Military Equipment Research Articles

Axe Head from a Przeworsk Culture Settlement in Janowiec or Pictures from the Life of European Barbaricum Warriors

The paper presents a stray find of an axe head from the Przeworsk culture settlement at Janowiec. It is a medium weight head attributed to sub-Group II.2 after B. Kontny (2018), dated generally to the Roman Period (Phases B2-C1a). Its shape does not allow the function to be determined univocally. Most probably it was a multifunctional tool. The aforementioned axes were used mainly in the Balt milieu, but they were also known but rather not used as weapons in the Przeworsk culture. Single finds from northern Europe may be explained by the participation of the Balt warriors in the military events at these areas. One may consider the possibility that the axes and some other parts of the military equipment became commonly used thanks to multi-ethnic military expeditions and the migrations with a military background connected, among other things, with the crisis of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century.

Sanctions against russian science: Pros and cons

This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of imposing sanctions on russian science, along with the measures enacted to penalize or restrict it. Proponents of sanctions argue that accountability is essential, and a tangible cost must be imposed for russia’s actions. Sanctions can serve as a signal to end war and aggression, weaken russia’s economic foundation, and exacerbate brain drain, potentially hindering the development of military technologies and reducing russia’s capacity to sustain its aggression. Furthermore, some russian academics openly support the war and should be held accountable for their stance. However, significant opposition to sanctions exists. A prevailing argument, often mirrored in fields like sports and culture, is that science should remain apolitical. Critics contend that sanctions disrupt the free exchange of ideas, penalize innocent individuals, and may harm global scientific progress and human development, given russia’s integral role in international research. Additionally, sanctions are often criticized as costly and inefficient. Despite these debates, a variety of restrictive measures targeting russian science have been implemented. These include funding cuts, suspension of collaborations, termination of joint projects, and exclusion of academics linked to the russian regime. Other measures involve companies closing R&D facilities in russia, restrictions on scientific equipment and reagents, boycotts of russian-organized conferences, and the suspension of international research partnerships. This study synthesizes the arguments for and against sanctions on russian science and provides an analytical discussion to shape a nuanced perspective on this complex issue.

Functionalized Bone Implant Inspired by Lattice Defense Strategy: Grid Management, Precise and Effective Multiple-Prevention of Osteomyelitis Recurrence and Promote Bone Regeneration.

Osteomyelitis with a high recurrence rate. Timely-prevention can avoid severe consequence and death. However, conventional drug response-release has the disadvantages of unnecessary release and waste, causing ineffective prevention. Inspired by "Lattice-defense technology", gridding lesion areas and constructing a "Triggered-precise response-release system" may be an effective multiple-prevention method. Here, a new strict pH-triggered response drug controlled-release mechanism was proposed innovatively to construct a "Triggered-precise response-release system" and achieve multiple-effective prevention. PO4 3--Ce3+ strict pH responsive release system is prepared through simultaneous hydration reaction of solution-polymerization and compounded in bone-implant. The dispersed system only targets micro-interface contact areas, achieving gridded management of the lesion site. In a normal environment, Ce3+ is captured by PO4 3- and kept electrostatic-attraction balance, ensuring the zero-concentration Ce3+ release continuously. Once osteomyelitis recurs and pH decrease, H+ at the interface will combine with PO4 3- under electrostatic drive and disrupt potential balance, achieving the release of Ce3+ only when the infection recurs. In vivo experiments was confirmed effective prevention and excellent promote bone regeneration. The adoption of "Lattice defense technology" has achieved accuracy spatiotemporal of drug delivery. Even if other lesion sites unfortunately recur again, effective-prevention can be guaranteed. Bone-implant show great potential in preventing osteomyelitis.

Research on the Maintenance and Support System of Military-Civilian Integration Equipment based on Hall 3 D Structure

In order to improve the military and civilian integration equipment maintenance support ability and benefit, according to the military and the civilian equipment maintenance support power, using the method of hall 3 d structure, from the time dimension, element dimension, knowledge dimension three dimensions deeply analyzes the logic of civil-military integration equipment maintenance support main line, main elements, knowledge support, and put forward the military and civilian integration equipment maintenance support basic goal of two ways, formed the civil-military integration equipment maintenance security system framework. The research results have certain application value for improving the maintenance and support ability and benefit optimization of our military equipment.

