Defense Combat Research Articles

A Rule-Based Agent for Unmanned Systems with TDGG and VGD for Online Air Target Intention Recognition

Air target intention recognition (ATIR) is critical for unmanned systems in modern air defense operations. Through the analysis of typical air defense combat scenarios, first, the paper defines the intention space and intention parameters of air units based on military experience and domain knowledge. Then, a rule-based agent for unmanned systems for online intention recognition is proposed, with no training, no tagging, and no big data support, which is not only for intention recognition and parameter prediction, but also for formation identification of air targets. The most critical point of the agent is the introduction and application of a thermal distribution grid graph (TDGG) and virtual grid dictionary (VGD), where the former is used to identify the formation information of air targets, and the latter is used to optimize the storage space and simplify the access process for the large-scale and real-time combat information. Finally, to have a performance evaluation and application analysis for the algorithm, we carried out a data instance analysis of ATIR for unmanned systems and an air defense warfare simulation experiment based on a Wargame platform; the comparative experiments with the classical k-means, FCNIRM, and the sector-based forward search method verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed agent, which characterizes it as a promising tool or baseline model for the battlefield situational awareness tasks of unmanned systems.

Countering hostile sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the National Police of Ukraine units in the context of martial law

The article is devoted to the study of ways to improve the tactical and special readiness of police officers to counteract sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the border areas and in the areas of active hostilities. The author identifies additional powers of the police under the martial law regime, including the following: conducting joint operations against sabotage and reconnaissance forces of the aggressor (enemy) and paramilitary or armed groups which are not regulated by the laws of Ukraine.
 To address the objectives of the study, the analysis of the sources of international and national law providing for the use of sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the parties to the conflict is carried out, the essence and hierarchical structure of these groups are revealed, and the objects against which the use of sabotage measures is prohibited are identified. The article also provides a list of objects of the warring parties which, according to international humanitarian law, may be subject to damage.
 The organisational features of the basics for defensive combat by the units of the ground forces of certain countries, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America, are considered. According to the military doctrine of these countries, the purpose of defence is to disrupt the enemy’s offensive actions, inflict maximum losses in manpower and equipment, and gain time to concentrate forces in the chosen direction for the offensive.
 The article describes the signs that can be used to identify members of Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups. These signs are the following: the execution of certain actions, including conducting intelligence activities, destabilising the situation by committing criminal offences (explosions, murders, assaults, robberies) under the guise of domestic crimes, spreading false information and discrediting the authorities during direct communication with the local population.
 The tactical methods of combating sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the territory of the controlled border area are highlighted. The experience of counter-sabotage measures by the security and defence forces of Ukraine, one of the elements of which is an ambush, is studied. 
 A model of sabotage protection and its use in the educational process of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is proposed, which provides for a comprehensive combination of command and staff exercises with tactical and special exercises in two stages and involvement of cadets in ensuring public safety and order in border settlements.

Changes in Red Army tactics during the Battle of Stalingrad

Importance. The topic of the Battle of Stalingrad is investigated, the relevance of which is beyond doubt, since any study in our country devoted to the Great Patriotic War was and remains important both for preserving historical memory and for educating the younger generation. The relevance of the study is enhanced by the fact that the stated scientific problem – the peculiarities of the tactics of the Soviet troops in the autumn-winter period of 1942 – is practically not disclosed in the scientific literature. The purpose of the study is to show how the Wehrmacht characterized the changes that occurred in the tactics of the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.Materials and Methods. The research and its source base are captured documents from the funds of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (CAMO). Research methods: attribution of captured documents from the CAMO funds, comparison, content analysis, microhistoric analysis. The object of the study is the tactics of offensive and defensive battles of the Red Army in autumn– winter 1942.Results and Discussion. The specific author’s results of the study are that it shows how Stalin’s order No. 306 on improving offensive combat tactics and combat formations was characterized in the General Staff of German Ground Forces; data on the main changes in the tactics of defensive combat of Red Army are given; it shows what importance artillery was assigned in offensive and defensive battles, what changes occurred in the tank forces.Conclusion. The changes in the tactics of the offensive and defensive battles of Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad were timely, it was constantly improved and adapted to specific combat conditions, which eventually ensured the final transition of the initiative to the Soviet troops at the front.

