Hearing Defects Research Articles

The relationship between cognitive function and physical activity, functional status and social participation in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Aims: Cognitive function in older adults has been a topic of growing interest in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity, functional status, and social participation in older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 123 older adults aged 65 years and older who met the study’s inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: who were aged 65 years or older, literate, volunteering to participate in the study, had no hearing or vision defects that prevented the measurement of the scales used in the study, had no chronic disease that prevented the scales used in the study. The data in the study were collected with sociodemographic form, Montreal cognitive assessment, international physical activity questionnaire, timed-up-and-go test, 10-meter walk test, and Keele assessment of participation. Results: The average age of the participants was 69.5±4.6. The study included 46.3% women and, 57.7% primary school graduates. A positive and moderate relationship was found between cognitive functions and physical activity level, functional status, and social participation in older adults. Additionally, there was a moderate positive relationship found between the level of physical activity, functional status, and social participation. In the cognitive function risk model, it was found that age, education level, and social participation significantly impact cognitive functions in older adults. Conclusion: Increasing physical activity, functionality, and especially social participation in older adults can be considered an important intervention to protect and improve the cognitive functions of older adults.

Coexisting of hearing loss and chronic myeloid leukemia - A systematic literature review

Objective This systematic literature review aimed to study the relationship between CML and hearing loss. Database review Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy associated with high levels of white blood cells (WBCs). Changes in otolaryngology are observed in CML. Methodology This systematic literature review of the literature was conducted by searching the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, WPRIM, LILAC Sand SciELO databases. Studies published between 2013 and 2023 that met inclusion criteria were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Results Of the 142 identified articles, 13 were included for final evaluation with a total sample size of 75 cases diagnosed with CML with hearing defect. CML patients with WBCs above 250 x 109/L were at higher risk of ototoxicity. Males accounted for 85% of cases; with a mean age of 38.9 years. Hearing loss as the first manifestation of CML was among 61.5% of cases, it was bilateral in 83.3% of cases, and in 90% of cases were irreversible defect. Conclusion Acute sudden hearing loss has been associated with high levels of WBC in patients with CML. Neither aggressive leukoreduction nor leukapheresis has positive effect on the reversibility of the hearing loss.

Atypical presentations in an RTD patient and report of novel SLC52A3 and SLC52A2 mutations.

Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency (RTD) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by pontobulbar palsy, hearing loss, and motor cranial nerve involvement. SLC52A3 and SLC52A2 mutations are causes of RTD. SLC52A2 mutations are usually found in childhood onset cases. Fifteen Iranian RTD diagnosed patients without SLC52A2 mutations have been previously described. We aimed to identify causative mutations in two childhood cases. We recruited patients with diagnosis of BVVL. Comprehensive clinical evaluations were performed on the patients. SLC52A3 and SLC52A2 genes were PCR-amplified and Sanger sequenced. Candidate disease causing variations were screened for segregation with disease status in the respective families and control individuals. A novel homozygous SLC52A3 mutation (p.Met1Val) and a heterozygous SLC52A2 mutation (p.Ala288Val) were both observed in one proband with typical RTD presentations. The aggregate of presentations in the early stages of disease in the second patient that included weakness in the lower extremities, absence of bulbar or hearing defects, prominent sensory polyneuropathy as evidenced in electrodiagnostic studies, and absence of sensory symptoms including sensory ataxia did not prompt immediate RTD diagnosis. Dysarthria and decreased hearing manifested later in the disease course. A novel homozygous SLC52A2 (p.Val314Met) mutation was identified. A literature search found recent reports of other atypical RTD presentations. These include MRI findings, speech understanding difficulties accompanied by normal hearing, anemia, and left ventricular non-compaction. Knowledge of unusual presentations lessens the chance of misdiagnosis or delayed RTD diagnosis which, in light of favorable effects of riboflavin supplementation, is of immense importance.

Medical and legal diagnoses comparison of the occupational diseases: A nationwide study in Turkey.

