Defense Capability Research Articles

The interplay of capability and complexity in military context: definitions, challenges, and implications

ABSTRACT This paper explores the interplay between capability and complexity within the context of military forces. The findings here describe how these two concepts intersect and highlight the capability definitions, themes, challenges, opportunities, and applications. By running a thorough review of 314 articles, 10 key research themes have been identified, including: 1) Capability Development and Assessment, 2) Regional Defence Studies, 3) Technological Advancements in Military, 4) Strategic Analysis, 5) Operational Tactics, 6) Defence Industry Dynamics, 7) Organisational and Management Aspects, 8) Cybersecurity and Network Capabilities, 9) Military Training and Exercises, and 10) Policy and Political Implications. Among these themes, the literature highlights the importance of a subtle understanding of capability and complexity for well-informed decision-making in military and defence domains. Moreover, this study identifies gaps in existing research and emphasises the need for a coherent theoretical framework to guide decision-makers for military capability acquisitions. The findings have implications for enhancing national security, defence capability planning and resource allocation strategies.

Research on Network Security Protection Technology Based on P2AEDR in New Low-Voltage Control Scenarios for Power IoT and Other Blockchain-Based IoT Architectures

In the construction of new power systems, the traditional network security protection mainly based on boundary protection belongs to static defense and still relies mainly on manual processing in vulnerability repair, threat response, etc. It is difficult to adapt to the security protection needs in large-scale distributed new energy, third-party aggregation platforms, and flexible interaction scenarios with power grid enterprise systems. It is necessary to conduct research on dynamic security protection models for IoT and other Blockchain-based IoT architectures. This article proposes a network security comprehensive protection model P2AEDR based on different interaction modes of cloud–edge interaction and cloud–cloud interaction. Through continuous trust evaluation, dynamic access control, and other technologies, it strengthens the internal defense capabilities of power grid business, shifting from static protection as the core mode to a real-time intelligent perception and automated response mode, and ultimately achieving the goal of dynamic defense, meeting the security protection needs of large-scale controlled terminal access and third-party aggregation platforms. Meanwhile, this article proposes a dynamic trust evaluation algorithm based on deep learning, which protects the secure access and use of various resources in a more refined learning approach based on the interaction information monitored in the system. Through experimental verification of the dynamic trust evaluation algorithm, it is shown that the proposed model has good trust evaluation performance. Therefore, this research is beneficial for trustworthy Power IoT and other Blockchain-based IoT architectures.

Strategic safeguarding: A game theoretic approach for analyzing attacker-defender behavior in DNN backdoors

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are fundamental to modern applications like face recognition and autonomous driving. However, their security is a significant concern due to various integrity risks, such as backdoor attacks. In these attacks, compromised training data introduce malicious behaviors into the DNN, which can be exploited during inference or deployment. This paper presents a novel game-theoretic approach to model the interactions between an attacker and a defender in the context of a DNN backdoor attack. The contribution of this approach is multifaceted. First, it models the interaction between the attacker and the defender using a game-theoretic framework. Second, it designs a utility function that captures the objectives of both parties, integrating clean data accuracy and attack success rate. Third, it reduces the game model to a two-player zero-sum game, allowing for the identification of Nash equilibrium points through linear programming and a thorough analysis of equilibrium strategies. Additionally, the framework provides varying levels of flexibility regarding the control afforded to each player, thereby representing a range of real-world scenarios. Through extensive numerical simulations, the paper demonstrates the validity of the proposed framework and identifies insightful equilibrium points that guide both players in following their optimal strategies under different assumptions. The results indicate that fully using attack or defense capabilities is not always the optimal strategy for either party. Instead, attackers must balance inducing errors and minimizing the information conveyed to the defender, while defenders should focus on minimizing attack risks while preserving benign sample performance. These findings underscore the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed approach, showcasing optimal strategies across different game scenarios and highlighting its potential to enhance DNN security against backdoor attacks.