Defense and Deterrence as the Foundation of the A2/AD System in Smart City Air Defense

The extreme concentration of tangible and non-tangible resources in the environment of the Smart City calls for their securing and protection. In the case of threat emergence, the military would have to enter areas where local authorities cannot guarantee the security of Smart City assets. Thus, the question arises whether or not Smart Cities could potentially assist the military forces in performing their tasks better on the battlefield. Some military agencies are currently exploring the possibility of using the military in Smart Cities. For instance, the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is studying whether smart city communications and infrastructure could be of use on the future battlefield. This paper aims to indicate the potential for expansion and integration of the anti-aircraft defense systems to serve the needs of urban defense, thereby allowing the achievement of air superiority and implementing the assumptions of A2/AD systems. In reference to the research objective formulated in such a way, discovering the answers to the following questions was deemed crucial: What is the state of the current Anti-Aircraft Defense (AAD) system of urban centers, in particular Smart Cities? What are the possibilities of expanding and improving this system? How can the SMART CITY system be integrated and serve as an element of strengthening the AAD system? In order to answer the indicated questions, this article was written with the use of qualitative method consisting of text and literature exploratory research and analysis, and comparative analyzes of Smart Cities and Air Defense in contemporary military operations. To achieve the assumed aim, the authors have also conducted the evaluation of Air Defense combat capabilities, as well as the changes that have occurred in the environment of Smart Cities. The authors used thematic analysis methods to interpret patterns and meanings in the data

Deep Reinforcement Learning‐Based Air Defense Decision‐Making Using Potential Games

This study addresses the challenge of intelligent decision‐making for command‐and‐control systems in air defense combat operations. Current autonomous decision‐making systems suffer from limited rationality and insufficient intelligence during operation processes. Recent studies have proposed methods based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to address these issues. However, DRL methods typically face challenges related to weak interpretability, lack of convergence guarantees, and high‐computing power requirements. To address these issues, a novel technique for large‐scale air defense decision‐making by combining a DRL technique with game theory is discussed. The proposed method transforms the target assignment problem into a potential game that provides theoretical guarantees for Nash equilibrium (NE) from a distributed perspective. The air‐defense decision problem is decomposed into separate target selection and target assignment problems. A DRL method is used to solve the target selection problem, while the target assignment problem is translated into a target assignment optimization game. This game is proven to be an exact potential game with theoretical convergence guarantees for an NE. Having simulated the proposed decision‐making method using a digital battlefield environment, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated.

Applications of Supercavitation Drag Reduction Technology in Naval Gun Underwater Attack and Defense Warfare

China has lagged behind in the construction of underwater attack and defense system for a long time, and there is still a lack of effective means for rapid anti submarine and underwater short-range / terminal defense in large areas. This paper analyzes the characteristics of underwater combat targets and equipment, and puts forward the combat mode of naval gun underwater attack and defense system based on supercavitation drag reduction technology. This paper expounds the application and development status of supercavitation drag reduction technology in the field of gun weapons, analyzes the key technologies involved in the development of naval gun underwater attack and defense combat, and looks forward to the application prospect of new naval weapons, which can provide technical support for improving the comprehensive combat capability of naval gun.

