Default Color Research Articles

"Paper White" Characters and the Desire for Homogeneity in Spanish-Language Picturebooks

In this article, we examine a corpus of recommended Spanish-language picturebooks published in Spain and Latin America between 2012–2018. We examine a corpus of fifty-six books that have received awards or are highlighted by reading-promotion institutions inquiring into how race and ethnicity are narrated in them. We first notice a predominant whiteness in these picturebooks: often characters are "paper white," as their faces take the white of the default color of the paper. We undertake a critical content analysis informed by intersectionality and decolonial thinking to show how ethnicity is absent, erased, or folklorized in these recommended picturebooks.

Objective Scheimpflug imaging of the healing cascade and repair process of striate keratopathy with the concept of optical blooming

To our knowledge, assessment of striate keratopathy (SK) is subjectively done with slit-lamp bio-microscopic examination, which is the most common practice. In this manuscript, we have reported the role of objective scheimpflug imaging modality, in decoding the healing and repair process of SK, post prolonged cataract surgery. The quantitative and qualitative framing of this pathology with hyperreflective and hyporeflective hot spots (optical blooming) has never been reported in the literature before. In addition to the imaging of the cascadic events of SK in default colour, the role of digital calipers in the measurement of corneal thickness in SK (in inverse colour) is also highlighted. This manuscript throws light on the unique features of scheimpflug imaging technology, for the possible consideration of it as a routine post-operative investigation in patients undergoing prolonged or complicated cataract surgery, in quantifying their SK.

Preprocessing of Skin Images and Feature Selection for Early Stage of Melanoma Detection using Color Feature Extraction

Preprocessing is an essential part to achieve good segmentation since it affects the feature extraction process. Melanoma have various shapes and their extracted features from image are used for early stage detection. Due to the fact that melanoma is one of dangerous diseases, early detection is required to prevent further phase of cancer from developing. In this paper, we propose a new framework to detect cancer on skin images using color feature extraction and feature selection. The default color space of skin images is RGB, then brightness is added to distinguish the normal and darken area on the skin. After that, average filter and histogram equalization are applied as well for attaining a good color intensities which are capable of determining normal skin from suspicious one. Otsu thresholding is utilized afterwards for melanoma segmentation. There are 147 features extracted from segmented images. Those features are reduced using three types of feature selection algorithms: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Correlation based Feature Selection (CFS), and Relief. All selected features are classified using k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN). Relief is known to be the best feature selection method among others and the optimal k value is 7 with 10-cross validation with accuracy of 0.835 and 0.845, without and with feature selection respectively. The result indicates that the frameworks is applicable for early skin cancer detection.

Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Colorization the Grayscale Image

Recently, there have been several automatic approaches to color grayscale images, which depend on the internal features of the grayscale images. There are several scales which are considered as a prominent key to extract the corresponding chromatic value of the gray level. In this aspect, colorizing methods that rely on automatic algorithms are still under investigation, especially after the development of neural networks used to recognize the features of images. This paper develops a new model to obtain a color image from an original grayscale image through the use of the Support Vector Machine to recognize the features of grayscale images which are extracted from two stages: the first stage is Haar Discrete Wavelets Transform used to configure the vector that combines with six of Statistical Measurements: (Mean, Variance, Skewness, Kurtosis, Energy and Standard Deviation) extracts from the grayscales image in the second stage. After the Support Vector Machine recognition has been done, the colorization process uses the result of Support Vector Machine to recover the color to greyscale images by using YCbCr color system then it converts the color to default color system (RGB) to be more clear. The proposed model will be able to move away from relying on the user to identify the source image which matches in color levels and it exceeds the network determinants of image types with similar color levels. In addition, Support Vector Machine is considered to be more reliable than neural networks in classification algorithms. The model performance is evaluated by using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) in measuring the success of the assumed modal of matching the coloring (resulting) images and the original color images. So, a reality-related result has been obtained at a good rate for all the tested images. This model has proved to be successful in the process of recognizing the chromatic values of greyscale images then retrieving it. It takes less time complexity in trained data, and it isn’t complex in working.

