Default Meaning Research Articles

PMVd/PPDd model for predicting thermal comfort in air-conditioned buildings in hot and humid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa

The model for predicting thermal comfort conditions established by Fanger remains widely used in scientific work, as a default means of in situ measurements. However, the use of Fanger data leads to dissatisfaction among users of air-conditioned buildings in humid tropical areas. This conclusion emerges from the work of Kemajou and al. (Cameroon) and Olissan and al. (Benin) in 2012, after survey studies on the judgments of thermal sensations of people occupying various air-conditioned spaces. This article develops a correction model for the Fanger model, by coupling the latter to models for predicting skin temperature and heat loss by evaporation of sweat through the skin, as well as to the skin thermal sensitivity of people active in a humid tropical climate. The model thus determined shows that the predicted optimal comfort temperatures are located in the range of 26.1 °C to 27.5 °C and better meets the expectations of the populations in this region. The respective differences with the investigations of Kemajou and al. and those of Olissan and al. are 0.40 °C and 0.55 °C. It also appears that the comfort humidity range is 30% to 80%, apart from any other safety measures.

Ideas of the university.

When intellectual values are no longer paramount, other commitments-say to the professionalized disciplinary pathways that have congealed as the default means of university organization and governance-not only fill the vacuum but seriously limit our imagination.

Penyelesaian Terhadap Wanprestasi Pengguna Aplikasi Go-Jek Berupa Pembatalan Orderan Sepihak Terhadap Pengemudi (Driver) Go-Food Di Wilayah Kota Payakumbuh

Gojek Indonesia is a technology company, not a transportation company that provides transportation services. The service features available on the go-jek application are go-food, which is a delivery service provided by go-jek companies to buy and deliver food orders to their users. The large number of consumers who use this application always cancel orders unilaterally which results in default in an agreement. This study discusses the settlement of defaults on the use of the gojek application in the form of unilateral cancellation of orders for gofood drivers in the Payakumbuh City area. This research raises two problems, namely What is the process for the birth of an agreement between gojek drivers and go-jek application users in food ordering activities, What is the settlement of compensation for defaults on gojek application users in the form of unilateral cancellation of orders against go-jek drivers? Food. This study uses the Juridical Empirical method. The data sources used are Primary Data through interview studies and document studies and Secondary Data through primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study show how the process of the birth of an agreement between go-jek drivers and go-jek application users in food ordering activities and settlement of compensation for defaults on go-jek application users in the form of unilateral cancellation of orders against go-food drivers. The implementation that occurs for consumers purchasing food and drinks through the online ordering application, as mentioned, does not always go well. There are also actions that can harm other parties in their implementation, especially when ordering food and drinks using an online application, in other words, consumers do not come directly to the places where the food and beverage sellers are concerned. Default means negligence, negligence, default, not fulfilling its obligations in the agreement. Based on the Consumer Protection Act, there are rights and obligations held by business actors.

한국어 이접 표지자 ‘이나’와 ‘인가’의 의미 분석

The purpose of this study is to investigate the semantic meaning of two subtypes of disjunctive in Korean, ina and inka. Thus far, compared to ina, the study on inka and its different meaning has less conducted. The research questions are follows: First, what are the core properties of ina and inka? Second, how can we capture the commonality and difference of ina and inka within a unified analysis? Based on a set of empirical data, our suggestions are as follows: First, following Alternative Semantics, the default meaning of ina and inka disjunction can be taken as a set of propositions. Second, unlike ‘or’ in English, inka in Korean can give rise to exclusive and ignorance inference, which is captured by enclosement of Hamblin existential quantifier and presupposition of referential vagueness. Our novel finding suggests that Korean employs a diverse system of disjunctive between typical disjunctive ina vs. a variant of epistemic uncertainty, inka.