МЕТОДИКА РОБОТИ КОМАНДИРА І ШТАБУ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ЧАСТИНИ З ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОБОРОННОГО БОЮ ВНОЧІ ПІД ЧАС ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ ІЗ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The analysis of the experience of the use of units in repulsing the aggression of the russian federation, as well as the experience of combat operations during the operations of the joint forces (anti-terrorist operation), shows that the enemy widely uses offensive and assault actions at night to achieve suddenness, stealth and continuity of actions. Obviously, this requires the Defense Forces of Ukraine to achieve such a degree of readiness that allows them to perform defense and state security tasks as effectively as during the day. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to look for new, more appropriate ways of organizing and conducting defensive operations at night during performance of state security tasks. To date, the issues of the organization of light support for the battle, the content of the Plan for the light support of the defensive battle and measures to illuminate the area and blind the enemy have not been fully developed. The article presents the existing methods of work used by commanders and staffs of military units and units regarding the organization of defensive combat during performance of state security tasks, an analysis of existing methods was carried out, and an improved method of work of commanders and staffs of a military unit regarding the organization of light support and the development of a Light Support Plan as an appendix to the Battle Plan is proposed. With the developed concept of fighting at night, it is necessary to reflect how units (formed battalion tactical groups) will perform tasks within the scope of the command's intent. The initial data for working out the shown plan are the corresponding tactical schemes of calculations, which are formed in the form of tables and graphs.

Trajectory Optimization for High-Speed and Long-Range Interceptor Based on Improved Adaptive hp Pseudospectral Method

The trajectory optimization design of interceptor is very important in the defense combat against a class of high-speed and strong-maneuvering aircraft. At present, an important idea is to use hp pseudospectral method to offline optimizes the trajectory of interceptor, but the solving efficiency of this method needs to be further improved. Aiming at this issue, an improved adaptive hp pseudospectral method is proposed in this paper. In order to shorten the solving time of the algorithm, the proposed method has two main improvements on the basis of the traditional hp pseudospectral method: on one hand, by judging the positions of the control sudden change points, prerefine the mesh around them according to certain rules. On the other hand, the curvature of the system state curve is used as the criterion to segment the original mesh nonuniformly so that more mesh points can be allocated where the curvature is large. These two points together ensure that the collocation point resources can be used more efficiently in the mesh refinement process. The simulation results show that the proposed method can solve the optimized trajectory of interceptor effectively, and it also proves that this method has higher solving efficiency than the traditional adaptive hp method.

The strategic vulnerability of NATO blood supply logistics: a case study of Estonian national defence

ABSTRACT If an event triggers Article V and NATO is drawn into defensive combat operations, there could well be more dead and wounded than the West has encountered before. Most casualties will result from combat trauma and require both surgery and blood transfusion to survive. Under NATO’s split “collective-individual” responsibility system, should national blood logistic systems be unable to deliver; and with NATO unable to exercise overall coordination, serious consequences for individual morale, the will to fight, and overall combat capability will occur, producing dire strategic outcomes. This article focusses on NATO blood supply logistics and highlights current deficiencies, using Estonian Defence Force blood supply logistics as its working example. The article’s principal argument is that blood supply logistics has “tactical-level” effects which have critical flow-on strategic effects on issues such as force preservation and morale. Blood supply logistics is a complex issue urgently requiring concerted NATO, multinational, and national attention.

A Network Structure Optimization Method for Key Place Air Defense System

The key place air defense system is a complex giant system composed of various weapon systems. In this paper, the elements of air defense combat are decoupled and deployed, an optimization model aiming at the uniformity of the disposition direction, the uniformity of the coverage and the depth of interception of air defense fire, and the uniformity of the disposition direction, the uniformity of the coverage and the coverage area of the guidance radar are established, the network structure of the system is optimized by NSGA(Non-dominated sorting and sharing)-II, and the simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can improve the combat capability of the system greatly.

АНАЛІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ВОГНЕМЕТНИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ПІД ЧАС ПРОВЕДЕННЯ АНТИТЕРОРИСТИЧНОЇ ОПЕРАЦІЇ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the study of trends in the development of major types of firearms by advanced countries; execution of tasks of fire defeat of the enemy with the use of firearms in modern armed conflicts; analysis of the use of flamethrower units during the anti-terrorist operation; problems of development of available samples of firearms of domestic production and delineation of ways of their overcoming; the main provisions of the current guidelines on fire damage to the enemy with the use of firearms, in particular, the Guidelines for the operational work of military authorities. The analysis showed that the issues of combat use of units armed with jet infantry flamethrowers were studied incompletely. Previous studies do not allow to establish the degree of conformity of the capabilities of parts of jet infantry flamethrowers to the scope of combat missions that may be entrusted to them during the anti-terrorist operation. These studies are usually partial in nature and do not allow a full assessment of the combat capabilities of flamethrower units. The article presents views on improving tactics and testing of new methods of using firearms in a hybrid war. Based on the generalization of the experience of modern armed conflicts, a number of possible typical ways of using firearms in defensive combat (operations), in offensive (counter-offensive) combat (operations), during the operation to withdraw troops (forces) from enemy strikes, during actions as part of the rear guard unit, during combat operations by flamethrower units of the Navy. The list of these methods of using firearms is not exhaustive. With the further accumulation of combat experience, it can be supplemented. The analysis allows us to state that the firearms currently in the service of the CBRN troops of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are significantly inferior in their characteristics to the considered modern and promising models and do not meet modern requirements for armed struggle. Keywords: jet infantry flamethrower, thermobaric charge, fire damage, use of flamethrower weapons, flamethrower.

РОЗВИТОК І ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЗАПАЛЮВАЛЬНОЇ ЗБРОЇ У ПЕРШІЙ СВІТОВІЙ ВІЙНІ

The purpose of the study – generalization of world experience in the invention of incendiary weapons during World War I, the analysis of tactics for its employment in defensive and offensive operations. The methodology was based on the general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, systemics, determinism and the dialectical unity of the historical and the logical methods. They are implemented through the application of general scientific methods of a scientific research: generalization, analysis and synthesis, logical, chronological, periodization, as well as specific methods of historical research, in particular: historical and genetic, historical and comparative ones. The combination of these methods of a scientific research in a comprehensive analysis of sources and literature has triggered achievement of the designated objective. The Scientific Novelty. On account of a significant source base and modern methodological approaches, the world experience due to the invention of the incendiary weapons during World War I has been generalized and systematized. The tendencies which emerged in the course of evolution of diverse incendiary weapons, in particular land, aviation and sea types have been revealed. The data related to the place of the incendiary weapons among other types of weapons, their tactical and technical specifications and methods of employment in defensive and offensive operations, including Ukraine, have been clarified and supplemented. The Conclusions. During World War I, under the influence of science and the conditions of war, new promising incendiaries (jet flamethrowers based on land and sea, incendiary air bombs, shells, hand grenades, subversive incendiary devices, etc.), as well as incendiary substances and mixtures were rapidly to be created. Under modern conditions their unique combat properties have not lost their significance. Under conditions of a maneuverable and “trench warfare” flamethrowers, as auxiliary weapons of close combat, proved efficiency against tanks and various defensive structures, which the infantry could not destroy or suppress with artillery, machine gun or rifle fire. They turned out to be efficient under specific circumstances, in particular during the offensive or defensive combat in the urban area, especially in producing powerful fires and smoke screens. In addition to the destruction and fires caused, the incendiary weapons crucially impacted on the morale of troops and civilians, causing panic and fear.The experience gained by mankind in development of the incendiary weapons and their use during World War I has not only scientific but also practical significance from the perspective of enhancing the combat capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Its consideration will contribute to the further development of incendiary means, as well as tactics for employment in diverse combat environment. Key words: World War I, incendiary weapons, flamethrower, incendiary substance, flame tank, incendiary bombs, incendiary means for subversive activities

Combat Stress Management and Resilience: Adapting Department of Defense Combat Lessons Learned to Civilian Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Combat Stress Management and Resilience: Adapting Department of Defense Combat Lessons Learned to Civilian Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Multi-stage attack weapon target allocation method based on defense area analysis

For better reflecting the interactive defense between targets in practical combat scenarios, the basic weapon-target allocation (WTA) framework needs to be improved. A multi-stage attack WTA method is proposed. First, a defense area analysis is presented according to the targets' positions and the radii of the defense areas to analyze the interactive coverage and protection between targets' defense areas. Second, with the coverage status and coverage layer number, a multi-stage attack planning method is proposed and the multi-stage attack objective function model is established. Simulation is conducted with interactive defense combat scenarios, the traditional WTA method and the multi-stage WTA method are compared, and the objective function model is validated with the Monte-Carlo method. The results suggest that if the combat scenario involves interactive coverage of targets' defense areas, it is imperative to analyze the defense areas and apply the multi-stage attack method to weakening the target defense progressively for better combat effectiveness.

