Defensive Side Research Articles

Legal consequences of the statement of provocation by the defense party: scientific and practical aspects

The article examines the legal consequences of the defense’s declaration of provocation of a crime. Based on the analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Supreme Court, the opinion was formulated that the declaration of the commission of a crime as a result of provocation by the defense gives rise to the corresponding obligations for the defense and the prosecution, as well as the court. It was analyzed that as a result of the influence of the precedent practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the practice of the Supreme Court began to form regarding the position of the defense on provocation of a crime, according to which the contradiction of the position of the defense, i.e. when the applicant denies the fact that he committed a crime and at the same time declares that he was provoked to commit it, is the basis for the court’s refusal to verify such an application, citing the relevant reasons in the decision. Based on the study of the principle of adversariality of the parties in criminal proceedings, the thesis that it is the defense party that is obliged to prove the presence of provocation, to indicate which facts and circumstances confirm this with reference to specific evidence examined at the court hearing, is substantiated. In turn, the prosecutor, supporting public accusations, except for the circumstances specified in Art. 91 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, guided by the standard of proof «beyond a reasonable doubt», is obliged to prove the absence of provocation of the crime. Failure to prove «beyond a reasonable doubt» the absence of provocation is equivalent to proving its presence and causes legal consequences in the form of an acquittal by the court. It has been proven that when one of the arguments of the defense side was the presence of provocation of a crime, the court is obliged to properly evaluate both the arguments of the defense side and the arguments of the prosecution regarding the presence or absence of such provocation. According to the results of the analysis of the decisions of the Supreme Court in which the lower courts did not evaluate the arguments of the defense about provocation, or formally evaluated them formally, it was concluded that this is a significant violation of the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code, which prevented or could have prevented the court from adopting a legal and justified court decision.

Evaluation of time-based virtual machine migration as moving target defense against host-based attacks

Moving Target Defense (MTD) consists of applying dynamic reconfiguration in the defensive side of the attack-defense cybersecurity game. Virtual Machine (VM) migration could be used as MTD against specific host-based attacks in the cloud computing environment by remapping the distribution of VMs in the existing physical hosts. This way, when the attacker’s VM is moved to a different machine, the attack has to be restarted. However, one significant gap here is how to select a proper VM migration-based MTD schedule to reach the desired levels of system protection. This paper develops a Stochastic Petri Net (SPN) model to address this issue. The model leverages empirical knowledge about the dynamics of the attack defense in a VM migration-enabled setup. First, we present the results of an experimental campaign to acquire knowledge about the system’s behavior. The experiments provide insights for the model design. Then, based on the model, we propose a tool named PyMTDEvaluator, which provides a graphical interface that serves as a wrapper for the simulation environment of the model. Finally, we exercise the tool using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods to aid the MTD policy selection. Hopefully, our results and methods will be helpful for system managers and cybersecurity professionals.

A Promising Amalgamation

First-year law students often struggle with the transition from writing as an undergraduate to writing as a lawyer. Incorporating poetry into the first-year legal writing curriculum may assist students in making that transition. The close, active reading poetry requires is a strong scaffold to the critical reading lawyers must undertake. In addition, poetry aptly models how language can create an emotional impact, which is akin to how effective lawyers use language to tell a compelling story on their client's behalf. This Assignment has students read and analyze Gwendolyn Brooks's poem “Boy Breaking Glass,” and then imagine the protagonist of the poem was being criminally prosecuted for his act of vandalism and write the story of the case from both the defense side and the prosecution side. The Assignment enables students to appreciate how a text (or a set of facts giving rise to a legal dispute) can give rise to varied interpretations, and how language and storytelling techniques can be used persuasively.

From Individual Calcifiers to Ecosystem Dynamics: Ocean Acidification Effects on Urchins and Abalone.