Priority threats to the economic security system of Ukraine in wartime conditions: conceptual views on their nature and typology

The presented scientific study is devoted to the issues of seeing priority threats to the system of economic security of Ukraine in wartime conditions. It is emphasized and proven that the existing spectrum of threats to the economic security component, in practice, has undergone significant changes in terms of complexity and realism, as well as quantity, as a result of radical transformations in the middle of the country and the action of a number of external factors. Attention was drawn and the essence of the original term «threat», which forms the basis of the definitions in official circulation, was revealed. The conditions that should be considered threatening from the point of view of a typical worldview of security are defined and meaningfully characterized. Attention is focused on the concept of «threats to the economic security system of Ukraine», which is a legislative guideline for other aspects in this area. Its indisputable importance and value for law-making and law-enforcement activities is emphasized. It was found that such threats represent a large cohort of phenomena, processes, trends and factors of various origins, to which the state and society must respond effectively. It has been proven that the lack of a proper reaction, including in the case of inefficient use of personnel potential and other resource provision, is accompanied by the appearance of significant risks for Ukraine’s defense capability. It has been established that the national economic interests of Ukraine play a significant role in the identification and typology of priority threats to the analyzed security component. Taking into account the views of famous scientists and current legislation, the category of the same name was analyzed in detail. On the basis of the above, a typology of urgent main current threats to the system of economic security of Ukraine is proposed. Attention was drawn to the fact that the successful solution of tasks in these aspects will form a favorable basis for effective prevention and countermeasures against other factors of economic destruction. It was noted that there is an absolute need for systematic work in all the represented directions, based on considerations of the specifics of the named factors, including their destructive impact on all components of Ukraine’s national security.

NATO’s Artificial Intelligence Strategy and Interoperability Challenges: The Case of Turkey

ABSTRACT The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly changed military applications, creating new competitive advantages and shifting the global balance of power. This article examines NATO’s AI strategy and the associated interoperability challenges, with a particular focus on Turkey. NATO’s AI strategy seeks to enhance interoperability among its member states by fostering the integration of AI technologies into military capabilities. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the varying levels of AI technological advancement, divergent national AI-military strategies and differing geopolitical considerations among member countries. Using Turkey as a case study, this paper explores how the rapid development of AI-based military drones contributes to Turkey’s strategic autonomy and enhances regime resilience while also highlighting certain interoperability considerations within NATO. The analysis underlines the need for a cohesive approach to AI integration that addresses these disparities to maintain NATO’s collective defence capabilities.

FaceDefend: Copyright Protection to Prevent Face Embezzle

With the rapid evolution of deep learning and the advent of artificial intelligence, the metaverse has emerged as a significant technology. Within the metaverse, diverse elements such as rich applications and realistic digital avatars provide users with immersive experiences, but it poses a series of security problems. Current research predominantly focuses on the data storage and transmission processes from the perspective of blockchain and the Internet of Things to achieve the protection of the metaverse. However, there exists a gap in security research on the digital avatar generation process. Given that digital avatars are the primary entities engaging in social activities within the metaverse and are crafted based on real face images, the virtual character can be generated easily by stealing the user’s face image and controlled to interact with others. In order to deal with the above problems, we propose a novel method to prevent the misuse of faces, which maintains the security of the metaverse by protecting facial data and thus preventing its misuse. We explore the common architecture of generative models and propose a defense method based on copyright protection to prevent face embezzling. Firstly, we utilize the copyright protection module to obtain copyright protection information. Secondly, we utilized the defense control module to ensure the representation of the protected images occurs errors in the latent space of the generation model. Therefore the subsequent generation task output fails, which effectively protects the face data and prevents the generation of digital avatars. Furthermore, the results on public datasets and across multiple generative models present unnatural outputs, indicating the excellence of our defense and transfer capabilities.

Political and legal analysis of the mechanisms of providing Ukraine with resources of strategic importance in the context of increasing the national defence potential

This study addresses the critical issue of enhancing Ukraine’s defence capabilities through the efficient management of strategic resources amidst ongoing Russian aggression. The research aims to develop substantiated recommendations for optimizing the legal and political mechanisms that govern the provision of strategic resources to Ukraine. The study employs a formal legal method to analyze key national and international legal frameworks, including the Law of Ukraine “On the National Material Reserve” and the Code of Ukraine “On Subsoil,” focusing on their efficacy in wartime conditions. Also, political analysis, comparative analysis, legislative review and document analysis were used. The research highlights the gaps in existing legislation, particularly in adapting to the needs of martial law and the complexities of interagency coordination. The findings reveal that while Ukraine has established an extensive legal framework for managing strategic resources, significant issues persist in areas such as transparency, interagency cooperation, and bureaucratization. The study advocates for legislative amendments to better suit wartime needs, the implementation of a unified monitoring system, and enhanced international cooperation, particularly with bodies like the UN and World Bank. The conclusions emphasize the importance of Ukraine’s participation in international transparency initiatives and the need to align national legislation with EU standards. Overall, the thesis of this work is the development of substantiated recommendations for optimizing Ukraine’s strategic resource management in the context of war, while the research niche focuses on the analysis of political and legal mechanisms that influence the state’s defence capabilities.