Environmental Risk and Chemical Weapons Disposal: The Case of the U.S. Army’s Chemical Demilitarization Program

In 2023, the U.S. Army announced the completion of a decades-long effort to destroy the nation’s stockpile of chemical weapons. However, the years preceding this announcement were marked by significant discursive debate. We analyze the controversy over chemical weapons demilitarization to provide insight into processes associated with risk framing and counterframing between the military and the public. Research regarding environmental risk framing surrounding risky technologies emphasizes the role of power and information availability, especially in debates over military technologies and weapons. We ask how environmental activists engage in risk framing in cases where the military maintains a distinct power advantage and control over environmental risk management and decision-making. Our analysis reveals that activists engaged in risk framing that highlighted the failures of the Army’s demilitarization program over time. Our findings offer insights into the dynamic processes involved in framing regarding military technology and environmental risk decision-making.

Requirements for advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

An analysis of the experience of the relevant units of the Ukrainian Defense Forces in repelling the large-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine shows that gaining an advantage in cyberspace is possible only if Ukraine has its own modern cyber weapons. The task of creating cyber weapons involves the development requirements for them. The relevance of this task is also confirmed by the growing number of cyberattacks on military facilities by the russian federation, as reflected in the reports of the Cyber Incident Response Center of the State Center for Cyber Defense of the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection of Ukraine in recent years. Thus, the purpose of the article is to study the existing ways of creating modern cyber weapons in the interests of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to put forward requirements for them. In the article, results are presented of the analysis process regarding cyber weapons use and trends in their development. Classification of cyber weapons by principle is considered. Components of cyber weapons in the Armed Forces of Ukraine are proposed, based on the analysis tactics by hacker groups and information threats directed at Ukraine by the russian federation. The article specifies the objects (targets) that should be hit by the advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, taking into account their purpose and tasks. The main objects of cyber influence include: critical infrastructure of the enemy state; combat control systems, communication and automation systems (networks) of the enemy; systems (platforms) for controlling enemy weapons and military equipment; information and media resources of the enemy; individuals (officials); groups of individuals, segments of the enemy population. The systemic and functional and non-functional requirements for advanced weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are presented. The proposed research results can further serve as a basis for the development of relevant operational and tactical requirements for advanced cyber weapons of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

A multi-functional military simulator of controlling a mobile robot with FPV and a feedback system.

The active development of mobile and autonomous robotics in the last decade contributes to the search for opportunities for their application and solving tasks in the field of "Military Affairs, National Security, State Border Security". The study provides a classification, considers modern aspects and the state of military simulators in the world. An analysis of the use of modern military simulator technologies used in Ukraine to ensure the most realistic and effective training of military personnel is carried out, and examples of the use of military simulators in Ukraine are given. In the process of describing a multi-functional military mobile robot control simulator with FPV and feedback system, the target feedback function is provided, and the importance of using a mathematical apparatus to build a simulation device is determined. The work provides schemes and modes of operation of a multifunctional military simulator of controlling a mobile robot with FPV and a feedback system. When writing the conclusions, it is indicated that an important factor of modernity is the integration of new technologies. Future military simulators are sure to include a number of new technologies that will further enhance their effectiveness and realism.

The ‘Iran Card’ in Russian Foreign Policy

AbstractSince the United States withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018, Tehran and Moscow have increased their collaboration. Iran supported Russia's war in Ukraine, believing that it would weaken the Americans, reduce the effects of sanctions, and benefit its battered economy. Similarly, Russia sought to use Iran as a tool to challenge US influence in the region. However, the authors contend, the costs and benefits have been asymmetrical: While Moscow has gained strategic advantages at minimal expense, the Islamic Republic has borne substantial geopolitical burdens. This study explores the evolution of Iran‐Russia relations and assesses the implications for both countries in their conflicts with the United States. It analyzes their cooperation on the wars in Syria and Ukraine, showing that Tehran has been compelled to act in Moscow's interests but has not always received the same support. This has come into sharp relief since the beginning of Israel's war on Gaza, as Iran has faced attacks on its allies and on its own territory. To defend itself and its interests, it needs advanced military equipment, which the Russians have yet to provide. The evidence indicates that Iran's reliance on Russia has led to more harm than benefit.