Response of human enteroids treated with microbial metabolites derived from a multistage in vitro fermentation system

Intestinal epithelial cell interactions with bacteria and bacterial metabolites are critical for homeostatic maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract and understanding how bacterial metabolites may help improve intestinal function is of great interest. Current host‐integration models are limited, therefore, a continuous multi‐stage in vitro fermentation system has been designed to simulate microbial activity across different regions of the large intestine, ascending, transverse, and descending colon (AC, TC, DC, respectively) using pooled human fecal samples. This system allows for examination of bacterial function specific to a given region. Outputs include filtered fecal supernatants from each region that can be used for metabolite identification and host‐metabolite interactions. Three‐dimensional human duodenal enteroids were treated with 12.5% of AC, TC, DC, or none for 24 h. Expression of stem cell marker LGR5 decreased 73% with AC (P < 0.05) compared to control (CON) with numerical decreases in TC and DC. Expression of goblet cell marker MUC2 was significantly increased (>100‐fold) in all treatments compared to CON. Adherens and tight junction (TJ) markers CDH1 and OCLN were increased by four and two‐fold, respectively, for TC and DC treatments (P < 0.05). Enteroids were then grown on Transwell inserts and treated with 25% AC, TC, and DC for three days. Transepithelial resistance peaked after two days and increased by 3.5, 2.1, and 2.9‐fold for AC, TC, and DC supernatants, respectively, compared to CON samples (P < 0.05). Interestingly, after three days, LGR5 expression was increased by 4.5‐fold with TC (P < 0.05). Expression of Paneth cell marker LYZ, as well as mucin markers MUC3a and TFF3 were markedly decreased in all treatments compared to CON (P < 0.05). However, MUC2 was increased over 30‐fold with TC and DC compared to CON (P < 0.05). Expression of TJ marker TJP1 increased (>3.5‐fold; P < 0.05) in all treatments, although no differences were found in CDH1. Expression of OCLN and CLDN3 were only increased in DC and TC respectively compared to AC (P < 0.05), which had the lowest expression overall. Expression of pattern‐recognition receptor TLR4 was increased in TC (41‐fold) and DC (53‐fold; P < 0.05) compared to CON. Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis of AC, TC, and DC showed a progressive increase in total SCFA production (138, 185, and 203 mM) with individual SCFA increasing with the exception of butyrate (77–79 mM). Overall, fecal supernatants, regardless of fermentation site, altered cell proliferation, differentiation and physiological responses. Abundance of SCFA's and other metabolites, based on fermentation site may be a primary driver of specific cellular responses. This model system provides a relevant integration model to study bacterial metabolite‐host interactions.Support or Funding InformationDepartment of Defense Combat Feeding Research and Engineering Program project “Gut Microbiome and Performance Nutrition” and The Applied Research for the Advancement of Science and Technology Priorities (ARAP) Program on Synthetic Biology for Military Environments (SBME), funded by the Office of the Secretary of Defense.

Research on Distributed Target Assignment Based on Dynamic Allocation Auction Algorithm

Under the premise of many types and large numbers of targets, how to solve the problem of rational allocation of dynamic multi-objectives has always been a hot issue for experts and scholars. In this paper, a distributed target allocation method based on dynamic allocation auction algorithm is used to solve this kind of problem. This paper establishes a mathematical model based on air defense combat, and uses this method to solve the problem. Finally, the effectiveness and real-time performance are proved by simulation.