Numerical Simulation and Parameter Optimization of a New Slant Insertion-Opening Combination Sand Fence

This paper presents a new slant insertion-opening combination sand fence designed to reduce the hazards of traditional railway sand damage along the line. This new fence aims to decrease the disturbance caused by lateral wind on the high-speed railway and minimize the deposition of track sand particles. Numerical modeling and wind tunnel testing were employed to examine the structure’s defensive capabilities. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model, the wind protection effect and airflow characteristics of the new sand fence with different slant insertion angles and spacings were simulated, and the optimal configuration parameters were selected. The study found that the new mechanical sand fence exhibits similar performance to the traditional sand fence. Since there is a “narrow tube effect”, the leeward side of the inclined plate generates a local high-speed airflow zone. In the top acceleration zone, the new mechanical sand fence efficiently lowers air velocity, thereby enhancing its protective capabilities. Moreover, the optimal protective performance of the new mechanical sand fence is achieved with an inclination angle of 15°, with improved protection observed as the angle increases. Additionally, the protective performance of double rows of these fences is influenced by the spacing between them. Increasing the distance between the two rows enhances protective performance, with the optimal protection achieved at a spacing of 25H. Beyond this distance, protective performance decreases.

Asteroid disruption and deflection simulations for multi-modal planetary defense

Planetary defense from asteroids via deflective means alone does not offer viable solutions in terminal scenarios where there is little warning time before impact. The PI method of planetary defense enables operation in terminal interdiction modes where there is little warning time prior to impact, but can also operate in the same extended time scale interdiction modes as made possible by traditional deflection techniques, which results in a versatile, multi-modal planetary defense capability. The method is also practical and cost-effective since it relies solely on launch vehicles and penetrator materials already available today, and thus presents itself as a logical and competitive option for planetary defense. As per the PI method, we investigate the effectiveness of rubble pile asteroid disruption and deflection via hypervelocity impacts with 10:1 aspect ratio cylindrical tungsten penetrators. We present the results of an ongoing simulation campaign dedicated to investigating the PI method, using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) hydrodynamics code ALE3D run with the High-End Computing Capability (HECC) at NASA Ames Research Center. We model heterogeneous rubble pile asteroids with a distribution of spherical boulders of varying initial yield strengths set within a weak binder material. We find that rubble pile asteroids of this type in the 20–100 meter-class can be effectively mitigated via 20 km/s impacts with 100–1000 kg penetrators via the coupling of the penetrator kinetic energy into the bulk material of the asteroid.

Changing relationships between armaments production and exports and state defense expenditures

The present study is relevant, because in different countries of the world in recent years there have been ambiguous dynamics among armaments and military equipment production and exports and changes in state defense expenditures. Modern geopolitical conflicts distort the existing picture of interrelations between the above parameters, and the article assesses their changes. In particular, as the study result, the underlying hypotheses on the relationships between supply and demand in the global market of armaments and military equipment have been formulated. The key countries analysis showed that the dynamics of indicators in them is determined by different reasons, but the author came to the conclusion that the main factors of changes in the trends of armaments production and exports and defense expenditures are the following: the expansion of illegal circulation of armaments and military equipment in some countries, increased vulnerability of some countries and their direct involvement in military-political conflicts, as well as differentiation of countries’ approaches to national security, which causes different attention to defense capabilities and the defense industry development. At the same time, there are almost always sharp changes and volatility of the indicators under consideration during the periods when a country is in the stage of industrialization or transition to a new technological mode.

