at three different relative humidity levels, and (iii) evaporation under constant relative humidity level and at two different temperatures. Experiment (i) yield the value of diffusive fractionation coefficient of 1H217O isotopologue in air equal 14.64 ± 0.24‰ at 20.4 °C. This value is indistinguishable within the quoted uncertainties from the value of 14.71 ± 0.05‰ derived experimentally for the first time by Barkan and Luz (2007). We confronted these experimental values with the results of state-of-the art quantum–mechanical calculations published recently by Hellmann and Harvey (2020). Experiments (ii) and (iii) yield for the first time the experimental evidence that, contrary to the d-excess, the 17O-excess parameter is largely insensitive to changes in temperature but is sensitive to changes of the relative humidity and this sensitivity increases with the degree of isotope enrichment of the evaporating water body. The linear dependence of kinetic fractionation coefficients of heavy water isotopologues in air on the relative humidity deficit, postulated by the Craig-Gordon isotope model of evaporation process, was confirmed by the results of experiment (ii) for all three isotope systems studied, pointing to correctness of the conceptual framework underlying this widely used model.

The effect of moisture supply conditions on productivity of winter bread wheat, sown after various forecrops in the southern part of the Rostov region

Weather and climatic conditions determine moisture supply, which is the main factor affecting winter wheat productivity in the area of unstable moisture. The current study was carried out on the experimental plot of the laboratory for cultivation technology of grain crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2010–2020. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The humus horizon was powerful up to 140 cm. The humus content was 3.9%. The purpose of the study was to establish the moisture supply of winter bread wheat when cultivated according to various forecrops. There has been found that the autumn periods in the most years of study were arid with 37% of precipitation. Winter wheat plants from September to June were provided with 70% of precipitation, with a 1022.55 of air humidity deficit and 664.7 mm of water demand. There was found that, on average over the years of study, 88% of moisture supply promoted yielding of 7.03 t/ha of winter wheat sown in weedfree fallow. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 591.7 m3 of total moisture. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 84%, and the share of soil moisture was 16%. When sown after sunflower, moisture provision was 77%, and winter wheat yield was 5.32 t/ha. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 657.3 m3 of total moisture, which was on 65.6 m3 more than in the variant with a weedfree fallow. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 96%, and the share of soil moisture was 4%.

ОЦЕНКА УРОЖАЙНОСТИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЕТОДА ГЛАВНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТ НА ОСНОВЕ КОМПЛЕКСИРОВАНИЯ СПУТНИКОВОЙ И НАЗЕМНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

The results of the principal component analysis application for estimating the average regional winter wheat yield based on the integration of satellite and ground meteorological information for the southern regions of the Russian Federation are presented. The satellite indices such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), VCI (Vegetation Condition Index), and satellite product LAI (Leaf Area Index) were used. Meteorological information was represented by temperature, humidity deficit, total precipitation, and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient. The parameters that have the greatest impact on the yield were selected. The components with the largest eigenvalues were extracted from this set of parameters using the principal component analysis. Equations for the dependence of the winter wheat yield on the extracted components were calculated. To check the equations, the expected yield for the period from 2012 to 2017 was calculated. The relative error varied within 5-12%. In all cases, the yield calculation error when using the principal component analysis is smaller than when using correlation and regression dependences.

Pyrogenous transformations of steppe landscapes in the south-east of the Russian plain (natural parks in Volgograd region as a case study)

For a long time fires have been and still are one of the powerful factors for transforming steppe landscapes. The current condition and pyrogenous transformations of geosystems in the south-east of the Russian Plain were examined. The following methods of field complex landscape research were used, such as semi-portable methods of “key sites”, of crop (quadrat) areas and others. The article focuses on the conclusions about the pyrogenous transformations of geosystems drawn on the basis of long-term field observation on the territory of the Donskoy natural park and the Elton natural park of Volgograd Region. Monitoring has revealed that pyrogenous transformations of geosystems appear to pose a serious threat to biological and landscape diversity of steppe. Under the influence of fire, self-regulation processes in steppe geosystems slow down and resistance to external influence reduces. The structure simplifies, the homogeneity of vegetation cover increases, grass stand and overall projective cover decreases, wood-shrub vegetation dies out. The colourful aspects of the steppe are vaguely displayed. For the long term (up to 3-5 years) biological productivity of geosystems considerably reduces from 1.5 to 3 times. The upper layer of humus burns out, soil fertility decreases and aridization of local pyrogenous geosystems increases. Evaporation speeds up, soil humidity deficit goes up, underground water level goes down, springs run dry. Wind and water erosion processes are being activated. Fires destroy sites of reproduction, recreation and feeding for animals and also habitats of rare and endangered species. Pyrogenic transformation is the most serious real threat to the biological and landscape diversity of the steppes.

