Deepest Root Research Articles

The Heart in Newman’s Thought

Newman’s view of the heart corresponds with the recent Catechism of the Catholic Church. His motto, Cor ad cor loquitur, exhibits his central religious preoccupation. There are three factors involved in religious existence: intellectual apprehension, emotional realization, and moral action. The center, located in the heart, is typically considered secondary: clear conception and moral action are all that is required. For Newman, this is truncated religion, for religion has its deepest root in the heart. Here is where he considers conscience. Like taste and common sense, it is an intellectual virtue; but unlike the former, it is always emotional. It is a privileged place of relation to God, the Supreme Judge. A peculiar set of emotional matters cluster around this relation. It plays in relation to the work of intellect as theology in relation to devotion. This exhibits an instance of the larger relation between notional and real assent. The latter deals with concrete matters and is a relation of “the whole person.” Its aim is to realize what we already accept. That may occur organically through experience, but it can also be invoked meditatively in solitude. Imagination is the chief vehicle of that realization.

Evaluation of warm season turfgrasses for various qualitative and quantitative traits under Gujarat agro-climatic conditions

An experiment was carried out to evaluate different turfgrass species and varieties for the morphological characters under south Gujarat agro-climatic condition. Wide range of variation among the 13 genotypes of turfgrasses was recorded with respect to bio-agronomical and quality characteristics. Among the various characters, minimum days to 90 per cent establishment and deepest root were observed in Cynodon dactylon Local, which was at par with C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Tifdwarf. Lowest canopy height, shortest average stolon internodal diameter, highestshoot density, narrowest leaf width and slowest VLGR were recorded in Zoysia tenuifolia. Maximum cumulative fresh clipping yield and minimum value of stolon internodal length were registered in Tifdwarf. Z. tenuifolia, Z. matrella and Tifdwarf showed very fine texture of leaves, whereas the latter also showed consistently good average turf quality rating and chlorophyll content in the whole period of experimentation. Under south Gujarat agro-climatic condition, C. dactylon L. × C. transvaalensis Tifdwarf performed best in most of turf quality parameters and can be subjected to further functional quality trials for sports and athletic turf.

Xenophon on the Psychology of Supreme Political Ambition

This study illuminates Xenophon's teaching about the underlying psychological motives of the most fully developed political ambition. An analysis of what theCyropaediaportrays as the interplay among Cyrus's spiritedness, justice, benevolence, piety, and cultivation of an aura of divinity leads to an unveiling of supreme ambition's deepest root: not the desire for power as such, nor the love of justice, but the desire to be a quasi-divine benefactor. The article traces the development of this ambition from its earliest manifestations in the young Cyrus's puppylike spiritedness, through his hope-filled rise to power, to his grim mature rein and his death, showing how a shadowy concern for immortality drives him in ways he is reluctant to see or acknowledge.

A “Copernican” Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root

Mutational events along the human mtDNA phylogeny are traditionally identified relative to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence, a contemporary European sequence published in 1981. This historical choice is a continuous source of inconsistencies, misinterpretations, and errors in medical, forensic, and population genetic studies. Here, after having refined the human mtDNA phylogeny to an unprecedented level by adding information from 8,216 modern mitogenomes, we propose switching the reference to a Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence, which was identified by considering all available mitogenomes from Homo neanderthalensis. This "Copernican" reassessment of the human mtDNA tree from its deepest root should resolve previous problems and will haveasubstantial practical and educational influence on the scientific and public perception of human evolution by clarifying the core principles of common ancestry for extant descendants.

VARIATION IN PLANT AND SOIL WATER RELATIONS AMONG IRRIGATED BLUEBERRY CULTIVARS PLANTED AT TWO DISTINCT IN-ROW SPACINGS

A study was conducted to determine the effect of in-row spacing on plant and soil water relations in 'Duke', 'Bluecrop', and 'Elliott' highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and to identify possible mechanisms that may enhance the ability of these cultivars to tolerate short-term soil water deficits. Changes in soil water content, stem water potential, and leaf stomatal conductance were measured 4 years after planting on well-irrigated plants of each cultivar spaced 0.5 or 1.2 m within rows on raised beds (~0.3 m high) and 3.0 m between rows. Irrigation (711 mm) was applied equally to all treatments by overhead sprinklers during the dry summer months from mid-May to early-September. Close spacing significantly reduced individual shoot dry weight, but also significantly increased crop light interception and water uptake from 0-0.6 m soil depth compared to plants spaced further apart. Spacing had little effect, however, on plant water relations. Independent of cultivar and spacing, stomatal conductance decreased rapidly as stem water potential approached -0.6 to -0.8 MPa. Among cultivars, 'Bluecrop' had the lowest root mass and root:shoot dry weight ratio at either spacing, while 'Elliott' had the highest. 'Duke', however, produced the deepest root system, extracting a significant amount of water below 0.6 m when plants were closely spaced. 'Duke' also maintained, on average, higher stem water potentials and greater stomatal conductance than the other cultivars as soil water was depleted.