Diplomatic Ukraine in the international arena: miscalculations and gains in wartime conditions

Abstract. The peculiarities of the formation of a comprehensive program of international military and economic support of international partners, which will effectively strengthen Ukraine's defense capabilities and ensure the possibility of effective resistance to Russian aggression, are substantiated. Special attention is paid to strengthening Ukraine's defense capabilities by supplying modern military equipment, organizing joint military exercises and improving the qualifications of Ukrainian servicemen. A comprehensive post-war recovery plan has been developed, which will include international financial, technical and expert assistance to rebuild the damaged infrastructure and restore the country's economic potential, ensuring stability, economic growth and raising the standard of living of Ukrainians. In addition, the plan envisages the reform of state institutions, the introduction of modern technologies, the improvement of the health care system, as well as the development of small and medium-sized businesses. These measures are aimed at creating a solid foundation for long-term recovery, economic growth, and ensuring the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.A number of scientific methods were used during the research: methods of analysis and synthesis, systematic, comparative, historical, method of expert evaluations, as well as a logical method for formulating conclusions.

Wie kann die Sicherheitslage in Deutschland verbessert werden?

Abstract Since the “Zeitenwende” proclaimed in Spring 2022, there has been an increased focus on both internal and external security issues, such as the procurement of military goods and defense capabilities. The geopolitical dynamics towards more multipolarity are forcing Europe, and therefore Germany as well, to take greater control of its own destiny. Emancipation from former hegemons offers opportunities; at the same time, successful economic policy navigation requires the efficient use of scarce public funds. Fiscal policy and social debates are controversial. Just think of the budget proposals currently being discussed and the reintroduction of compulsory military service. This discussion explores the extent, direction and sustainable financing options for the necessary changes. What all contributions have in common is the recognition of the necessity and potential of effective coordination at the European level on the issue of military sovereignty.

Bewährungsprobe Europas: Wettbewerbsfähigkeit in einer Welt im Wandel

Abstract Competitiveness is increasingly becoming a political focus. In times of geopolitical uncertainty, a trend of de-globalization and changing economic structures, the EU must assert itself as a business location in the competition between nations. Location characteristics such as a successful digital and green transformation in the face of increasingly scarce human capital, an incomplete internal market and inadequate defense capabilities are important. A high level of competitiveness is only possible with a European single market that is equipped with sufficient resources and a sound cooperation between the member states in the EU.

The neural regulation and impact of posterior nasal neurectomy on nasal ciliary motion in vivo in a murine allergic rhinitis model.

Posterior nasal neurectomy (PNN) is a commonly employed surgical approach for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). Due to its denervation effect on the nasal mucosa, PNN may potentially alter the motion and defensive capability of cilia. Previous research on the effects of neural regulation and denervation on cilia has been limited by the absence of a feasible in vivo evaluation method for assessing ciliary function. Utilizing a new system developed by our team for visualizing and analyzing ciliary motion in vivo, we analysed ciliary beat frequency and distance in vivo and histomorphological changes in a murine PNN and AR model. Ovalbumin, histamine and neurotransmitters (acetylcholine chloride, α receptor agonist and β receptor agonist) were applied to investigate the responsiveness and neural regulation of the nasal mucosa. Denervation resulting from PNN led to a reduction in nasal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) to 78% of the control, as well as diminished response towards allergens and histamine. Among neurotransmitters examined, α receptor agonists exhibited inhibitory effects on in vivo ciliary motion while acetylcholine and β receptor agonists demonstrated stimulatory effects. PNN did not affect the reactivity of in vivo cilia towards these neurotransmitters. PNN-induced denervation can reduce ciliary motion, potentially compromising the defensive capability of nasal mucosa. Neural regulation and the neurotransmitters involved have significant effect on ciliary motion.

Modernisation of the personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the ongoing military conflict with Russia

Considering the ongoing military conflict with the Russian Federation, the modernisation of the personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is of utmost significance. Effective training of new officers is becoming a strategic task to strengthen the country’s defence capability and ensure its national security. The purpose of this research is to thoroughly analyse and justify ways to modernise the personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the current military conflict, with a focus on improving the education and training of the new generation of officers. The research is based on a statistical analysis of data obtained through expert analysis and a survey of highly qualified professionals. The analysis demonstrated that the existing personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires significant modifications to respond to the current challenges of military operations. In particular, there is a need to introduce advanced teaching methods and use modern technologies in the training of officers. In addition, it is essential to improve the organisational structures that provide training for officers. It includes revision of programmes, adaptation to modern conflicts and implementation of international standards of military training. In addition, the psychological and social aspects of the design and development of the officer corps should be considered to ensure its stability and productivity in the long term. A special emphasis is placed on the need to introduce international experience and cooperation with partner countries, which may include the exchange of experience, and joint exercises and training programmes. The results obtained are essential for the development and implementation of strategic plans for the modernisation of the personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which will help to increase the effectiveness of military activities and strengthen the country’s defence capabilities in the face of ever-growing security threats.