A Non-nuclear US Ally’s Nuclear Option: South Korea’s Case

North Korea’s nuclear armament has placed South Korea in a dilemma, as it can neither rely entirely on the United States’ nuclear extended deterrence (NED) nor pursue its own nuclear weapons development (the nuclear option). The reliability of the US NED has diminished, given North Korea’s ability to deploy intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of striking the US mainland. However, pursuing the nuclear option is fraught with difficulties due to the stringent restrictions imposed by the international non-proliferation regime. This article evaluates the feasibility of South Korea’s nuclear option using three factors: opportunity, willingness and the availability of special nuclear materials. The findings suggest that the feasibility of South Korea’s nuclear option is very low. Consequently, the article advises the South Korean public to acknowledge this reality rather than making emotional demands for the nuclear option. Furthermore, it calls upon the international community to engage in discussions and address the dilemma faced by non-nuclear US allies, such as South Korea, in light of the growing threat of nuclear attacks from nuclear-armed states like Russia and North Korea.

Improvement of the mechanical and microstructural properties of the materials used for armour by surface deposition using the Cold Spray method

Superficial depositions gain interest in various industries due to the significant improvement of the properties of the base material that is subjected to superficial depositions. The deposits can be made both in the technological process of manufacturing the various components and in the reconditioning processes of the components with high levels of wear. Superficial coatings are applied with the aim of creating a protective surface layer, that is hard and resistant to both external factors and various demands. Depending on the nature of the application of the component, to be coated the mechanical, microstructural, thermal, corrosion resistance, etc. properties can be improved. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the ability of thermal deposition to improve the mechanical and microstructural properties of materials used in the construction of armour for military equipment using the Cold Spray (CS) thermal deposition method. Among all the deposition methods, this method is the only one that manages to deposit the particles below their melting point, having the lowest deposition temperatures, thus preserving the properties of the deposited material. This paper presents experimental results for armor elements that are subjected to severe exploitation regimes and contributes to the scientific progress in the field of deposits applicable to most industries such as petrochemical, military, aerospace, automotive, and medical.

Defense Burden Sharing and Military Cooperation in the EU27: A Descriptive Analysis (2002–2023)

Abstract This paper analyzes defense burden sharing and defense cooperation in the European Union. The efforts to build a common defense framework within the EU have significantly increased since the 2000s. However, figures seem to highlight a reversal in defense cooperation trends that may potentially jeopardize the EU common defense framework. The underlying cause can be attributed to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014. In 2022, the recrudescence of war caused a disruption to which member states answered with an old-fashioned receipt, composed of higher military expenditure driven by increasing commitment in military equipment procurement, accompanied by decreasing defense cooperation. Data related to the participation in Permanent Structured Cooperation defense joint programs seem to empirically confirm this new trend, as well as the impact the conflict has had on defense burden sharing. Fragmentation thus appears to be growing and undoing the progress made.

The Western Coalition and Russia: the problem of the balance of forces and resources in 2024–2025

Proper assessment of the necessary resources for warfare is one of the main components of success, especially in modern hightech warfare. The category of «resources» includes not only the stockpiles of military hardware and ammunition, but also mobilization, general economic and financial potentials. This problem is considered in this article on the example of conducting Special Military Operation in Ukraine.

Experience Teaching Mathematics at the University of Defence in the Study Field of Cybersecurity

The teaching of mathematics at the Faculty of Military Technology of the University of Defence in the first two years of the five-year Military master’s degree is divided into the teaching of students in four specializations: Military Technologies – Mechanical, Military Technologies – Electrical, Military Geography and Cartography, and Cybersecurity. The article discusses the previous five-year experience in teaching the subjects Mathematics I, Mathematics II, Mathematics III, and Graph theory for the specialization in Cybersecurity, that the author of the paper gained while teaching, as a guarantor of these four subjects. The article provides an overview of the topics that are covered, typical exam assignments, and an evaluation of the results of the semester exams in the five years since the accreditation of the Cybersecurity specialization was granted.

Integrated simulation architecture and key technologies for ship air defense and anti-missile defense

Integrated simulation architecture and key technologies for ship air defense and anti-missile defense

Analysis and Prospection of North Korean Nuclear Weapons from a Weapon System and Development Process Perspective

Analysis and Prospection of North Korean Nuclear Weapons from a Weapon System and Development Process Perspective

Strategi Pembangunan Kekuatan TNI di Natuna Utara Dalam Menghadapi Konflik Laut Cina Selatan (LCS)