PROTOTYPE OF STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING FUZZY MAMDANI METHOD

Street light usually set to turn on at night based on fixed time setting. In rainy condition, it will be better that the street light turned on and the color of light is yellow instead of white for effectiveness of human sight. In this research, a system which could control the street light will be designed by considering environmental light intensity, rainy condition, and time setting. Fuzzy Mamdani method is used to adjust the level of the street light intensity. The experiment results show that the system work properly. The light intensity of the street lights can change automatically adapting the brightness of environmental light and rainy or non-rainy conditions through the fuzzy process with the highest light intensity about 248.93 (in 0-255 PWM range) with an average error between experiment results and simulation using Matlab about 0.05%. In rainy condition, the color of the street light will turn to yellow from default color (white).

The detection effect of pavement 3D texture morphology using improved binocular reconstruction algorithm with laser line constraint

To improve the precision of traditional binocular reconstruction technology andbetter serve the traffic safety, laser line constraint was firstly introduced. Then three different matching modes, namely the default color, enhanced target line and region segmentation, were established. Finally, the improved binocular reconstruction test system and the three-dimensional texture morphology measurement accuracy evaluation device were produced. The effect of matching modes on the test precision of three-dimensional texture morphology of asphalt pavement was further analyzed. The results show that the introduction of laser line constraint improves the precision for both overall measurement and single point measurement. The improved algorithm under the region segmentation matching mode has a good reconstruction effect. The average deviation of the overall measurement is 0.02 mm, and the maximum deviation of the single point measurement is 0.14 mm, which can meet the requirements of pavement texture detection in skid resistance evaluation.

Reproducible Color Gamut of Hematoxylin and Eosin Stained Images in Standard Color Spaces

A whole-slide imaging (WSI) system is a digital color imaging system used in digital pathology with the potential to substitute the conventional light microscope. A WSI system digitalizes a glass slide by converting the optical image to digital data with a scanner and then converting the digital data back to the optical image with a display. During the digital-to-optical or optical-to-digital conversion, a color space is required to define the mapping between the digital domain and the optical domain so that the numerical data of each color pixel can be interpreted meaningfully. Unfortunately, many current WSI products do not specify the designated color space clearly, which leaves the user using the universally default color space, sRGB. sRGB is a legacy color space that has a limited color gamut, which is known to be unable to reproduce all color shades present in histology slides. In this work, experiments were conducted to quantitatively investigate the limitation of the sRGB color space used in WSI systems. Eight hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained tissue samples, including human bladder, brain, breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, and uterus, were measured with a multispectral imaging system to obtain the true colors at the pixel level. The measured color truth of each pixel was converted into the standard CIELAB color space to test whether it was within the color gamut of the sRGB color space. Experiment results show that all the eight images have a portion of pixels outside the sRGB color gamut. In the worst-case scenario, the bladder sample, about 35% of the image exceeded the sRGB color gamut. The results suggest that the sRGB color space is inadequate for WSI scanners to encode H and E-stained whole-slide images, and an sRGB display may have insufficient color gamut for displaying H and E-stained histology images.

Colour maps for fisheries acoustic echograms

Abstract Echograms are used to visualize fisheries acoustic data, but choice of colour map has a significant effect on appearance. Quantitative echograms should use colour maps, which are colourful (have a perceived variety and intensity of colours), sequential (have monotonic lightness), and perceptually uniform (have consistency of perceived colour contrast over their range). We measure whether colour maps are colourful (M^(3)>0), sequential (rs=±1), and perceptually uniform (ρ = 1) using an approximately perceptually uniform colour space (CIELAB). Whilst all the fisheries acoustic colour maps tested are colourful, none is sequential or perceptually uniform. The widely used EK500 colour map is extremely colourful (M^(3)=186), not sequential (rs=0.06), and has highly uneven perceptual contrast over its range (ρ=0.26). Of the fisheries acoustic colour maps tested, the Large Scale Survey System default colour map is least colourful (M^(3)=79), but comes closest to being sequential (rs=−0.94), and perceptually uniform (ρ=0.95). Modern colour maps have been specifically designed for colour contrast consistency, accessibility for viewers with red-green colour-blindness, and legibility when printed in monochrome, and may be better suited to the presentation and interpretation of quantitative fisheries acoustic echograms.

Metal Slot Color Filter Based on Thin Air Slots on Silver Block Array.