The underreporting of occupational diseases in many countries significantly hampers the development of intervention programs, posing a significant public health problem. Our study aimed to contribute to the occupational diseases surveillance by examining the data of hospitals authorized to issue reports throughout Turkey. This cross-sectional study was conducted using medical diagnoses of occupational diseases reported to the General Directorate of Public Health from 81 provinces in Turkey between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022. The study evaluated hospitals that made medical diagnoses of occupational diseases and compared age groups, genders, occupational disease diagnosis groups and provinces of work regarding legal and medical diagnoses. The top three disease groups in terms of medical diagnosis are musculoskeletal disorders with 38.8%, respiratory diseases with 14.4% and hearing defects with 10.9%. Regarding legal diagnoses, respiratory system diseases ranked first with 26.4%, followed by musculoskeletal disorders with 8.2% and hearing defects with 5.5%. While the provinces where most cases of medical occupational diseases are diagnosed share similarities, the majority of affected individuals in Karabük and Batman have not received a legal recognition of the occupational disease. Two-thirds of Turkey's medical occupational disease diagnoses were made in two hospitals. This study is reflecting national data in Turkey and is the country's first nationwide study. The number of occupational diseases in Turkey is lower than expected. It would be more accurate to express the data in a way that includes medical diagnoses instead of using the number of compensated files corresponding to legal diagnoses.

Transient deficit in acute stroke: a case of musical hallucinations

We reported a case of a 62-year-old female patient affected by musical hallucinations (MHs) as a transient symptom after an ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery. CT scan showed widespread cortical and subcortical hypodensity associated with moderate hemorrhage involving the lentiform nucleus, insular cortex, and caudate nucleus. The patient had no history of psychiatric disorders, hearing defects, or epilepsy. MHs appeared one week after the stroke and spontaneously vanished 10 days after their onset. From our perspective, the early activation of MHs after unilateral brain injury, and their timing of resolution, can be explained according to the “interhemispheric imbalance theory”. According to this theory, in the minutes or weeks following the onset of a focal cerebrovascular event, a series of changes in global brain connectivity occur leading to a temporary imbalance in interhemispheric excitation.

Rational design of a genomically humanized mouse model for dominantly inherited hearing loss, DFNA9

DFNA9 is a dominantly inherited form of adult-onset progressive hearing impairment caused by mutations in the COCH gene. COCH encodes cochlin, a crucial extracellular matrix protein. We established a genomically humanized mouse model for the Dutch/Belgian c.151C>T founder mutation in COCH. Considering upcoming sequence-specific genetic therapies, we exchanged the genomic murine Coch exons 3–6 for the corresponding human sequence. Introducing human-specific genetic information into mouse exons can be risky. To mitigate unforeseen consequences on cochlin function resulting from the introduction of the human COCH protein-coding sequence, we converted all human-specific amino acids to mouse equivalents. We furthermore optimized the recognition of the human COCH exons by the murine splicing machinery during pre-mRNA splicing. Subsequent observations in mouse embryonic stem cells revealed correct splicing of the hybrid Coch transcript. The inner ear of the established humanized Coch mice displays correctly-spliced wild-type and mutant humanized Coch alleles. For a comprehensive study of auditory function, mice were crossbred with C57BL/6 Cdh23753A>G mice to remove the Cdh23ahl allele from the genetic background of the mice. At 9 months, all humanized Coch genotypes showed hearing thresholds comparable to wild-type C57BL/6 Cdh23753A>G mice. This indicates that both the introduction of human wildtype COCH, and correction of Cdh23ahl in the humanized Coch lines was successful. Overall, our approach proved beneficial in eliminating potential adverse events of genomic humanization of mouse genes, and provides us with a model in which sequence-specific therapies directed against the human mutant COCH alle can be investigated. With the hearing and balance defects anticipated to occur late in the second year of life, a long-term follow-up study is ongoing to fully characterize the humanized Coch mouse model.