A central question in ecology is to what extent do trophic interactions govern the structure and function of communities? This question is becoming more pressing as trophic interactions shift with rapid climate change. Sea urchins and abalone are key invertebrates in the habitats where they reside. Sea urchins are critical members of exemplar trophic cascades in kelp forests due to their impact on kelp establishment and maintenance; yet their populations are controlled by predators, such as sea otters and sunflower sea stars. Abalone compete with urchins for macroalgal food resources and therefore can help regulate urchin populations in kelp forests. Given that both urchin tests and abalone shells used for predator defense are comprised of calcium carbonate, much research has been conducted on the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on these calcified structures. A growing body of literature has shown that urchin tests are less calcified and break with less force under OA conditions. Less is known about abalone, but their shells also appear to respond negatively to OA. Using kelp forest communities as exemplar ecosystems, we discuss the morphological, biomechanical, and physiological responses to OA in urchins and abalone and consider how these individual level responses scale to trophic interactions and ultimately whole ecosystem processes. Although the impacts of OA on the calcified structures used for defense have been well studied, calcified mechanisms for food consumption, such as the Aristotle's lantern of urchins, are much less understood. Thus, examining both the feeding and defense sides of trophic interactions would greatly improve our understanding of OA responses across individual to ecosystem scales. More generally, measurements of morphological, biomechanical, and physiological responses to OA can be made in individuals to help predict higher level ecological responses, which would greatly contribute to broader predictions of whole ecosystem responses to OA.

Intelligent Unmanned Robot Using IOT for Military Applications

Most military organization now takes the help of robots to carry out many risky jobs that cannot be done by the soldier. These robots used in the military are usually employed with an integrated system, including video screens, sensors, grippers, and cameras. The military robots also have different shapes according to the purposes of each robot. Here the new system is proposed with the help of low low-power IOT wireless sensor network to trace out the intruders (unknown persons) and the robot will take the necessary action automatically. Thus the proposed system, an Intelligent Unmanned Robot (IUR) using IOT saves human lives and reduces manual error on the defense side. This is a specially designed robotic system to save human life and protect the country from enemies. Robots are specially designed for humans to make our lives easier. Robots are designed for various purposes like military purposes, industry, for home home-based applications. At the border, different tanks, missiles, guns, etc. are used by the enemy. This causes problems and harms our forces or soldiers. For this, a robot is designed and developed for military purposes application to protect our army. robots are used to detect obstacles that are found in their path. If it finds any obstacle in its path, then using a gun mechanism it will able to shoot that obstacle. To make it a multifunctional robot all the actions performed by the user same actions performed by a robot using the stretch sensor. All these mechanisms are embedded in the propeller.

Improving Robustness of Intent Detection Under Adversarial Attacks: A Geometric Constraint Perspective.

Deep neural networks (DNNs)-based natural language processing (NLP) systems are vulnerable to being fooled by adversarial examples presented in recent studies. Intent detection tasks in dialog systems are no exception, however, relatively few works have been attempted on the defense side. The combination of linear classifier and softmax is widely used in most defense methods for other NLP tasks. Unfortunately, it does not encourage the model to learn well-separated feature representations. Thus, it is easy to induce adversarial examples. In this article, we propose a simple, yet efficient defense method from the geometric constraint perspective. Specifically, we first propose an M-similarity metric to shrink variances of intraclass features. Intuitively, better geometric conditions of feature space can bring lower misclassification probability (MP). Therefore, we derive the optimal geometric constraints of anchors within each category from the overall MP (OMP) with theoretical guarantees. Due to the nonconvex characteristic of the optimal geometric condition, it is hard to satisfy the traditional optimization process. To this end, we regard such geometric constraints as manifold optimization processes in the Stiefel manifold, thus naturally avoiding the above challenges. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can significantly improve robustness compared with baselines, while retaining the excellent performance on normal examples.

Использование сторонами защиты и обвинения данных операторов связи в целях установления обстоятельств совершения преступлений

The article discusses non-standard directions for using data from telecom operators; the growing practice of using data from telecom operators by the defense side is analyzed; the relevance of the use of billing data in supervising the implementation of the law during the implementation of operational investigative activities and investigative actions is emphasized; the effectiveness of solving and investigating crimes when obtaining details of telephone connections is noted; materials from judicial and investigative practice are examined and recommendations are given to prevent violations of the law.