The human eye perceives the color of visible light depending on the spectrum of the incident light. Hence, the ability of color expression is very important in display devices. For practical applications, the transmitted color filter requires high transmittance and vivid colors, covering full standard default color spaces (sRGB). In this paper, we propose a color filter with a silver block array on a silica substrate structure with nanoscale air slots where strong transmission is observed through the slots between silver blocks. We investigated the transmitted color by simulating the transmission spectra as functions of various structure parameters. The proposed structure with an extremely small pixel size of less than 300 nm covers 90% of sRGB color depending on the structure and has a narrow angular distribution of transmitted light.

Optimizing Color Assignment for Perception of Class Separability in Multiclass Scatterplots.

Appropriate choice of colors significantly aids viewers in understanding the structures in multiclass scatterplots and becomes more important with a growing number of data points and groups. An appropriate color mapping is also an important parameter for the creation of an aesthetically pleasing scatterplot. Currently, users of visualization software routinely rely on color mappings that have been pre-defined by the software. A default color mapping, however, cannot ensure an optimal perceptual separability between groups, and sometimes may even lead to a misinterpretation of the data. In this paper, we present an effective approach for color assignment based on a set of given colors that is designed to optimize the perception of scatterplots. Our approach takes into account the spatial relationships, density, degree of overlap between point clusters, and also the background color. For this purpose, we use a genetic algorithm that is able to efficiently find good color assignments. We implemented an interactive color assignment system with three extensions of the basic method that incorporates top K suggestions, user-defined color subsets, and classes of interest for the optimization. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our assignment technique, we conducted a numerical study and a controlled user study to compare our approach with default color assignments; our findings were verified by two expert studies. The results show that our approach is able to support users in distinguishing cluster numbers faster and more precisely than default assignment methods.

Review of Unclassed Choropleth Mapping

Although unclassed choropleth maps lead to a more accurate representation of data, grouping of data into classes is still common. Commonly-used data classification techniques such as equal-interval, quantiles, and natural breaks produce very different and possibly misleading representations. An unclassed map creates a distinct color for each unique value. The method was introduced by Tobler in 1973 using an x, y coordinate plotter that created crossed-line shadings. Tobler’s unclassed proposal used grayscale values because color displays were not yet available. Current color monitors have the ability to display 16.7 million colors, while most GIS software packages have limits to their color ramps. QGIS defines color ramps with up to 999 classes. It is also possible to define up to 1000 classes in ArcMap, and ArcGIS Pro has an “Unclassed” option when styling choropleth maps. Utilizing more color classes results in a more truthful map due to minimizing error from the grouping of data. The unclassed method is examined here along with color ramps and classification schemes in QGIS and Esri’s ArcMap/ArcGIS Pro. It is demonstrated that it is usually impossible to create a truly unclassed choropleth map using the default color schemes in these programs.

Real-time ensemble based face recognition system for NAO humanoids using local binary pattern

NAO humanoid robots are being used in many human-robot interaction applications. One of the important existing challenges is developing an accurate real-time face recognition system which does not require to have high computational cost. In this research work a real-time face recognition system by using block processing of local binary patterns of the face images captured by NAO humanoid is proposed. Majority voting and best score ensemble approaches have been used in order to boost the recognition results obtained in different colour channels of YUV colour space, which is a default colour space provided by the camera of NAO humanoid. The proposed method has been adopted on NAO humanoid and tested under real-world conditions. The recognition results were boosted in the real-time scenario by employing majority voting on the intra-sequence decisions with window size of 5. The experimental results are showing that the proposed face recognition algorithm overcomes the conventional and state-of-the-art techniques.

A Proposed Methodology for Evaluating HDR False Color Maps

Color mapping, which involves assigning colors to the individual elements of an underlying data distribution, is a commonly used method for data visualization. Although color maps are used in many disciplines and for a variety of tasks, in this study we focus on its usage for visualizing luminance maps. Specifically, we ask ourselves the question of how to best visualize a luminance distribution encoded in a high-dynamic-range (HDR) image using false colors such that the resulting visualization is the most descriptive . To this end, we first propose a definition for descriptiveness. We then propose a methodology to evaluate it subjectively. Then, we propose an objective metric that correlates well with the subjective evaluation results. Using this metric, we evaluate several false coloring strategies using a large number of HDR images. Finally, we conduct a second psychophysical experiment using images representing a diverse set of scenes. Our results indicate that the luminance compression method has a significant effect and the commonly used logarithmic compression is inferior to histogram equalization. Furthermore, we find that the default color scale of the Radiance global illumination software consistently performs well when combined with histogram equalization. On the other hand, the commonly used rainbow color scale was found to be inferior. We believe that the proposed methodology is suitable for evaluating future color mapping strategies as well.