Novel compound heterozygous variants of the SEC23A gene in a Chinese family with cranio-lenticulo-sutural dysplasia based on data from a large cohort of congenital cataract patients

BackgroundCranio-lenticulo-sutural dysplasia (CLSD) is a rare dysmorphic syndrome characterized by skeletal dysmorphism, late-closing fontanels, and cataracts. CLSD is caused by mutations in the SEC23A gene (OMIM# 607812) and can be inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. To date, only four mutations have been reported to cause CLSD. This study aims to identify the disease-causing variants in a large cohort of congenital cataract patients, to expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of CLSD, and to confirm the association between SEC23A and autosomal recessive CLSD (ARCLSD).MethodsWe collected detailed medical records and performed comprehensive ocular examinations and whole-exome sequencing (WES) on 115 patients with congenital cataracts. After suspecting that a patient may have CLSD based on the sequencing results, we proceeded to conduct transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on the cultured skin fibroblasts. The clinical validity of the reported gene-disease relationships for the gene and the disease was evaluated using the ClinGen gene curation framework.ResultsTwo novel compound heterozygous variants (c.710A > C p.Asp237Ala, c.1946T > C p.Leu649Pro) of the SEC23A gene, classified as variant of uncertain significance, were identified in the proband with skeletal, cardiac, ocular, and hearing defects. The observation of typical distended endoplasmic reticulum cisternae further supported the diagnosis of CLSD. Application of the ClinGen gene curation framework confirmed the association between SEC23A and ARCLSD.ConclusionThis study expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of CLSD, proposes TEM as a supplemental diagnostic method, and indicates that congenital cataracts are a typical sign of ARCLSD.

Crouzon syndrome and celiac disease: A possible association? A case report

Crouzon Syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic disorder, due to mutation in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) and Receptor 3 (FGFR3) genes. Clinical features include craniosynostosis, craniofacial malformation, proptosis of the orbits, ocular strabismus, hearing defects, maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular prognathism.

Sound Citizenship: Hearing and Speech Disabilities in World War I

AbstractThis article discusses speech and hearing disabled Americans’ claims to citizenship during World War I, and the ways American policymakers sought to rehabilitate American soldiers treated in the U.S. Army Section of Defects of Hearing and Speech—or those classified after the Section’s closure as deaf, hard-of-hearing, or “speech defective.” Ultimately, I argue that one’s aural communication abilities were indicators of worthiness in American society and that this was especially the case during World War I, when tensions about speech and hearing heightened within and outside of the Deaf community due to significant pressures placed on Americans to show support for the war. Such pressures also shaped the experiences of American soldiers treated for speech and hearing disabilities after 1918, by suggesting that their service to the United States could not be complete until they were successfully rehabilitated through lip-reading training. To be able to aurally communicate signified the veterans’ sound citizenship in a literal and a metaphorical sense.

Comparison of the Components of Brainstem Auditory Responses Using Click and Chirp Stimuli in Premature Infants

Background and Objectives: Prematurity means that the baby is born before 37 months of age, which leads to various problems, including hearing defects. Timely detection of hearing loss with the help of tools that facilitate this identification, can have a significant impact on the child’s personal, social, and educational development. The aim of the present study was to achieve better responses using the chirp stimulus along with the click. The chirp stimulus can compensate for the time delay caused by low-frequency stimuli and increases the simultaneous presentation of high and low frequencies in the cochlea. Therefore, the morphology of the waves is improved, and the amplitude of responses increases; thus, the waves can be better identified despite the prematurity of the infants. Methods: Eighy newborns were examined in four groups, which were divided into term and preterm groups based on gestational age (including late preterm, moderate, and very preterm). The intensity of the click and chirp stimuli was fixed at 40 and 80 dB. The amplitude and latency of waves I, III, and V, the inter-peak latencies of I-III, III-V, and I-V, as well as the ratio of the amplitude of wave V/I were among the compared parameters. It should be mentioned in tables paired t-test was used in cases marked with *. Wilcoxon test was used in other cases. Results: The chirp stimulus mainly had less latency than the click stimulus and created a larger amplitude at a high intensity (80 dB). In the intensity close to the threshold, i.e. 40 dB, these findings were slightly different. The more developed the infants, the stronger the responses and the more effective the chirp stimulus in eliciting responses. Conclusion: The chirp stimulus was more effective in obtaining multiple components of brainstem-evoked responses in infants, especially preterm infants, and investigating the status of their auditory system. The use of a higher sample size could lead to an increase in the growth of clinical use and better efficiency of diagnostic protocols and responses.