Some problems of appointment of expertise by the defense in Criminal Justice of Ukraine

The aim of the work is, based on the analysis of current criminal procedural legislation, special literature, investigative and judicial practice, to identify criminal procedural and organizational problems in the appointment of forensic experts by the defense in criminal proceedings and to formulate proposals for their elimination.
 The methodological basis of the study is based on dialectical method of scientific cognition. Formal- logical, formal-legal, comparative and modeling methods helped the author to identify and try to solve problems of appointment of expertise by the defense in the criminal justice of Ukraine.
 Results. It is noted that according to the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, parties to criminal proceedings have equal rights to collect and submit to the court things, documents, other evidence, motions, complaints, as well as to exercise other procedural rights provided for by this Code. However, as a study of the investigative and judicial practice shows, the defense party does not always have the opportunity to exercise the right to appoint expert examinations at its own discretion by engaging an expert on contractual terms. It was established that most often the defense side is deprived of the opportunity to obtain the originals of the objects necessary for referral to the disposal of the expert, and, accordingly, it becomes difficult for the defense side to exercise the right to conduct an examination. Therefore, in reality, in practice, the defense side can only apply to the investigator, the prosecutor in accordance with Article 220 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine with a request to appoint a specific examination. Most often, the defense side is deprived of the opportunity to obtain the originals of the objects necessary for referral to the disposal of the expert, and, accordingly, it becomes difficult for the defense side to exercise the right to conduct an examination. Author thinks that the content of the request of the defense to the investigator, the prosecutor for the involvement of an expert, as well as the procedure for its consideration should be additionally regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine.
 Conclusions. The author concludes that the procedural rights of the defense party to appoint an expertise declared in the CPC of Ukraine do not fully correspond to the general principles of adversariality of the parties and freedom in providing their evidence to the court and proving their persuasiveness before the court. Therefore, this issue requires further study, generalization, refinement and legal improvement, which must be provided by clearly formed norms that determine the set of rights of the prosecution and the defense in relation to the involvement of an expert to conduct an examination.

TERGOV SUDYASI – OʻZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI JINOYAT PROTSESSIDA YANGI INSTITUT SIFATIDA

In this article, the legal status of the investigating judge, the history of the origin and stages of development of the investigating judge institution, and the importance and specific features of the investigating judge institution in the criminal process are explained. With the decision No. 300 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, “On measures to implement the strategy of Uzbekistan – 2030 in 2023 in a high-quality and timely manner” until the end of 2024, rapid search and investigative actions It is established that the procedure for consideration of the issue of sanctions by individual judges—investigative judges—is established, and the powers of the investigating judge are widened based on the principle of not only sanctioning quick searches and investigative actions but also exercising judicial control at the stage of bringing the case to court in the criminal process. The issues of definition are touched upon in the framework. In particular, with the introduction of this institution, the issues of providing the opportunity to conduct the activities of the parties on the basis of equality and controversy in proceedings before the court, as well as the possibility of increasing the procedural status of the defense side by eliminating the dominant position of the prosecution side, were discussed. The opinions of legal scholars about the institution of investigating judge were analyzed. In this regard, the experience of the countries of Kazakhstan, Georgia, Moldova, Estonia, and the Institute of Investigative judge, introduced in the criminal proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic since 2019, was studied as one of the main research objects. In the criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, relevant proposals were made regarding the determination of the legal status of the investigating judge, the principle of judicial control in criminal proceedings, and the formation of a corps of specialized investigative judges.

«Other» persons as participants in secret investigators (detective) actions (criminal control)

Goal. The purpose of the work is to study the current legislation that ensures the legality of secret investigative (search) actions. The author of this work substantiates the illegality of using the materials of secret investigative (search) actions to prove the guilt of a person if an unauthorized person was involved in conducting such investigative actions. Method. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: comparative-legal, logical-grammatical, systemic-structural, modeling. The results. In the process of research, it was established that persons who are not employees (employees) of operative divisions of law enforcement agencies, who are not allowed to the state secret, cannot participate in secret investigative (search) actions, but authorized persons who conduct such investigative actions can use information received from "other" persons. Evidence obtained in violation of the procedure for conducting secret investigative (search) actions must be declared inadmissible by the court. Scientific novelty. With regard to the development by scientists of the topic of involving persons not admitted to state secrets in secret (investigative) investigative actions, this topic is new. In the process of research, it was scientifically proven that the involvement of unauthorized persons in conducting such investigative actions is a violation of current legislation. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law-making activities for the further improvement of the national criminal procedural legislation regarding the improvement of the institution of the use of covert investigative (search) actions, in the practical work of law enforcement agencies, the defense side, the administration of justice, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and learning of academic disciplines "Criminal Procedural Law of Ukraine" and "Advocacy".