GUGATAN WANPRESTASI TERHADAP TUNGGAKAN PEMBAYARAN BARANG FARMASI KEPADA PERUSAHAAB DISTRIBUTOR FARMASI (Studi Putusan Nomor 15/Pdt.Gs/2022/PN.Tjk)

Default comes from the Dutch language "wanprestastie", which means non-fulfillment of achievements or obligations that have been assigned to certain parties in an engagement, both agreements born of an agreement or agreements arising from a law. According to the Legal Dictionary, default means negligence, negligence, default, not fulfilling its obligations in the agreement. Legal Consequences of Default Against Arrears in Payment of Pharmaceutical Goods to Pharmaceutical Distributor Companies in Decision Number 15/Pdt.Gs/2022/ PN. Tjk is that Muhamad Sutedjo must pay his payment obligations to the Plaintiff Rp. 113,424,307.50 (one hundred thirteen million four hundred twenty four thousand three hundred seven rupiah and fifty cents). And plus paying interest of 6% (six percent) per year from IDR 113,424,307.50 (one hundred thirteen million four hundred twenty four thousand three hundred seven rupiah fifty cents) starting from June 14, 2022 (due date of subpoena second from the Plaintiff) until this decision was read out and the Basis for consideration of the Judge in imposing a decision on default in the arrears of payment for pharmaceutical goods to a Pharmaceutical Distributor Company in Decision Number 15/Pdt.Gs/2022/PN.Tjk is based on the provisions in Article 1320 KUH Civil requirements for the validity of an agreement, Article 1925 of the Civil Code Jo Article 163 HIR/283 RBg because the Defendant did not dispute, Supreme Court Jurisprudence Number 063 K/PDT/1987 concerning Addition of interest of 6% of the principal amount of the loan and Article 18 paragraph (1) Perma Number 4 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Perma Number 2 of 2015 concerning Procedures for Settlement of Simple Claims.

Navigating the pitfalls of language standardisation: The imperfect binary ofauthenticityandanonymityin Creole-speaking Martinique

AbstractStandardisation is often touted as the default means to improve attitudes towards minoritised languages and prevent/reverse their obsolescence. However, standardisation can ‘tamper’ with the indexicalities of minoritised languages, potentially alienating their speakers. Two aspects of standardisation stand out as particularly problematic: the shift from ‘ideologies of authenticity’ to ‘ideologies of anonymity’ (Woolard 2016), and the resulting introduction/intensification of prescriptivism (Eckert 1983). Although much literature focuses on the irreconcilable nature of these ideologies, I show that their discursive manifestations are neither clear-cut nor always incompatible. First, I analyse a TV debate on the standardisation of Martinican Creole (MC), in which the fault-line between authenticity and anonymity is blurred and partially overcome. Next, I draw on a Martinican activist's Instagram profile to show how various discursive strategies and a positive take on language variation can help promote MC as an ‘anonymous’ language without forgoing its ‘authenticity’ or openly stigmatising spontaneous practices. (Minoritised languages, Creoles, Martinique, maintenance, standardisation, ideologies of authenticity, anonymity, prescriptivism, purism,Abstand)*

A Top-Down Survey on Optical Wireless Communications for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology marking the beginning of a new era where physical, biological, and digital worlds are integrated by connecting a plethora of uniquely identifiable smart objects. Although the Internet of Terrestrial Things (IoTT) has been at the center of our IoT perception, it has been recently extended to different environments, such as the Internet of Underwater Things (IoWT), the Internet of Biomedical Things (IoBT), and Internet of Underground Things (IoGT). Even though radio frequency (RF) based wireless networks are regarded as the default means of connectivity, they are not always the best option due to the limited spectrum, interference limitations caused by the ever-increasing number of devices, and severe propagation loss in transmission mediums other than air. As a remedy, optical wireless communication (OWC) technologies can complement, replace, or co-exist with audio and radio wave-based wireless systems to improve overall network performance. To this aim, this paper reveals the full potential of OWC-based IoT networks by providing a top-down survey of four main IoT domains: IoTT, IoWT, IoBT, and IoGT. Each domain is covered by a dedicated and self-contained section that starts with a comparative analysis, explains how OWC can be hybridized with existing wireless technologies, points out potential OWC applications fitting best the related IoT domain, and discusses open communication and networking research problems. More importantly, instead of presenting a visionary OWC-IoT framework, the survey discloses that OWC-IoT has become a reality by emphasizing ongoing proof-of-concept prototyping efforts and available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) OWC-IoT products.

