Deep Galaxy Research Articles

Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Detection of Hi 21 cm Emission from Star-forming Galaxies at z ≈ 1.3

Abstract We report a ≈400 hr Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) search for Hi 21 cm emission from star-forming galaxies at z = 1.18–1.39 in seven fields of the DEEP2 Galaxy Survey. Including data from an earlier 60 hr GMRT observing run, we co-added the Hi 21 cm emission signals from 2841 blue star-forming galaxies that lie within the FWHM of the GMRT primary beam. This yielded a 5.0σ detection of the average Hi 21 cm signal from the 2841 galaxies at an average redshift 〈z〉 ≈ 1.3, only the second detection of Hi 21 cm emission at z ≥ 1. We obtain an average Hi mass of 〈M HI 〉 = (3.09 ± 0.61) × 1010 M⊙ and an Hi-to-stellar mass ratio of 2.6 ± 0.5, both significantly higher than values in galaxies with similar stellar masses in the local universe. We also stacked the 1.4 GHz continuum emission of the galaxies to obtain a median star formation rate (SFR) of 14.5 ± 1.1 M⊙yr−1. This implies an average Hi depletion timescale of ≈2 Gyr for blue star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 1.3, a factor of ≈3.5 lower than that of similar local galaxies. Our results suggest that the Hi content of galaxies toward the end of the epoch of peak cosmic SFR density is insufficient to sustain their high SFR for more than ≈2 Gyr. Insufficient gas accretion to replenish the Hi could then explain the observed decline in the cosmic SFR density at z < 1.

The stellar population of metal-poor galaxies at z ≈ 0.8 and the evolution of the mass–metallicity relation

ABSTRACT We present results from deep Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of 28 metal-poor, strongly star-forming galaxies selected from the DEEP2 Galaxy Survey. By modelling infrared and optical photometry, we derive stellar masses and other stellar properties. We determine that these metal-poor galaxies have low stellar masses, M⋆ ≈ 108.1–109.5 M⊙. Combined with the Balmer-derived star formation rates (SFRs), these galaxies have average inverse SFR/M⋆ of ≈100 Myr. The evolution of stellar mass–gas metallicity relation to z ≈ 0.8 is measured by combining the modelled masses with previously obtained spectroscopic measurements of metallicity from [O iii] λ4363 detections. Here, we include measurements for 79 galaxies from the Metal Abundances across Cosmic Time Survey. Our mass–metallicity relation is lower at a given stellar mass than at z = 0.1 by 0.27 dex. This demonstrates a strong evolution in the mass–metallicity relation, $(1+z)^{-1.45^{+0.61}_{-0.76}}$. We find that the shape of the z ≈ 0.8 mass-metallicity relation, a steep rise in metallicity at low stellar masses, transitioning to a plateau at higher masses, is consistent with z ∼ 0.1 studies. We also compare the evolution in metallicity between z ≈ 0.8 and z ∼ 0.1 against recent strong-line diagnostic studies at intermediate redshifts and find good agreement. Specifically, we find that lower mass galaxies (4 × 108 M⊙) built up their metal content 1.6 times more rapidly than higher mass galaxies (1010 M⊙). Finally, we examine whether the mass–metallicity relation has a secondary dependence on SFR, and statistically concluded that there is no strong secondary dependence for z ≈ 0.8 low-mass galaxies.

Probing Star Formation in Galaxies at z ≈ 1 via a Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Stacking Analysis

Abstract We report deep Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) 610 MHz continuum imaging of four subfields of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. We stacked the radio emission in the GMRT images from a near-complete (absolute blue magnitude M B ≤ −21) sample of 3698 blue star-forming galaxies with redshifts 0.7 ≲ z ≲ 1.45 to detect (at ≈17σ significance) the median rest-frame 1.4 GHz radio continuum emission of the sample galaxies. The stacked emission is unresolved, with a rest-frame 1.4 GHz luminosity of L 1.4GHz = (4.13 ± 0.24) × 1022 W Hz−1. We used the local relation between total star formation rate (SFR) and 1.4 GHz luminosity to infer a median total SFR of (24.4 ± 1.4) M ⊙ yr−1 for blue star-forming galaxies with M B ≤ −21 at 0.7 ≲ z ≲ 1.45. We detect the main-sequence relation between SFR and stellar mass, M ⋆, obtaining SFR = (13.4 ± 1.8) × [(M ⋆/1010 M ⊙)]0.73±0.09 M ⊙ yr−1; the power-law index shows no change over z ≈ 0.7–1.45. We find that the nebular line emission suffers less extinction than the stellar continuum, contrary to the situation in the local universe; the ratio of nebular extinction to stellar extinction increases with decreasing redshift. We obtain an upper limit of 0.87 Gyr to the atomic gas depletion time of a subsample of DEEP2 galaxies at z ≈ 1.3; neutral atomic gas thus appears to be a transient phase in high-z star-forming galaxies.