Malware Attack Detection in Large Scale Networks using the Ensemble Deep Restricted Boltzmann Machine

Today, cyber attackers use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to boost the sophistication and scope of their attacks. On the defense side, AI is used to improve defense plans, robustness, flexibility, and efficiency of defense systems by adapting to environmental changes. With the developments in information and communication technologies, various exploits that are changing rapidly constitute a danger sign for cyber security. Cybercriminals use new and sophisticated tactics to boost their attack speed and size. Consequently, there is a need for more flexible, adaptable, and strong cyber defense systems that can identify a wide range of threats in real time. In recent years, the adoption of AI approaches has increased and maintained a vital role in the detection and prevention of cyber threats. This paper presents an Ensemble Deep Restricted Boltzmann Machine (EDRBM) to classify cybersecurity threats in large-scale network environments. EDRBM acts as a classification model that enables the classification of malicious flowsets in a large-scale network. Simulations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed EDRBM model under various malware attacks. The results showed that the proposed method achieved a promising malware classification rate in malicious flowsets.

AI in Cybersecurity: Threat Detection and Response with Machine Learning

Cybersecurity threats are malicious activities or events that pose risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of digital information systems, networks, and data. These threats can encompass a wide range of actions conducted by cybercriminals, hackers, or even insiders with malicious intent. Understanding these threats is crucial in safeguarding digital assets and maintaining the trust and reliability of modern information technology. In the rapidly evolving landscape of cybersecurity, the relentless growth of cyber threats poses a formidable challenge to organizations worldwide. To combat these threats effectively, there is an increasing reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This paper explores the integration of AI and ML into cybersecurity for threat detection and response, shedding light on the transformative impact of these technologies. AI (Artificial Intelligence) and ML (Machine Learning) have the potential to both bolster cybersecurity defences and, paradoxically, facilitate cyberattacks. On the defensive side, AI and ML technologies enhance threat detection and response, allowing organizations to identify and mitigate threats more efficiently. They can analyse vast amounts of data in real-time, spot anomalies, and recognize patterns indicative of potential cyberattacks. However, cybercriminals are also harnessing the power of AI and ML to perpetrate more sophisticated and targeted attacks. Ethical considerations surrounding AI in cybersecurity, including privacy concerns and responsible AI implementation, are also discussed to ensure a balanced and secure approach. The paper underscores the transformative impact of AI and ML in bolstering cybersecurity practices. It advocates for the integration of AI as an indispensable tool to fortify organizations against the ever-evolving landscape of cyber threats, ultimately enhancing their ability to detect, respond to, and mitigate potential breaches.

A management knowledge graph approach for critical infrastructure protection: Ontology design, information extraction and relation prediction

Critical Infrastructures (CI) underpin the basic functioning of society and the economy. Proper governance of CI security management remains a crucial challenge. This study aims to construct a knowledge graph for modeling CI protection. While the previous research has focused on threat intelligence modeling and open knowledge bases, they miss considering the defense side. Accordingly, we propose a knowledge graph for critical infrastructure protection, CIPKG, that extends the management ontology to include the defense side. It addresses the cross-industry and cross-time information gaps that occur in the process of CI protection management, making it more comprehensive in structure than the existing knowledge graph. We employ simplified Structured Threat Information Expression as attack ontology and design a new ontology for the defense side, which could combine with the existing threat ontology to form the CI protection knowledge graph. To dynamically extract information from emerging knowledge, we employ a Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory and Conditional Random Field model with pre-trained cybersecurity domain-specific Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers to recognize the named entities from CI regulations and standards. To associate the threat part with the management portion of the knowledge graph, we adopt the Knowledge Graph Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer model to capture the semantic information and predict the relationship between threat and management. After information extraction and relation prediction, we build a knowledge graph with 529,360 nodes and about 3,335,000 edges.