Effect of in vitro fermentation derived microbial metabolites on intestinal enteroid function

A single‐stage batch in vitro fermentation system has been designed to simulate distal colon microbial activity. This system allows for examination of bacterial function. Outputs include filtered fecal supernatant (FS) that can be used for metabolite identification and examining host response. The goal of this study was to treat human duodenal and colonic enteroids with FS to determine how microbial metabolites alter cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of other intestinal factors. Three‐dimensional (3D) human duodenal and colonic enteroids were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, and 50% FS or 1μg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 h. Cell lysates were used for RNA extraction and mRNA analysis. Visually, increasing FS concentration caused increased browning of enteroids as signs of cell differentiation. At 25 and 50% FS, structural disruption occurred, with fargreater effect at 50% potentially indicating cell death. Expression of LGR5, a stem cell marker, decreased with FS concentration and was lowest at 10% (P < 0.01). EdU staining confirmed this as cell proliferation was significantly decreased when treated with concentrations >1% FS. Expression of enterocyte and Paneth cells markers were increased by greater than 14‐fold at the 10 and 25% concentrations for alkaline phosphatase (ALPI), and six‐fold at 25% for lysozyme (LYZ), respectively (P < 0.01). Mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was increased by eight and 50‐fold at the 10 and 25% concentrations (P< 0.01) respectively, and two and three‐fold increases for mucin 3a (MUC3A; P < 0.01) suggesting an overall increase in goblet cell number. Expression of E‐Cadherin (ECAD), occludin(OCLN), claudin‐3 (CLDN3), and tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) were increased two to four‐fold and six to 23‐fold in the 10 and 25% FS groups respectively (P < 0.01). In a two‐dimensional duodenal enteroid monolayer grown on transwell inserts, there was a 13 and 25%increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) at 10 and 25% FS concentrations respectively over a 24 h period (P< 0.01), and a three‐fold increase after 72 h with 25% FS (P < 0.01). In 3D colonic enteroids treated with FS there was a reduction in LGR5 expression while ALPI and LYZ were upregulated ten and three‐fold, respectively, at the 25% FS concentration. Expression of MUC2, MUC3A, Regenerating islet‐derived protein 3 alpha (REG3A), and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) were substantially increased (>8‐fold) in the 25% FS group (P < 0.01), although in the10% FS group increases were two to three‐fold (P< 0.01) and TFF3 was not different from other treatments. The 10% FS group also saw an increase in ECAD and TJP1 expression while CLDN3 was decreased (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the 25% FS group saw a two to four‐fold increase in ECAD, OCLN, CLDN3 and TJP1 (P < 0.01). Overall, treatment with FS alters enteroid cell differentiation, and expression of mucin and tight junction protein mRNA, likely similar to a typical intestinal phenotype.Support or Funding InformationDepartment of Defense Combat Feeding Research and Engineering Program and The Applied Research for the Advancement of Science and Technology Priorities (ARAP) Program on SyntheticBiology for Military Environments (SBME), through the Office of the Secretary of Defense.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

A human enteroid model to study the effect of short‐chain fatty acids on the intestinal epithelium