Gel observation chamber for rapid screening of root traits in cereal seedlings

A simple gel chamber is described for measurement of seedling root traits. Seedlings are located between two closely spaced flat layers of transparent gel, on plastic plates (at least one of which is transparent). Root system traits can be non-destructively recorded in two-dimensions using a flatbed scanner. Easily measured rooting traits include root length, elongation rate, longest root, deepest root, seminal root number, and angular spread of roots. Examples of wild, landrace, and cultivated barleys were grown in the gel chambers, between gel layers or in loosely packed soil. Root growth on the gel plates was similar to that in loose soil, with the cultivated barley having the most seminal axes (about 7), and widest angular spread of roots (about 120 °), and wild barley the fewest seminal axes (about 3), and narrowest angular spread of roots (about 40 °). Landrace barley lines tested were intermediate between wild barley and modern cultivars. Separate experiments were performed to study the effect of grain mass and grain size on these rooting traits. These experiments included parents of genetic mapping populations. Seminal root number was most strongly dependent on grain mass in the modern cultivar Chime. Grain size significantly influenced root number in the modern cultivar Derkado, the breeding line B83-12/21/5, and a selection from a landrace Tadmor, suggesting that grain size should be controlled in any screening exercise.

Extending the Boundaries of Management Accounting Research: Developing Systems for Performance Management

INTRODUCTIONIt will be my contention today that much management accounting researchhas lost its way. In particular, I will argue that it has concentrated too muchon accounting and not enough on management. One of the consequencesof this misplaced emphasis is that much management accounting researchhas become detached from real issues and problems facing managers inorganizations. For management accounting research to regain its relevance,I will propose that it should widen its boundaries and become concernedonce again with the issues involved in designing and operating systems ofmanaging performance. In short, the sub-title of this address might well be‘putting the management back into management accounting’.MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICESo, where shall we begin? I will first consider the practice of manage-ment accounting and go back to the mid-1980s when it was becomingrecognized that the practice of management accounting, even within thoseAnglo–American organizations where it had taken deepest root, was indecline. There had been little by way of new developments in man-agement accounting practices for decades. Not only was it argued thatmanagement accounting was therefore becoming irrelevant to contempo-rary organizations, but worse that it was often actually counter-productiveto good management decision-making. By using inadequate management

Which Roots Penetrate the Deepest in Rice and Maize Root Systems?

Deep penetration of an axile root is one of the important factors that allow crops to form deep root systems. In this study, the nodes from which the deepest penetrated roots had emerged were examined at the heading stage in upland rice and maize grown in large root boxes and in the field. Both experiments were designed to measure the direction, length, and rooting nodes of each root. In maize, the growth angles of axile roots increased with vertical elongation as rooting nodes acropetally advanced. The roots that emerged from the lower nodes, namely from coleoptilar to the second node, exhibited conspicuously horizontal elongation in the field, reaching 2.3 m in width at the maximum. The roots that emerged from higher than the fifth node were too short to penetrate deeply. Thus, these roots became the deepest root in less or no probability under field conditions. On the other hand, the fourth nodal root, which had an intermediate growth angle and length, had the highest probability. In upland rice, the deepest roots emerged from the nodes lower than the forth node on the main stem in the root boxes. In the field, however, the deepest roots emerged at later stages, that is, the roots from the middle nodes on the main stem and from the low nodes on the primary and secondary tillers were the deepest roots. Five out of nine of the deepest roots were from the prophyll nodes in three field-grown upland rice. The deepest roots from the same plant were estimated to have emerged and grown at approximately the same stage.