The Characteristics of the Examination of the Testimony of a Witness Interrogated While Keeping the True Identity Secret

The article is devoted to urgent issues of law enforcement activities related to the study of the testimony of operational origin received from witnesses. At the same time, true information about the identity of such witnesses constitutes a state secret. This circumstance, as shown by an empirical analysis of judicial practice, puts the defense side before the need to treat such testimony with sufficient caution. As a result of the analysis of legal prescription that fi x the procedure for examining the testimony received from secret witnesses, the author comes to the conclusion that, by and large, they contain only some kind of formal access possibility for the defense to their research, leaving the decision of this issue exclusively to the court. The Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation «On the practice of applying the law in the consideration of criminal cases in the court of first instance (general procedure of court proceedings) does not put a final point in the resolution of the issues. The explanations set out therein, contrary to the principles of adversarial and equality of arms, do not allow the defense to conduct a full examination of the testimony of anonymous witnesses. Moreover, the criminal procedural legislation does not contain a special basis justifying the presence of a real threat to the safety of a witness, if they assist the bodies of inquiry in the implementation of operational-search activities. The author formulated proposals aimed at solving these problems. It is necessary to create conditions in the courts in which it is possible to keep secret the identity of the confidential witness and take into account the interests of the parties. It is proposed to expand the list of grounds set out in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation as an additional special ground allowing for a reasoned approach to providing an opportunity to witnesses who have previously provided assistance to bodies of inquiry in the conduct of operational activities to carry out the security measures guaranteed by criminal procedure law.

«Other» persons as participants in secret investigators (detective) actions (criminal control)

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the current legislation that ensures the legality of secret investigative (search) actions. The author of this work substantiates the illegality of using the materials of secret investigative (search) actions to prove the guilt of a person if an unauthorized person was involved in conducting such investigative actions. Method. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: comparative-legal, logical-grammatical, systemic-structural, modeling. The results. In the process of research, it was established that persons who are not employees (employees) of operative divisions of law enforcement agencies, who are not allowed to the state secret, cannot participate in secret investigative (search) actions, but authorized persons who conduct such investigative actions can use information received from "other" persons. Evidence obtained in violation of the procedure for conducting secret investigative (search) actions must be declared inadmissible by the court. Scientific novelty. With regard to the development by scientists of the topic of involving persons not admitted to state secrets in secret (investigative) investigative actions, this topic is new. In the process of research, it was scientifically proven that the involvement of unauthorized persons in conducting such investigative actions is a violation of current legislation. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law-making activities for the further improvement of the national criminal procedural legislation regarding the improvement of the institution of the use of covert investigative (search) actions, in the practical work of law enforcement agencies, the defense side, the administration of justice, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and learning of academic disciplines "Criminal Procedural Law of Ukraine" and "Advocacy".

New sources of criminal procedural and other judicial evidence in digital reality

The attitude of law, practice and science to actively appearing sources of evidentiary information is controversial and belated. Besides some exceptions Criminal Procedure Code does not contain special rules for handling electronic information. Meanwhile evidentiary rules were formulated more than half a century ago and were principally oriented only on receiving analog information. Electronic traces and ways of displaying legally relevant information contained in them are sospecific that previous procedural forms are not usable nowadays. Procedural science develops the theory of electronic evidence on a sectoral basis. However, thecommunity of information-digital technologies which is lying in the core of impetuous growth of importance of electronic information predetermines the possibility of producing consolidated intersectoral rules. Examples of foreign science show the success of this approach. Criminally-remedial practice uses only sourcesby which you can get paper analogs or conduct an examination while proving. The extension of traditional inspection, seizure, search and examination to electronic information lowers its efficiency and does not provide a regime of secrets protected by law. A huge layer of electronic information remains outside the procedural proof. Its real value is confirmed by its use in law enforcement intelligence-gathering activities. Defensive side in criminal proceedings is deprived of even a few evidentiary opportunities in relation to digital information. Civil, Arbitral, Administrative proceedings are more open to recent evidences. Equal rights of the contestants contribute to the development of electronic evidence. A criminal procedure with a monopoly of the prosecution on it strengthens the accusatory bias and impoverishes the proof as a whole. A further spread in the share of electronic evidence in criminal procedural proving requires a change in approaches to it, a rejection of the exclusively classical rules for dealing with them, the extension of civilistic approaches to the relevant activities of the defense.