Short‐chainfatty acids (SCFA) are dietary fiber derived bacterial metabolites thought to be beneficial to thehost. Of high interest is butyrate (BUT) which is the main fuel source for absorptivecells in the colon; as well as acetate (ACET) and propionate (PROP). Effects of BUT on intestinal physiology have been studied in several in vitro models, however, data in primary cells, includingintestinal stem cells (ISCs) and their distinct progenies is still not fullycharacterized. Recent advances inenteroid models have allowed these mechanisms to be studied in a more physiologically relevant human model. Therefore, our objective was to examine effects of BUT, ACET, and PROP on biomarkers of ISC activity, differentiation, barrier function and epithelial defense in the intestine using human 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) enteroid models. Duodenal 2D and 3D enteroids were treated with 10 mM BUT, ACET, or PROP for 24 h. Gene expression of stem cell marker Lgr5 was increased more than2‐fold in 3D enteroids treated with ACET. Conversely, enteroids treated with BUT and PROP had a greater than 10‐fold decrease in Lgr5 compared to controls (CON). Enterocyte biomarker alkaline phosphatase (Alpi) was increased due to all SCFA treatments (P<0.05). Gene expression of goblet cell marker mucin‐2 (Muc2) was increased 2 and 5‐fold due to ACET and BUT treatments respectively, but not due to PROP treatment. Paneth cell marker lysozyme (Lyz) increased due to BUT treatment and enteroendocrine cell marker chromogranin‐A (Chga) was increased 170‐fold in BUT treated enteroidsalone. Tuft cell marker Dclk1 was elevated due to ACET (7‐fold) and BUT (14‐fold) treatment compared to CON (P<0.05). Anti‐microbial molecule gene expression of Reg3b and Reg3g were not increased due to ACET treatment, however, were increased due to BUT (2.5‐fold and3‐fold, respectively) treatment. Defb1 gene expression increased 66‐fold and 75‐fold respectively in BUT and PROP treated enteroids (P<0.05). Tight junction marker expression of Ocln was only elevated in ACET treated organoids (4‐fold; P<0.05). However, Cldn3 and Tjp1 were increased due to both ACET and BUT treatments (P<0.05). 2Denteroid monolayers treated with BUT had a 2.4‐fold increase in relative transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) compared to CON (P<0.05). PROP treatment also increased TEER (P < 0.05), while ACET had no effect. Protein expression of Interleukin‐8 in the media was induced by exposure to BUT (1.8‐fold increase) and PROP (1.5‐fold increase), but not ACET(P<0.05). Similarly, Interleukin‐18expression was increased by BUT (1.7‐fold increase) and PROP(1.3‐fold increase), while ACET was not different from CON. Intestinal Trefoil factor 3 expression in the media was increased1.3‐fold due to BUT treatment only (P<0.05). In conclusion, we determined that human enteroids are valuable and physiologically relevant models to study the effects of bacterial metabolites based upon the responses we examined. This work will be useful for future microbiomeand nutritional work using enteroid models.Support or Funding InformationFunding was provided by the Department of Defense Combat Feeding Research and Engineering Program through project “Gut Microbiomeand Performance Nutrition (TB 15–19).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Modeling of situation assessment in regional air defense combat

The purpose of situation assessment in regional air defense combat is to quickly fuse data as well as to provide commanders with timely support for decision making. We propose a new framework for situation assessment in regional air defense combat, which plays a very concrete role in real combat and follows the combat process. The proposed framework involves three aspects: assessment of the air defense capability of a region; the prediction of an enemy’s invasion route; and the generation of an interception plan. A Bayesian network is used to evaluate and infer the air defense capability of a region. In the network, the calculation of input evidence is based on threat models from radar, the terrain, and anti-aircraft firepower. The weak areas for air defense can be observed when the evaluation is completed. Accordingly, the possible flight path of an enemy invader can be predicted via particle swarm optimization. We build an interception model based on existing attack modes for intercepting enemy aircraft to provide pre-planning for interception. The experimental results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, the proposed method can contribute to quick decision making in regional air defense combat.

Air-Attack Weapon Identification Model of Weighted Navie Bayes Based on SOA

Traditional Navie Bayes algorithm exists the issues of low inefficiency for the Air-attack Weapon Identification. Inorder to solve this problem, Air-attack Weapon Identification model of Weighted Navie Bayes Based on Seeker Optimization Algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the model reduces the dimension of the data sam-ples using rough set theory. Secondly, Seeker Optimization Algorithm searches the best attribute weights of Weighted Naïve Bayes. Finally, Navie Bayes classifier is structured with the best attribute weights to complete detection. The combination of the two algorithms can not only solve the feature redundancy problem of the traditional Navie Bayes algorithm, but also can optimize the strong independence between features. Through the experiments, prove that using this model for Air-attack Weapon Identification in air defense combat identification