Kochleární implantace jako řešení jednostranné hluchoty u dětí – první zkušenosti

Introduction: Single-sided deafness (SSD) is characterized by hearing loss in one ear (pure tone average – PTA – 70 dB HL and more) with practically normal hearing in the other ear (losses up to 30 dB HL). One of the solutions is cochlear implantation, which, unlike other compensatory mechanisms (CROS system, direct bone conduction systems), is the only one that enables binaural hearing. Material and methods: Six pediatric patients with SSD who underwent cochlear implantation at FN Motol in 2020–2021 were included in the study. We monitored the development of auditory perception with a cochlear implant, the ability of directional hearing and the average daily time of use of the sound processor. Results: All patients use the sound processor regularly, subjectively and objectively their hearing perception improved. Directional hearing is not yet demonstrable. We will continue to monitor the patients and the knowledge gained will need to be verified on a larger set in the future. Conclusion: Cochlear implantation can be a suitable way to solve unilateral deafness in children. When indicating, it is necessary to consider the etiology of the hearing defect, the duration of the deafness, and the motivation of the children and their parents to regularly use the sound processor. Keywords: cochlear implantation – speech perception – single sided deafness

A comparative study of the vocal parameters between hypofunctional and hyperfunctional dysphonia using perceptual and cepstral spectral index of dysphonia measures

Background: The main goal of the present study was to obtain the cepstral spectral index of dysphonia (CSID) scores for normophonic, hypo-functional dysphonic and hyper-functional dysphonic Indian population along with correlation of CSID and GRBAS scores for normophonic, hypo-functional dysphonic and hyper-functional dysphonic population using sustained production of vowel and oral passage of Bengali language. Methods: A total of 60 participants between 20-50 years were selected for the study. The participants were divided into three groups viz., 30 normal subjects, 15 subjects with hypofunctional dysphonia and 15 subjects with hyperfunctional dysphonia. The subjects were screened for speech and hearing defects. Recordings of sustained vowels and passage were done and then fed to measure CSID through PRAAT and software developed by C-DAC. Statistical analyses were done for the analyzed data using SPSS. Results: Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in CSID scores across hypofunctional dysphonia group and hyperfunctional dysphonia group when compared to normophonia group. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between hypofunctional and hyperfunctional dysphonia group in CSID score. A significantly strong correlation of CSID scores with the ‘G’ rating of GRBAS scores (p<0.01) were found for both hypofunctional dysphonia and hyperfunctional dysphonia groups. ROC analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity of CSID scores in two dysphonia groups with respect to normophonia group. Conclusions: The current study revealed significant differences obtained in CSID scores across normophonia, hypofunctional dysphonia and hyperfunctional dysphonia groups suggesting it as assessment tool to determine the presence of dysphonia.

SOX2-Sensing: Insights into the Role of SOX2 in the Generation of Sensory Cell Types in Vertebrates.

The SOX2 transcription factor is a key regulator of nervous system development, and its mutation in humans leads to a rare disease characterized by severe eye defects, cognitive defects, hearing defects, abnormalities of the CNS and motor control problems. SOX2 has an essential role in neural stem cell maintenance in specific regions of the brain, and it is one of the master genes required for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sox2 is expressed in sensory organs, and this review will illustrate how it regulates the differentiation of sensory cell types required for hearing, touching, tasting and smelling in vertebrates and, in particular, in mice.