Temperature and Humidity Deficit Model for Greenhouses Based on System Identification Method with Two-Variable Input: Quick Setup and Model Evaluation during Spring and Fall

Temperature and Humidity Deficit Model for Greenhouses Based on System Identification Method with Two-Variable Input: Quick Setup and Model Evaluation during Spring and Fall

CROPS WATER CONSUMPTION AND VERTICAL SOIL MOISTURE EXCHANGE

A various number of factors, which, in turn, also vary greatly, determines the process of water consumption. These are meteorological indicators, yield, crop properties and soil conditions. The values of the water consumption of irrigated crops (in the operational regime of irrigation in the calculation of the water balance) are recommended to be determined counting on: the indicators of heat supply of the territories, that is, the radiation balance; air humidity deficit and bioclimatic factors of water consumption, taking into account the type and phase of plants development, the physical condition and the soil moistening. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation of the reclamation systems. The groundwater affects the formation of the soil water regime in the aeration zone. At shallow occurrence, they increase the humidity in the root layer, which makes it possible to reduce the irrigation rates and the number of irrigation events. This article considers the problem of reducing errors and improving existing methods of calculating water consumption by crops and vertical soil moisture exchange. The methods of (Shebeko et al., 1980), Rogotskiy (1981) and Pylenok (1985) were taken as the basis of the research. According to them and empirical formulas developed by Mazaiski (2002), the calculations of vertical moisture exchange were made. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation the reclamation systems.

An evaluation of temperature stability and resistance in neonatal ventilator circuits.

BackgroundGas conditioning minimizes complications associated with invasive ventilation of neonates. Poorly conditioned gas contributes to humidity deficit, facilitates condensate pools, and contributes to safety events. The specific aim was to objectively quantify the temperature drop across the unheated portion of a neonatal circuit and the impact condensation has to resistance to flow in the ventilator circuit.MethodsVentilator circuits and filters were obtained, assembled according to manufacturer recommendations, and operational verification procedures were performed prior to data collection. A neonatal test lung was connected to each Servo-I ventilator with the following settings: pressure control IMV mode; inspiratory pressure: 14 cm H2O to achieve an exhaled tidal volume of 6.0 mL; PEEP: 5 cm H2O; pressure support: 5 cm H2O, FIO2: 0.21; set frequency 40/min; and inspiratory time: 0.4 s. The Fisher and Paykel MR850 and ChonchaTherm Neptune heaters were set at a temperature of 40°C. To evaluate both systems under similar conditions, the ChonchaTherm Neptune heater humidity control was set to midline. Heaters were turned on simultaneously and given 1 h to equilibrate. Readings for room temperature, airway temperature at the patient connection, airway resistance, exhaled tidal volume, and direct observation of circuit condensation and (or) pooling were recorded hourly for a 48-h period. Summary statistics were calculated for the variables of interest.ResultsMean (±SD) air temperature was 26.3°C (±1.4) for the Fisher & Paykel MR850 system and 26.2°C (±1.5), for the ChonchaTherm Neptune system. Mean (±SD) airway resistance was 229.3 cm H2O/L/s (±81.0) for the Fisher & Paykel system and 196.2 cm H2O/L/s (±39.4) for the ChonchaTherm Neptune system. Mean (±SD) tidal volume for the Fisher & Paykel MR850 system was 6.5 mL (±0.4), and for the ChonchaTherm Neptune system was 7.2 mL (±0.6).ConclusionCircuit condensate increased tidal volume delivery and airway resistance. Temperature at the patient connection was lower than the temperature monitored by the system 12 inches distally, which can negatively impact gas conditioning.

МОДЕЛЬ НОРМИРОВАНИЯ ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ И РАСЧЕТА ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННОГО РЕЖИМА ОРОШЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР

Purpose: development of a current model of water consumption rationing and calculation of the corresponding rates and terms for agricultural crops irrigation under various hydrometeorological parameters. Materials and methods: the basis for the developed model is a series of field experiments conducted in 2012–2014, as well as analytical studies, the scheme of the experiment, soil and hydrometeorological characteristics, water balance dynamics, precipitation and total moisture supply of the irrigated massif, water consumption according to the development stages of summer planting potatoes were determined. Results and discussion: the model under consideration includes taking into account the water-physical properties of soil, the lowest moisture capacity and moisture reserves, setting critical limit for the irrigation regime, temperature and air humidity deficit, the duration of the growing and inter-irrigation periods, on the basis of which the water consumption of the selected crop is calculated according to the growth phase. Further, the irrigation regime is calculated: the irrigation rate and the difference in moisture reserves, which comparison with the critical limit allows to conclude on irrigation necessity or its prediction for the near future (up to five days) after which irrigation will be needed. A complex for differentiating the irrigation regime with the determining deficits and standards for the parameters under consideration is provided. Conclusions: the model of water consumption rationing, performed on the use of two hydrometeorological factors, taken into account the growth and development phases of the crop under consideration, makes it possible to substantiate the actual calculation of the corresponding norms and terms of agricultural crops irrigation. The model is stable and can be used in land reclamation practice as a part of general technological complex for agricultural crops cultivation on irrigated lands.