Некоторые выводы из анализа теории и практики управления экономикой в условиях жесткой схватки с неолиберализмом

This article attempts to systematically study the pseudo-market economy of the neoliberal type, which was operating in the country and which was actually subordinated to the interests of globalists with the help of financial and foreign economic instruments. On the basis of institutional analysis of the results of practical implementation of theoretical postulates of economic theory, the real efficiency (or rather, inefficiency) of the country’s economy, built as a raw materials appendage, as a technological backyard of developed countries, is clarified, and the conclusion about the need to restructure the entire economic mechanism, focused on the unconditional priority of national interests in socio-economic development is substantiated. The authors prove that real progress in the Russian Federation is associated with the transition to strategic management of the national economy, strengthening of centralized processes that allow to concentrate available resources on the main directions of economic and social growth, as well as strengthening the defense capability of the state in the conditions of hybrid war of the collective West against Russia. This is what should be the focus of the emerging model of management of the national economy, capable not only to resist economic pressure, but also to really ensure the achievement of national goals.

Правове регулювання запобігання корупційним проявам в діяльності державної прикордонної служби в Україні в умовах воєнного стану

The article analyzes the legal regulation on the prevention of corruption in the activities of the State Border Service of Ukraine (SBSU) during martial law. Corruption poses a significant risk to national security, the efficiency of public resource management, economic development, and the stability of government. The legal definition of corruption refers to the use of official powers to obtain an unlawful benefit. In the context of martial law, the DPSU faced increased threats of corruption, in particular when controlling the state border. The article analyzes the main categories of anti-corruption legislation, including the prevention, prevention, prevention and counteraction of corruption, and also examines measures that can effectively reduce corruption risks in public administration. The main initiatives for the prevention of corruption cover a wide range of legal, organizational and educational measures aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions that can contribute to the commission of illegal actions.Effective management and control of state borders becomes especially important during martial law, when national security depends on the reliability of anti-corruption measures. In this context, the improvement of the legislative framework regulating the activities of the State Border Service of Ukraine, in particular regarding granting it the status of administrator of the Unified State Register of conscripts, conscripts and reservists, is important for strengthening control and reducing corruption risks at the border. Such changes will not only ensure more effective monitoring and compliance of border crossers with military and legal obligations, but will also help prevent the illegal movement of people across the border. These measures play a key role in ensuring the country’s internal stability and defense capability, especially in the face of military threats. Updating the legislation will also strengthen the legality of border service actions and increase their transparency, which is necessary to maintain citizens’ trust in state institutions.

Struggle for the Legacy: Sino-India Rivalry over Energy Sources in the Indian Ocean

Global economic power has shifted from the Atlantic waters to the Indo-Pacific waters. China and India are robust rising powers competing for ultimate regional and global politico-economic opportunities. Energy has become a common factor for both nations, leading to overlapping spheres of influence, strategic responses, and national interests. This article addresses the puzzle of the absence of military confrontations over the issues of energy sources in circumstances that carry enormous potential for conflict. This study aims to contribute to filling the research gap in interpreting the rivalry between China and India over energy resources. The analysis extends through an eclectic approach, incorporating assorted through assorted debates from different realist thought strands. It treats the theories of international relations as emphasising the structure of international relations. However, there is a complex interplay with the perceptions of those structures by the foreign policymakers of a country. The tentative hypothesis of this study has been that “energy rivalry between rising military powers in the Indian Ocean has increased tension, though not to the extent of violent confrontation”. They bargain for regional hegemony, but a deterrent effect prevents an armed conflict between two rising powers. The findings suggest that the tentative hypothesis is supported by substantial evidence regarding energy-based rivalry. Amidst aspiration to dominate, especially over security and energy affairs, neither China nor India would entrench towards a “Mutually Assured Destruction” (MAD). Besides acquiring defensive and offensive military capabilities, they are also concerned with diversifying its energy policies, including land routes for energy supply. The possibility of mutually assured destruction provides an incentive for deterrence, preventing violent confrontation over energy issue in the Indian Ocean.