Deep Neural Network-Based Footprint Prediction and Attack Intention Inference of Hypersonic Glide Vehicles

In response to the increasing threat of hypersonic weapons, it is of great importance for the defensive side to achieve fast prediction of their feasible attack domain and online inference of their most probable targets. In this study, an online footprint prediction and attack intention inference algorithm for hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) is proposed by leveraging the utilization of deep neural networks (DNNs). Specifically, this study focuses on the following three contributions. First, a baseline multi-constrained entry guidance algorithm is developed based on a compound bank angle corridor, and then a dataset containing enough trajectories for the following DNN learning is generated offline by traversing different initial states and control commands. Second, DNNs are developed to learn the functional relationship between the flight state/command and the corresponding ranges; on this basis, an online footprint prediction algorithm is developed by traversing the maximum/minimum ranges and different heading angles. Due to the substitution of DNNs for multiple times of trajectory integration, the computational efficiency for footprint prediction is significantly improved to the millisecond level. Third, combined with the predicted footprint and the hidden information in historical flight data, the attack intention and most probable targets can be further inferred. Simulations are conducted through comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithms, and results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve accurate prediction for flight footprint and attack intention while possessing significant real-time advantage.

Implementation of intrusion prevention system (IPS) to analysis triad cia on network security attacks on web server

Computer networks are built to achieve the main goal of communicating with each other . During the transmission process, it is expected that information can be conveyed quickly, efficiently and safely. Network security serves to avoid damage or even data loss caused by attacker activities during the communication process. Security aspects that need to be maintained in data information are Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Intrusion Prevention System is a solution that can maintain network security from various attacks. The Intrusion Prevention System will act as a protector on the network by detecting and preventing suspicious traffic on nodes in a network. The Intrusion Prevention System in its implementation has several tools which are used in this study, namely Snort and IPTables. Testing is done by performing attacks on the Web Server. The attacks carried out are Port Scanning, DDoS attacks and Brute Force. The results of this study are based on the CIA Triad with the three attacks having different characteristics in terms of cause and effect. On the defense side, Port Scanning and Brute Force can be easily prevented by IPS, but in DDoS attacks there are differences in results between drop and reject rule. In a DDoS attack with an action drop rule, it can recover the web server in 160 seconds while the action reject rule can be restored at 145 seconds which normally can be recovered in a DDoS attack in 165 seconds. The IPS server can also reduce resources when there is a DDoS attack by 9.2% .

Evaluation Model, Intelligent Assignment, and Cooperative Interception in Multimissile and Multitarget Engagement

A complete engagement framework, including evaluation model, intelligent assignment, and cooperative interception is proposed to address the issue of multimissile and multitarget engagement (MME). The concepts of targets threat degree and missiles interception effective degree are included in the evaluation model, which fully considers both the offensive and defensive sides. Then, the multitarget assignment is carried out based on the obtained evaluation model, and a reinforcement learning-based intelligent assignment strategy is adopted. This scheme is capable of quickly generating the optimal assignment in the complex and variable engagement environment by virtue of the self-learning and reward mechanism. Following the optimal assignment, a cooperative interception technique is used to ensure the interception mission efficiently and accurately. Finally, simulation results illustrate the validity of the proposed engagement framework.

The effect of special exercises in developing. The ability of perception and its relationship to the skills of the wall of the wall and the defense of the field among the young volleyball players

The study aims to know the effect of special exercises in developing the ability of cognition and its relationship to the skills of the wall of the wall and the SkillSkill of defending the volleyball field for the specialized school in the district of Jabayish in the province of Dhi Qar for juniors. The problem of the Research lies in the weakness of the defensive side of volleyball players, where most teams are interested in the offensive side and leave the defensive side. The research sample consisted of (20) players who were divided into two groups in an unexpected way, for the experimental group (10) players that applied special exercises by the researchers, and the control group (10) players who applied the trainer's exercises in the traditional program, and the researchers used the experimental method to achieve the objectives of the Research, The results were presented, analyzed and discussed in the level of performance of the skills of the wall of the wall and the defense of the field in volleyball, as well as the cognitive ability of the research sample. The researchers concluded that the special exercises used by the researchers contributed to the development of the cognitive ability and the development of skills of the wall of the wall and the defense of the defensive field among the members of the experimental group, and the superiority of the experimental group, which performed special exercises on the control group.