Tensions in the Asia-Pacific region have escalated due to the aggressive actions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) regarding its South China Sea (SCS) claims. This situation has prompted regional countries to enhance their defense capabilities, further complicated by the involvement of the United States and the formation of the AUKUS pact, which has created a security dilemma. Indonesia faces several challenges in building its national defense capacity as a non-party to the direct conflict. These challenges include: (1) a relatively low defense budget allocation, less than 1% of GDP, despite its vast territory and significant maritime threats; (2) a budget focus skewed towards personnel development rather than modernizing primary weapons systems and investing in defense technology research; and (3) inconsistencies in defense procurement planning due to domestic and international political factors. To address the potential escalation of the SCS conflict, Indonesia requires a national defense strategy that can act as a balance of power in the region. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing primary (interviews) and secondary data. The findings reveal that VUCA conditions, geographical challenges, and an Indonesia-centric development vision influence Indonesia's defense strategy. The Archipelago Defense Strategy (SPN), formulated by the Ministry of Defense and the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), prioritizes the Large Islands Strategy and the development of forward bases in Natuna to counteract the PRC's aggression in the SCS.

Breathable sandwich laminates with dynamic infrared camouflage for all-weather scenarios

Infrared stealth technology played an important role in military, aerospace and other fields. However, it was currently a great challenge for all-weather infrared camouflage as well as infrared camouflage for military breathable clothing. In this paper, a three-layer structured polyimide film was prepared by laser etching and vacuum evaporation, which could be used for infrared camouflage in low and high temperature environments. The film had impressive waterproof and breathable properties. The main body of the film consisted of microporous polyimide (PIF). Forest-like vertical graphene arrays were constructed on the dense side of the PIF by adjusting the laser parameters. A layer of gold was then coated on the other side of the PIF to provide low emissivity properties. This three-layer structured composite film allowed the target to exhibit infrared radiation properties like the ambient background at both high and low temperatures. Waterproof and breathable properties could be applied to military infrared camouflage clothing fabrics. This work provided a promising solution strategy for the development of functional composite films in new military equipment.

Reinhold, Thomas. 2024. Towards a Peaceful Development of Cyberspace: De-Escalation of State-Led Cyber Conflicts and Arms Control of Cyber Weapons. XXVIII, 361 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43951-4

The book analyzes cyberspace issues and its global infrastructures, which are essential for the global political system, civiliarchy, political economy and effective administration of political processes. In the modern context, cyberspace is becoming an intelligence and military operational domain for various actors. According to the author, this is evident in the establishment of military cyber departments and the integration of cyberspace into the security and defense strategies of small and large states. Current military technologies as well as established instruments of transparency, de-escalation and arms control measures do not work for cyberspace due to its specific technical characteristics. In this context, it is important for international organizations to achieve de-escalation of state-led conflicts in cyberspace, but in reality it is simply impossible to develop arms control over cyber weapons. In this context, an effective system of classification of cyber weapons, an approach to mutual reduction of stocks of vulnerability and non-interference in cyber conflict are also important.

Implementation of Revolution in Military Affairs in the Russian and Ukrainian Wars

This research examines the implementation of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) concept in the Russian-Ukrainian War, focusing on its impact on military strategies and operational tactics. RMA involves transformative changes in military technology, doctrine, and organization, reshaping modern warfare. In this conflict, elements such as drone technology, cyber warfare, and network-based weapon systems have been pivotal. Using a descriptive analysis method, the study collected data from military reports, journal articles, and news sources to identify how RMA was applied by both sides and evaluate the influence of modern technology on the conflict's outcomes. The analysis focused on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), electronic warfare systems, and network-based defenses, which intensified the complexity and pace of operations. The findings reveal that both Russia and Ukraine adopted RMA elements, albeit with varying capabilities and effectiveness.

Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys Processed by Multi-Directional Forging: A Review

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are currently the lightest structural metals in engineering applications, widely used in aerospace, defense technology, transportation and electronic 3C fields. Plastic deformation is a commonly used method to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Mg alloys. Multi-directional forging (MDF), as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) method, is considered as an effective technology for manufacturing large-sized Mg alloys with high strength and toughness. This paper outlines the process principle of MDF and analyzes the microstructure evolution, texture and mechanical properties of Mg alloys processed by MDF. The effect of deformation parameters, such as deformation temperature, accumulative strain and strain rate, and alloying elements on grain refinement, second phase evolution and texture are discussed systematically. Additionally, recent research highlights the Mg alloys with high strength and toughness processed by MDF. Furthermore, the contribution of grain refinement, precipitation, solid solution and texture-strengthening mechanisms on the mechanical properties are revealed. Finally, we conclude the research progress, analyze the shortcomings in development, and recommend further prospects. We hope this review will inspire new ideas on the development of Mg alloys with a high strength and MDF process.