The priority of organizational improvement of preventive vector in the system of intersectoral interaction for the preservation of children’s eye health

Background. The relevance of the study is due to a need to apply a comprehensive differentiated approach to the organization of preventive diagnostic examinations and monitoring the formation of visual functions in children of various ages in the difficult conditions of hostilities on the territory of our country. Children’s health remains a strategic task for the formation of Ukraine’s defense capabilities in the future. Full vision is necessary for the formation of a physically healthy and socially adapted personality, good quality of life, learning, working capacity, both in childhood and in working age. In difficult domestic conditions and taking into account the forecast calculations of international experts, which testify to the formed trends towards the growth of ophthalmic pathology, the research on the implementation of modern organizational approaches to the formation of healthy visual functions from childhood is gaining relevance. The purpose of the study was to justify the use of systemic measures of intersectoral interaction to preserve the eye health of children. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were the results of a sociological survey of doctors who provide medical and preventive care to children at outpatient and polyclinic basis (a total of 504 questionnaires were analyzed). The procedure of filling out the questionnaires required anonymity and the prior voluntary verbal consent of the doctors to participate in the study. The research methods were sociological survey, analytical synthetic, content analysis, systemic approach and systemic analysis, medical statistical (calculation of representativeness and reliability of sociological research results). Results. The need for justified organizational improvement in the preventive approach to preserving visual functions in children has been pro­ven. The algorithm of preventive intervention, based on organizational, diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures, is primarily focused on the cooperation of family doctors, family pediatricians, pediatric ophthalmologists and secondary medical staff of medical and educational institutions when introducing modern regular medical and preventive technologies, identifying risk factors and conducting effective supervision of the formation of visual functions in children of various ages, will contribute to the early detection of possible vision disorders for the timely implementation of the necessary treatment and preventive measures. Most interviewed doctors of the outpatient polyclinic level expressed the feasibility of introducing regular systemic supervision of visual functions in preschool and school-age children in the context of implementing state preventive programs to preserve vision from childhood in Ukraine. Conclusions. The medical and social importance of preserving eye health from childhood requires organizational improvement of a preventive approach whose introduction will contribute to the early detection of risk factors, early signs and manifestations, the implementation of the necessary medical and preventive measures, timely diagnosis, correction and treatment of diseases of the eye and its accessory parts in children. The obtained results open the prospect of establishing systemic intersectoral interaction in the planning and implementation of measures of comprehensive programs to prevent the development of ophthalmic pathology among children of various ages.

SPMGAE: Self-purified masked graph autoencoders release robust expression power

To tackle the scarcity of labeled graph data, graph self-supervised learning (SSL) has branched into two paradigms: Generative methods and Contrastive methods. Inspired by MAE and BERT in computer vision (CV) and natural language processing (NLP), masked graph autoencoders (MGAEs) are gaining popularity in the generative genre. However, prevailing MGAEs are mostly designed under the assumption that the data has high homophilic score and is out of adversarial distortion. When people deliberately improve the performance on homophilic graph datasets, they ignore a critical issue that both internal heterophily and artificial attack noise are quite common in the real world. Therefore, when data itself is highly heterophilic or confronted with attacks, they merely have no defensive capability. Especially under self-supervised conditions, it is much more difficult to detect internal heterophily and resist artificial attacks. In this paper, we propose a Self-Purified Masked Graph Autoencoder (SPMGAE) to make up for the shortcomings of prevailing MGAEs in terms of robustness. SPMGAE first utilizes a self-purified module to prune raw graph data and separate perturbation information. The purified graph provides a robust graph structure for the entire pre-training process. Next, the encoding module reuses perturbation information for auxiliary training to enhance robustness, while the decoding module reconstructs the effective graph data at a finer granularity. Extensive experiments on homophilic and heterophilic datasets attacked by various attack methods demonstrate SPMGAE has a considerable robust expressive ability. Especially on small datasets with large perturbations, the improvement of defensive performance could reaches 10%–25%.