The Black African female student fighting for survival: Gendered and cultural challenges of online learning

abstract With the onset of the pandemic, online learning has become the default means of education from primary school to tertiary level. In the quest for the education system to continue, a swift transition to online learning was made and both students and educators were left scrambling. Through my lecturing experience I witnessed ways in which online learning has been a crippling experience for many students, leaving them to face a host of challenges. Not only are they dealing with trying to piece together some kind of educational experience, but many students’ lives have been severely impacted by socio-economic factors. Household responsibilities and chores, which mostly fall on the shoulders of Black African female learners, have a severe impact on their ability to participate in the online learning space. Many students living in remote rural areas are unable to access the internet due to limited network connectivity. Several students are also learning from home in conditions that are not conducive to online learning, such as cramped living conditions with no access to proper water and sanitation. Online education gives the illusion of inclusivity, but it truly is an exclusive experience that can only be afforded by the rich. This paper takes the form of an educator’s reflective perspective on online learning at a university in South Africa, and particularly focuses on the Black African female educators’ and the Black African female students’ experiences.

Wanprestasi Dalam Perjanjian Antara Taylor Mahirah Gorden Dengan Pemilik Pakaian

Default means less performance either or does not fulfill this obligation as which has been agreed. No only it can also be meant the absence of something Achievement. and if there is a default, icertainly infringement of in law interest, iinterest which is regulated and protected by law - the debtor, even though-has been declared negligent, still negligent to fulfill the commitment, or if something which must be given or do only in a time which has been determined. The type of study used in in this study is a juridical empirical study. The data sources for this research are primary data and secondary data. This research is classified as research with qualitative data types, namely by managing primary data sourced from Taylor Mahirah Gorden. The results of the research from this paper indicate that: 1) What are the causes for the occurrence of default in the agreement between the sewing owner and the tailor. 2) Efforts to resolve non- performance that were carried out by business sewing services clothes Taylor Mahirah curtains.

Action Verb Nosi `Cooking` in Bima Language: A Study of Natural Semantic Metalanguage

There are two subordinate structures in action verbs, namely uncompositional polysemy. Action verbs to do and happen are action verbs with uncomposed polysemy, including Cooking Nose. This research aims to find out the mapping and explication of the 'cooking' action verb. The method used is qualitative. The data source consists of oral data taken from key informants, written data collected from storybooks in the Bima language and language intuition. The technique used is interview and literature study. The data collection method is advanced, namely the agih method with the application of transformation and insertion techniques used to reveal the original meaning contained in BBM. The default meaning is used to determine the semantic structure of VBBm by explication or paraphrasing techniques. Each verb nosi cooking is based on: the tool, the model of movement, the part of the entity that is being treated, the result that the agent wants to achieve. The results show that the Bima language action verb 'Cooking' in general has a component mapping `X Doing something to Y` and therefore `Something happened to Y`. A number of words that contain the meaning of cooking: lowi, mbako, danda, salunga, puru, sanggowo, sanggapi, suje, ncango, and tumi, gule. This variant has unique semantic characteristics so that the meaning content of each word is different even though it is still in the same field of meaning (Cf. Adawiyah, 2021).

Unmaking Masculine Determinacy: A Postmodern Challenge in Suzan-Lori Parks’ Venus

Abstract Venus, a play written by Suzan-Lori Parks, employs unconventional theatrical approaches in retelling the history of a 19th-century freak show attraction. This study examines how the critique of gender bias and sexual manipulations in Venus is explored and projected in ways that can be described as postmodern. Through the subversion of conventional forms and language, the blending of fact and fiction, the pastiches of both low and high generic and linguistic presentations, the liberating of a marginalized voice, and the revision of the philosophical premises that subordinate the female to the male order, the play questions the masculine determinacy inherent in social institutions and traditions and invites a conscious reconsideration of default meaning and truth.

A deliberate language policy or a perceived lack of agency: Heritage language maintenance in the Polish community in Melbourne

Aims: By applying the tripartite framework of family language policy, this study seeks to gain insight into heritage language maintenance of Polish families in Melbourne. To this end, an integrative investigation of family language policy encapsulating the heritage language perceptions, practices and management will be employed. Methodology: Based on the data collected through the online questionnaire supplemented with in-depth interviews, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been conducted to obtain a sociolinguistic picture of the convoluted dependencies. Data and analysis: The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded according to the grounded theory approach. The recurrent themes were noted. The existing social patterns were conceptualised through the process of constant comparison. The excerpts selected for analysis illustrate how critical have been the informants’ beliefs and practices concerning heritage language maintenance. Findings and conclusions: The data analyses of the researched families disclose a wide range of practices where certain discrepancies are observed between declarations and the actual language behaviours. It also emerges that without parents’ reinforcement and establishing the heritage language as a default means of communication at home, children suffer from lower productive skills. Originality: This paper delves into how Polish is maintained as a heritage language by the second generation of Polish-speaking immigrants. It explores the Polish community, one of the well-established yet understudied groups that make up multicultural Australia. It unfolds an account of the dynamics of family language policy, illustrating how they are constantly negotiated, contested and formed by parents. Significance/implications: The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion of language policies and heritage language maintenance by demonstrating that the hardship and distress resulting from heritage language acquisition as well as language maintenance are incumbent primarily on family language policy. The researched group is an average-size immigrant community situated in the context with limited institutional support resolving down to Polish Saturday schools.