Screening of 12 Festuca Cultivars for Rapid Root Development

ABSTRACT Establishment of cool season grass seedlings in sandy soils is difficult due to lack of sufficient water in the seed zone. Our objective was to quantify the root growth rate of two cultivars of each of six Festuca species in the greenhouse. Festuca cultivars differed in rooting depth, root elongation rates, root length density, root mass density, root area, shoot biomass, leaf area, leaf length, and leaf number. The deepest root system and greatest cumulative root elongation rates were observed for ‘Clemfine’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Visible root depth within the tube wall was significantly correlated with the root length observed after soil washing. The results of this study show that plants with aggressive root elongation rates had the deepest and best developed root and shoot systems.

Time and biosequences: a contribution to the origin of modern man

The origin of modern man is still a highly debated problem. The new contributions of molecular biologists to paleontological data are numerous but discordant as these data obtained with biosequences are based on different methodologies. In order to obtain a more accurate measure of the genetic distance between extant humans and thus the deepest root of the human tree, we have reanalyzed the sequences of the regulatory region of mitochondrial DNA (D-loop) by using an improved version of the Markov Clock model devised in our laboratory. Our analysis, as well as other studies, supports the African origin of modern man. However the quantitative estimate of mtDNA evolution carried out with the corrected Markov Clock model pushes back irradiation time from Africa to 400±100 Kya. Thus according to our model there would be a genetic continuity betweenHomo erectus andHomo sapiens, who would therefore be the result of regional evolution differentiating himself under appropriate environmental pressures.

Tomographic Inversion for Shear Velocity Beneath the North American Plate

A tomographic back projection scheme has been applied to S and SS travel times to invert for shear velocity below the North American plate. The data range in distance from 8° to 80°, and a total of 3923 arrival times were used. First arrivals were measured directly off the seismograms, while the arrival times of later arrivals were found by a waveform correlation technique using synthetic seismograms. The starting model was laterally heterogeneous in the upper 400 km to account for the first‐order differences in ray paths already known. The model was divided into blocks with horizontal dimensions of 500 km by 500 km and varying vertical thicknesses. Good resolution was obtained for structure from just below the crust to about 1700 km depth in the mantle. In the upper mantle a high‐velocity root was found directly beneath the Canadian shield to about 400 km depth with the Superior province having the highest velocity and deepest root. The east coast of the United States was found to have intermediate velocities from 100 to 350 km depth and the western United States the slowest velocities at these depths. Below 400 km depth the most significant structure found is a slab‐shaped high‐velocity anomaly from the eastern Carribean to the northern United States. Beneath the Carribean this anomaly is almost vertical and extends from about 700 km to 1700 km depth. Further to the north, the anomaly dips to the east with high velocities at 700 km depth in the central United States and high velocities below 1100 km depth beneath the east coast. The anomaly is about 1% in magnitude. This lower‐mantle anomaly may be associated with past subduction of the Farallon plate beneath North America.

Some Thoughts on Affirmative Action Here and in India: Galanter's Competing Equalities

During the time that the British Empire included much of India, Canada, and the United States, Lord Mansfield declared that slavery was abhorrent to the common law and, with a stroke of his quill, freed several thousand black slaves in England.' Mansfield's decision in Sommersett's case was in the eighteenth-century tradition that recognized individual rights against state power. It helped to usher in a world where slavery and subordination were no longer normal. That individualist tradition took deepest root in America, where we established a system of individual equality but simultaneously created inferior classes by establishing slavery and subordinating, in different ways, women and native Americans. We have struggled for more than half our history to rid ourselves of these shadows. In the last quarter century, we have come to recognize that the principle of individual equality is a necessary but inadequate response to social conditions generated by slavery and subordination. We have begun an effort to raise the status of subordinated groups. These activities parallel efforts in India and Canada to improve the substantive conditions of members of subordinated groups. In India, Canada, and the United States today, these postMansfield questions are being addressed in ways that conform to national customs and perceptions yet are understandable as emanations of the common law tradition.

Handbook of Practical Urology

Experience shows that the first lessons learned are the ones that take deepest root. Consequently, this book for house officers has immense possibilities. Dr. Hirschhorn designed his text as an illustrated practical working manual of selected material. House officers will find this book so useful that inevitably they will demand new editions of greater scope: more topics and more detail. Here are some examples. The section on emergencies should have a chapter on septicemia and septic shock, one of the gravest of urologicemergencies. The discussion of nephrostomy drainage should consider the different requirements of temporary versus permanent drainage, a large tube being important for the latter since the fistula sometimes contracts. What size tubes are recommended? How long before a stable fistula forms around the tube so that it can be safely changed? Similarly, when the bladder has a small laceration, urethral catheter drainage can suffice and one should follow