Editorial Highlights

Every organism is a model organism for understanding development, evolution, disease, and regeneration, and we have only begun to scratch the surface of the interdisciplinary genetic, molecular, cellular, and developmental mechanisms that regulate these biological processes. These “Highlights” denote exciting advances recently reported in Developmental Dynamics that illustrate the complex dynamics of developmental biology. Ocular Development and Disease. “Zebrafish model of RERE syndrome recapitulates key ophthalmic defects that are rescued by small molecule inhibitor of shh signaling” by Aman George, Jerry Lee, James Liu, Suzie Kim and Brian Brooks; DevDyn 252:4, pp. 495-509; https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.561. Mutations in the human RERE gene (ATROPHIN 2, OMIM *605226) are associated with a neuro-developmental disorder that includes ophthalmic, cardiac, genitourinary and hearing defects. This study demonstrates that rerea mutant (babyface) zebrafish recapitulate the optic fissure closure defects that result from loss of RERE function in humans. Interestingly, the RERE gene acts as a transcriptional corepressor in various nuclear receptor signaling pathways, and the optic fissure phenotype is associated with expansion of proximal retinal optic stalk in concert with deregulated shh signaling. Consistent with this model, inhibiting shh signaling can rescue the coloboma phenotype. Craniofacial Biology. “Frem1 activity is regulated by Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the cranial neural crest mesenchyme during midfacial morphogenesis” by Matthew McLaughlin, Miranda Sun, Tyler Beames, Austin Steward, Joshua Theisen, Hannah Chung, Joshua Everson, Ivan Moskowitz, Michael Sheets and Robert Lipinski; DevDyn 252:4, pp. 483-494; https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.555. The human face exhibits remarkable variation, and is also highly prone to developmental anomalies. The Frem/Fras family of extracellular matrix proteins has been implicated in regulating face shape variation as well as being mutated in the pathogenesis of disorders such as Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal bifid nose with or without anorectal and renal anomalies, and Fraser syndromes. This study examined the activity of Frem1 during facial morphogenesis and identified Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) as an upstream regulator that promotes the proliferation of neural crest cells. Shh-Frem1 signaling is disrupted during the pathogenesis of midface hypoplasia, which provides deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying congenital craniofacial anomalies, and variation in midfacial morphogenesis. Organogenesis. “Foxd1 is required for 3D patterning of the kidney interstitial matrix by Sarah Lipp, Kathryn Jacobson, Andrew Schwaderer, David Hains and Sarah Calve; DevDyn 252:4, pp. 463-482; https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.545. The extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises a complex network of proteins and glycosaminoglycans that functions as a reservoir of growth factors, while also providing structural integrity and support during kidney development. This study combined 3D imaging and proteomics to investigate the role of Foxd1 in stromal cells, which are responsible for synthesizing the interstitial extracellular matrix, and document how the extracellular matrix dynamically changes during normal murine kidney development and in a model of kidney hypodysplasia. Changes in interstitial extracellular matrix corresponded to disruptions in stromal cell patterning, which helps to shed light on why human patients with connective tissue disorders have an increased incidence of kidney cysts and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

ETHIOPIAN CENTENARIANS: HEALTH CONDITIONS AND SENSORY/COGNITIVE FUNCTIONALITY

Abstract Globally, the centenarian population is expected to increase in the coming three decades reaching 3 million by 2050. In Ethiopia, like other Sub-Saharan African countries, information about the health condition, sensory and cognitive functionality of centenarians is scanty. This study examined the health conditions and sensory/cognitive functionality of Ethiopian centenarians. A qualitative case study design was employed. Nine centenarians (1 woman, 8 men) between age 100 and 108 were identified using snowball sampling. Data were generated through in-depth interviews and analyzed using descriptive analysis. All 9 were Orthodox Christians and lived in rural areas either with their wives (3) or other relatives. Four centenarians could read and write, two attended grade eight and nine, and three were non-literate. Before retirement the centenarians engaged in different occupations as farmers (4), shoemaker, government employee, school teacher, priest, “bounty hunter” and mechanic. Most perceived that their sensory and cognitive functionality was normal until their later 90s except for minor complaints. Centenarians faced walking difficulty (5), joint tightness (4), back pain (4), fatigue, dental issues, stuttering, hypertension (3), insomnia, diabetes, anorexia, severe headache, constipation and anxiety. Two centenarians identified themselves as escapers. Centenarians faced hearing defect (4), sight problems, and a decrease in taste and smell. Two reported proper functioning of their sensory organs. Despite various health problems, the Ethiopian centenarians aspired to live longer resiliently. Findings call for further study and the need for social workers, caregivers, and health care practitioners to consider the health conditions, sensory and cognitive functionality of centenarians.