표준 색공간을 이용한 비표준 디스플레이의 색 보정 방법

A standard default color space, sRGB, provides compatibility for the transmission of color within the Internet color operating systems and device drivers. However, a display monitor we use generally have non-standard primaries and gamma characteristic different from those specified by sRGB. In this paper, correction methods of chromatic error for a non-standard display monitor are proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed method using the correction matrix reduced chromatic errors at in compared with the non-corrected image`s on a non-standard display.

Geophysical tutorial

This is the first of a two-part tutorial on color maps. My goal is to share the methods I developed ( Niccoli, 2012 ; Niccoli and Lynch, 2012 ; Niccoli, 2013 ) to evaluate default color maps and choose more perceptual alternatives (Part 1) and to make your own map based on perceptual principles (Part 2). For both parts, there will be an accompanying IPython Notebook with extended examples and analyses and open data. You can find the notebooks and code at github.com/seg/tutorials .

SU‐E‐I‐16: Comparison of the Blue Part of the Spectral Power Distribution in a Medical Liquid‐Crystal Display for Different Color Temperature Settings

Purpose:The effects of blue light exposure on visual fatigue have received much attention in recent years. There have been attempts to reduce the blue part of the spectral power distribution in a display's output by using commercial films and glasses. However, reducing the blue part of the spectral power distribution in medical liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) by changing the color temperature settings may prove to be a simpler solution. Our study aimed to quantitatively compare the blue part of the spectral power distribution of a medical LCD in different color temperature settings.Materials and Methods:We used two color LCDs (RadiForce RX340, 400 cd/m2, EIZO). The spectral power distribution, chromaticity, and correlated color temperature were measured for LCDs with different color temperature settings (6500, 7500, and 8500 K). The default color temperature setting of the medical LCDs used in this study was 7500 K. A spectroradiometer (CS‐2000, KONICA MINOLTA) and original gray‐scale test patterns with 18 different luminance levels were used for the measurements.Results:The blue parts of the spectral power distribution (380–495 nm) were different for each color temperature setting. The integrated power values over the blue of the spectral power distribution decreased by 9% from 8500 to 7500 K and 13% and from 7500 to 6500 K. The correlated color temperature changed by approximately 1000 K depending on the color temperature setting. The difference in the chromaticity was 0.011 between 8500 and 7500 K and between 7500 and 6500 K.Conclusion:Our results quantitatively indicate that the blue part of the spectral power distribution of the medical LCDs tested varies for different settings of color temperature.

Karakul breed selection for ensuring biodiversity of skin colors.

Sheep breeding for skins is a traditional activity, which is developed in the North-East of Romania. The importance of growth of this breed is due to aesthetic and commercial value of skins and their default color. Research has been conducted in three traditional growth counties of Karakul breed, respectively Iași, Botoșani and NeamA£. Since the type Karakul sheep production is subject to official control for a large variety of colors, the investigations were taken into account only the basic colors. Based on the obtained results there have been highlighted several issues that the study can lead to diversification of colors and their shades. The applied research techniques are in accord with accepted international standards in carrying out this type of evaluation. Results may show the presence of the desired type of black lambs, which were found in greater proportion in livestock farms in the Iași County. They concluded that black sheep in this selection area for skin color intensity was found at an advanced level, compared to the progress in other counties. Greater share of black lambs founded for assessments, made normal lambs in NeamA£ County, requires that the future through applied selection actions to be retained for breeding only valuable offspring, so their numbers is significantly declined. The gray color showed a reduction in number of light lambs, from 6.3% to 5.3% and an increasing share of the dark ones, from 40.1% to 44.7%. This demonstrates that the routing mating is directing as well to establish as a scheme that allows for open few grayish lambs. The presence of grayish color lambs in livestock holdings included the production control of NeamA£ County kept about the same number in two analyzed seasons, but due to higher number of lambs subjected to assessments of their share reduced from 40.2%. Based on the obtained results we may indicate the presence of desired livestock color types is considered a high level, meaning that the selection of this breed is a constant and is performed in line with the improvement principles.