UK allergy and immunology in a post‐COVID‐19 era

UK allergy and immunology in a post‐COVID‐19 era

SUNG POEMS AND POETIC SONGS: HELLENISTIC DEFINITIONS OF POETRY, MUSIC AND THE SPACES IN BETWEEN

Simply by formulating a question about the nature of ancient Greek poetry or music, any modern English speaker is already risking anachronism. In recent years especially, scholars have reminded one another that the words ‘music’ and ‘poetry’ denote concepts with no easy counterpart in Greek. μουσική in its broadest sense evokes not only innumerable kinds of structured movement and sound but also the political, psychological and cosmic order of which song, verse and dance are supposed to be perceptible manifestations. Likewise, ποίησις and the ποιητικὴ τέχνη can encompass all kinds of ‘making’, from the assembly of a table to the construction of a rhetorical argument. Of course, there were specifically artistic usages of these terms—according to Plato, ‘musical and metrical production’ was the default meaning of ποίησις in everyday speech. But even in discussions which restrict themselves to the sphere of human art, we find nothing like the neat compartmentalization of harmonized rhythmic melody on the one hand, and stylized verbal composition on the other, which is often casually implied or expressly formulated in modern comparisons of ‘music’ with ‘poetry’. For many ancient theorists the City Dionysia, a dithyrambic festival and a recitation of Homer all featured different versions of one and the same form of composition, a μουσική or ποιητική to which λόγοι, γράμματα and συλλαβαί were just as essential as ἁρμονία, φθόγγοι, ῥυθμός and χρόνοι.

VERBA LEMPAR BAHASA BALI: KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK ALAMI

Throwing verbs in Balinese language have several lexicon variations which show differention of context meaning. The lexicon variations for the word ‘throw’ depend on what is used to throw, the extent of the throw, the target of the throw, and the effects caused by the throw. This verb analysis is examined based on the Natural Semantics Metalanguage (NSM) approach which is a modern semantic study initiated by Wierzbicka (1996) which aims to describe the lexical, grammatical, and illocutionary meaning of a language. The results obtained that throwing verbs can be divided into two groups, namely based on the target throwing (nyabat, nyampar, nylampar, nylémpang, nimpug, and medut), and without target throwing (nguerang and ngentungang). Verbs meaning 'throwing' in Balinese only has one prototype, that is, the prototype of action and this prototype also only has one default meaning type, namely the type of doing: thrown, and semantic verb structure which means 'throwing' in Balinese has a syntactic pattern NSM X does something at Y and something happens to Y.

영어 초점사 only의 중의성에 대한 한국인 영어 학습자의 이해 선호도에 관한 연구

This study examines Korean EFL learners’ interpretations of ambiguous focuses in sentences with preverbal only (e.g., Max only carries the stones). Ambiguous sentences containing preverbal only are known to evoke three possible meanings depending on which of the following its scope is assigned to: a noun phrase (NP) as a direct object, a verb (V) or a verb phrase (VP). To investigate which default meaning is preferred in the comprehension of preverbal only, forty four Korean EFL learners and ten native English speakers participated in the study using a sentence completion task which differed from a picture-based Truth-value Judgment Task used in previous studies. Participants were asked to read a background story followed by a sentence with preverbal only and then fill in the blank in a following sentence with NP, V or VP contrast information depending on their preferred interpretation. As a result, Korean EFL learners as well as native English speakers were found to prefer the NP-focused interpretation as the default meaning. These results are discussed in relation to methodological issues and sentence processing principles.