Audiometric studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Hearing defects can cause inconvenience in communication which can have prodigious impact on the psychological, social and emotional functions. The increasing incidence of diabetes and profound effect of hearing loss on quality of life mandates the need to study the possible association between the two. Materials and method: An observational study was conducted including 100 participants such that 50 were non-diabetic (group A) and another 50 were diabetic. The participants of two groups were matched for age and gender. The Random Blood Sugar, HbA1c, Pure Tone Audiometry were assessed. The statistical analysis of data was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 21.0 version, IBM, Chicago. Results: The median age of the participants belonging to group A and B was 39.0 years and 40.0 years respectively. No significant association was observed between the presence or absence of diabetes and hearing loss (Chi-square value- 2.1, df-3, p value>.05). Amongst the patients with diabetes, the HbA1c level was found to have no significant association with the severity of hearing loss (Chi-square value- 9.243, df-4, p value>.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that there is no significant difference in hearing loss amongst the persons with and without diabetes.

Přínos vysokofrekvenční tónové audiometrie – retrospektivní studie

Summary Introduction: High-frequency audiometry is not usually carried out during routine hearing examinations. It is a frequently used method at the ENT Clinic of the University Hospital Motol (especially in patients being treated for tumours of the pontocerebellar angle), although the exact indicative criteria for this have not been determined. We aimed to characterize a group of patients, using a method which improved the accuracy of the diagnostics. Material and methodology: We analysed 1,515 audiograms retrospectively. These audiograms were performed by using audiometer MADSEN Astera of GN Otometrics during 2011–2018 in 773 adults, aged 16–80 (47.79 ±13.54). They all underwent high-frequency audiometry comprising of all commonly examined frequencies up to 8 kHz, and also at higher frequencies of – 9 kHz, 10 kHz, 11.2 kHz, 12.5 kHz, 14 kHz a 16 kHz. The indication was very diverse – subjective hypacusis/hyperacusis, tinnitus, vestibulopathy, acutrauma, or an already known diagnosis of a pontocerebellar tumour. Results: We identifi ed a clinically signifi cant asymmetry or pathological elevation of the hearing threshold, which was only detectable at frequencies above 8 kHz in 52 patients (6.73%). This group consisted of patients with vestibular schwannoma (48.08%), other tumours and vascular malformations of the temporal region (11.53%), vestibulopathy (3.85%), and patients that had never developed a serious pathology (23.08%). They were mostly patients with straightforward hypacusis or tinnitus. Conclusion: In clinical practice, there are cases of patients with a hearing defect that can only be detected when HFA is performed. HFA clarifi es the diagnosis of hearing disorders and can lead to the detection of potentially life-threatening conditions such as tumours and vascular malformations of the otological area. Key words high-frequency audiometry – hearing loss – tinnitus

Good maternal and fetal outcomes of three consecutive pregnancies in a Mediterranean woman with Alport syndrome: a case report

BackgroundAlport syndrome is a rare inherited disorder affecting the glomerular basement membrane, manifested by hematuria and proteinuria that is commonly associated with ocular and hearing defects. There is limited information about the maternal and fetal outcomes of Alport syndrome in pregnancy.Case presentationWe describe a smooth course of pregnancy, a good maternal outcome, and a good fetal outcome in three consecutive pregnancies for a 35-year-old Mediterranean woman with Alport syndrome over a 10-year duration. Although there was a nephrotic range of progressive proteinuria in all her pregnancies, there was a prompt drop in proteinuria within 2 weeks of her deliveries. She has constantly shown a normal serum creatinine level and a normal serum protein level in all her pregnancies. Apart from a single episode of asymptomatic hypertension in her second pregnancy at 34 weeks of gestation that returned to a normal range immediately after delivery, she was normotensive antenatally and postnatally. She gave birth by cesarean section to three healthy newborns.ConclusionsA normal prepregnancy creatinine level and a mild range of proteinuria in a patient with normotension, who is not on any medication, are associated with good maternal and fetal outcomes. Furthermore, successful pregnancy that is followed by a normal renal function test might suggest a favorable outcome for any future pregnancy.

Why did preterm birth rates fall during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Why did preterm birth rates fall during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Effectiveness of a Screening Toolkit on Empowering Mothers about Neonatal Screening Tests for Metabolic Disorders and Hearing Defects

Effectiveness of a Screening Toolkit on Empowering Mothers about Neonatal Screening Tests for Metabolic Disorders and Hearing Defects