PharmaTrek: A Semantic Web Explorer for Open Innovation in Multitarget Drug Discovery

The realisation that vast amounts of pharmacological data for small molecules are continuously being reported in bibliographic sources has promoted in recent years the rise of initiatives aiming at collecting, organising, and storing these data together with chemical structures. Today, there are numerous databases that connect hundreds of thousands of small molecules to thousands of biological responses of their interaction with macromolecules. Some of these repositories, such as GLIDA, PDSP, BindingDB, IUPHARdb, PubChem, ChEMBL, and DrugBank, make all data available in the public domain. [1] In addition, some others, such as BioPrint, Integrity, Wombat, and GOSTAR, offer access to their data only through licensing from the respective commercial providers. [2] This wide diversity of sources does not facilitate direct access and interrogation of the entire contents covered by all of them. Integrating all these repositories into a single accessible resource is not trivial, mainly due to issues related with the use of different vocabularies and ontologies for the various domain entities which makes cross-referencing among multiple sources a challenging task. [3] But even if some degree of integration is accomplished, managing and updating such an integrated framework in an efficient manner may require significant human resources and be extremely time consuming and difficult to fully automate. [4] Managing chemical structures, for instance, involves taking into consideration a fair amount of detailed aspects such as salt formulation and isomerism (tautomerism, regioisomerism, and optical and geometrical isomerisms), and it has been reported that different molecular identifiers may actually lead to an essentially different number of unique chemical structures depending on the user criteria for defining uniqueness. [5] On the other hand, managing pharmacological data across databases is also complicated, as one may encounter different values for the same molecule – protein interaction obtained from different laboratories, from the same protein but different species, or from the same protein and species but different settings and conditions. [6] In parallel, there have been some recent initiatives to provide some conceptual meaning to the connections established between objects from different domains, so the links are stored in such a way that become more understandable to computers. This is the main goal of applying

SU‐E‐T‐364: Verification of MLC Motion Error during IMRT/VMAT Delivery by Using an In‐House Program

Purpose: In intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and/or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), it is important to ensure the accuracy of multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) motion during delivery. However, the commercially available software can evaluate only summary of MLC motion during delivery as the error's root‐mean‐square (RMS). The purposeof this study is to construct the suitable procedure to evaluate MLC‐motion continuously with an in‐house program. Method: This study was composed into two sections. First, we created the in‐house program to import MLC‐log file during delivery. The in‐house program was built by using visual basic language. The in‐house program includes some additional: 1) visualization of MLC motion during delivery with an animation, 2) classification whether the MLC‐motion error was over the tolerance or not, and 3) visualization of the location of MLC‐motion error during delivery. Second, we evaluated the MLC‐log during VMAT delivery by using our in‐house program. The VMAT plan was created by Eclipse ver.8.9 (Varian). The Clinac 21EX linear accelerator (Varian) equipped with Millenium multi‐leaf collimator was used for this study. Results: We confirmed the functions of our in‐house program as follows. The in‐house software was available to import the Varian's formatted MLC‐log file. The animation of MLC motion during delivery was expressed in 2 fr/sec. The tolerance value of MLC motion error could be defined optimally. If the MLC motion error happened, the location became colored from default color to red color. For prostate VMAT, the MLC motion error in all cases passed the tolerance value. We defined the tolerance value based on AAPM TG‐119 and 142. Conclusion:We conclude that our in‐house program should be useful to evaluate the accuracy of MLC motion during IMRT and/or VMAT delivery because the users can analyze the MLC motion error simply.

Analysis of Color Management Default Camera Profiles for Museum Imaging Applications

Experiments were performed to analyze the color accuracy of five camera systems used for museum image-archiving applications: Phase One IQ 180, Leaf Aptus 75, Hasselblad H4D-50, Cruse scanner, and a Sinar 75H modified to incorporate the RIT Dual-RGB approach. A Betterlight Super 8K was also tested to provide a benchmark. Default color management profiles were used in all cases. Experimental conditions were identical to the greatest extent possible. Targets included the X-rite ColorChecker Classic, a 100-patch acrylic-dispersion paint target made from 27 different pigments, and a 35-patch oil-paint target. Average performance varied between 1.5ΔE00 (Dual-RGB Sinar) and 6.0ΔE00 (Betterlight). Only the Sinar and Cruse systems produced acceptable results, systems optimized for archival imaging. The Hasselblad system produced self-luminous appearing images while the Phase One had severe tone reproduction error for highchroma colors. Both of these new systems would require considerable visual editing to produce archival color images.