Firms’ Tempered Radicalism in Global Entry and Scaling of Electric Vehicle Technology

Insurgent technologies often find it hard to challenge established technologies when the latter is highly consolidated, and has insurmountable economies of scale. Firms attempting to change the status quo often have to look to global expansion as a default means of gaining scale in research and production. An example is electric vehicles (all-electric and hybrid) challenging the ubiquitous fossil-fuel powered vehicles. We find that successful entrant firms in such domains are best described as “tempered radicals”. They prefer to enter global markets that already have a higher established base of consumers for the radical version of the technology (all-electrics), instead of breaking new ground from scratch where such acceptance is minimal. Yet they are more able to enter new markets when they have a greater experience in working with the hybrid version of the technology. We identify these effects using instrumental variables, and empirically discuss contingencies of resources, capabilities, and existing local commitments of employment. However, even though tempered, such entrants ultimately are radical in their actions, such as by switching away from the hybrid versions to the radical version of the technology as they gain more experience in a country market, post-entry. Additionally such shifts in portfolios to the radical technology are moderated by existing size of fossil fuel production in a country, local competition, and other entries.

Creativity in Metaphor Interpretation

This paper looks at corpus- and survey-based evidence of innovative interpretative metaphor use that changes the default meaning of well-established figurative constructions. Specifically, we look at interpretation induced changes in the meaning of corporeal metaphors, on the basis of a corpus of British political discourse and a questionnaire survey of more than 1000 respondents from 31 linguistic backgrounds in 10 countries. The corpus-based evidence consists of metaphor-production data that show how situational variation in metaphor use can over time create a semantic-pragmatic drift that changes the dominant meaning of a conventional metaphor expression. The questionnaire survey reveals four distinct models for BODY focused readings (i.e. NATION AS GEOBODY, AS HIERARCHICAL FUNCTIONAL WHOLE, AS PART OF SPEAKER’S BODY, AS PART OF LARGER BODY), plus a further set PERSON-focused readings. The two most frequent BODY-focused interpretations, i.e. NATION AS GEOBODY and NATION AS HIERARCHICAL FUNCTIONAL WHOLE, as well as the PERSON-stereotypes versions show divergent frequency and elaboration patterns across the Chinese- vs. English-L1 respondent groups, which may be linked to specific cultural conceptual and discursive traditions. Both data sets indicate a strong creative element in metaphor interpretation, which accounts for a significant degree of variation in the creation of new metaphorical concepts.

Pitting the MFN Genie Back in the Bottle

This essay underscores the importance of background understandings in general international law for interpreting brief, open-ended clauses such as MFN clauses. Contrary to Batifort and Heath’s claim, I suggest that often interpreters of MFN clauses cannot limit themselves to the text, context, and preparatory materials of a specific MFN clause. A common international negotiating technique, including for investment treaties, is to rely on the general background understanding of what a clause typically means in international law—its default meaning. I also argue that MFN clauses have played a surprisingly limited role in the international investment regime to date. In the main, they have functioned as a stepping stone for procedural and substantive guarantees found in third-party investment treaties. This use, and the limited role of MFN clauses in investment treaty awards, stands in sharp contrast to MFN clauses in the trade regime.

Residential inter-zonal ventilation rates for exposure modeling

ABSTRACTResidential inter-zonal (e.g., between rooms) ventilation is comprised of fresh air infiltration in and exfiltration out of the whole house plus the “fresh” air that is entering (and exiting) the room of interest from other rooms or areas within the house. Clearly, the inter-zone ventilation rate in any room of interest will be greater than the infiltration/exfiltration ventilation rate of outdoor air for the whole house. The purpose of this study is to determine how much greater the inter-zonal ventilation rate is in typical U.S. residences compared to the whole house ventilation rate from outdoor air. The data for this statistical analysis came from HouseDB, a 1995 EPA database of residential ventilation rates. Analytical results indicate that a lognormal distribution provides the best fit to the data. Lognormal probability distribution functions (PDFs) are provided for various inter-zonal ventilation rates for comparison to the PDF for the whole house ventilation rates. All ventilation rates are expressed as air change rates per hour (ACH). These PDFs can be used as inputs to exposure models. This analysis suggests that if one were performing a deterministic analysis for unknown housing stocks in the U.S., a default mean and median ACH values of 0.4/hr and 0.3/hr, respectively, for whole house ventilation would be appropriate; and 0.7/hr and 0.6/hr, respectively, for inter-zonal ventilation.