A New Diagnostic Diagram of Ionization Sources for High-redshift Emission Line Galaxies

Abstract We propose a new diagram, the kinematics–excitation (KEx) diagram, which uses the [O iii] λ5007/Hβ line ratio and the [O iii] λ5007 emission line width (σ [O iii]) to diagnose the ionization source and physical properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and star-forming galaxies (SFGs). The KEx diagram is a suitable tool to classify emission line galaxies at intermediate redshift because it uses only the [O iii] λ5007 and Hβ emission lines. We use the main galaxy sample of SDSS DR7 and the Baldwin−Phillips−Terlevich (BPT) diagnostic to calibrate the diagram at low redshift. The diagram can be divided into three regions: the KEx-AGN region, which consists mainly of pure AGNs, the KEx-composite region, which is dominated by composite galaxies, and the KEx-SFG region, which contains mostly SFGs. LINERs strongly overlap with the composite and AGN regions. AGNs are separated from SFGs in this diagram mainly because they preferentially reside in luminous and massive galaxies and have higher [O iii]/Hβ than SFGs. The separation between AGNs and SFGs is even cleaner thanks to the additional 0.15/0.12 dex offset in σ [O iii] at fixed luminosity/stellar mass. We apply the KEx diagram to 7866 galaxies at 0.3 < z < 1 in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, and compare it to an independent X-ray classification scheme using Chandra observations. X-ray AGNs are mostly located in the KEx-AGN region, while X-ray SFGs are mostly located in the KEx-SFG region. Almost all Type 1 AGNs lie in the KEx-AGN region. These tests support the reliability of this classification diagram for emission line galaxies at intermediate redshift. At z ∼ 2, the demarcation line between SFGs and AGNs is shifted by ∼0.3 dex toward higher values of σ [O iii] due to evolution effects.

PRIMUS+DEEP2: The Dependence of Galaxy Clustering on Stellar Mass and Specific Star Formation Rate at 0.2 < z < 1.2

Abstract We present results on the clustering properties of galaxies as a function of both stellar mass and specific star formation rate (sSFR) using data from the PRIMUS and DEEP2 galaxy redshift surveys spanning . We use spectroscopic redshifts of over 100,000 galaxies covering an area of 7.2 deg2 over five separate fields on the sky, from which we calculate cosmic variance errors. We find that the galaxy clustering amplitude is as strong of a function of sSFR as of stellar mass, and that at a given sSFR, it does not significantly depend on stellar mass within the range probed here. We further find that within the star-forming population and at a given stellar mass, galaxies above the main sequence of star formation with higher sSFR are less clustered than galaxies below the main sequence with lower sSFR. We also find that within the quiescent population, galaxies with higher sSFR are less clustered than galaxies with lower sSFR, at a given stellar mass. We show that the galaxy clustering amplitude smoothly increases with both increasing stellar mass and decreasing sSFR, implying that galaxies likely evolve across the main sequence, not only along it, before galaxies eventually become quiescent. These results imply that the relation of stellar mass to halo mass, which connects galaxies to dark matter halos, likely depends on sSFR.

Data-driven, Interpretable Photometric Redshifts Trained on Heterogeneous and Unrepresentative Data

Abstract We present a new method for inferring photometric redshifts in deep galaxy and quasar surveys, based on a data-driven model of latent spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and a physical model of photometric fluxes as a function of redshift. This conceptually novel approach combines the advantages of both machine learning methods and template fitting methods by building template SEDs directly from the spectroscopic training data. This is made computationally tractable with Gaussian processes operating in flux–redshift space, encoding the physics of redshifts and the projection of galaxy SEDs onto photometric bandpasses. This method alleviates the need to acquire representative training data or to construct detailed galaxy SED models; it requires only that the photometric bandpasses and calibrations be known or have parameterized unknowns. The training data can consist of a combination of spectroscopic and deep many-band photometric data with reliable redshifts, which do not need to entirely spatially overlap with the target survey of interest or even involve the same photometric bands. We showcase the method on the i-magnitude-selected, spectroscopically confirmed galaxies in the COSMOS field. The model is trained on the deepest bands (from SUBARU and HST) and photometric redshifts are derived using the shallower SDSS optical bands only. We demonstrate that we obtain accurate redshift point estimates and probability distributions despite the training and target sets having very different redshift distributions, noise properties, and even photometric bands. Our model can also be used to predict missing photometric fluxes or to simulate populations of galaxies with realistic fluxes and redshifts, for example.

Optical spectroscopy and initial mass function of z = 0.4 red galaxies

Spectral absorption features can be used to constrain the stellar initial mass function (IMF) in the integrated light of galaxies. Spectral indices used at low redshift are in the far red, and therefore increasingly hard to detect at higher and higher redshifts as they pass out of atmospheric transmission and CCD detector wavelength windows. We employ IMF-sensitive indices at bluer wavelengths. We stack spectra of red, quiescent galaxies around $z=0.4$, from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. The $z=0.4$ red galaxies have 2 Gyr average ages so that they cannot be passively evolving precursors of nearby galaxies. They are slightly enhanced in C and Na, and slightly depressed in Ti. Split by luminosity, the fainter half appears to be older, a result that should be checked with larger samples in the future. We uncover no evidence for IMF evolution between $z=0.4$ and now, but we highlight the importance of sample selection, finding that an SDSS sample culled to select archetypal elliptical galaxies at z$\sim$0 is offset toward a more bottom heavy IMF. Other samples, including our DEEP2 sample, show an offset toward a more spiral galaxy-like IMF. All samples confirm that the reddest galaxies look bottom heavy compared with bluer ones. Sample selection also influences age-color trends: red, luminous galaxies always look old and metal-rich, but the bluer ones can be more metal-poor, the same abundance, or more metal-rich, depending on how they are selected.

PHOTOMETRIC SELECTION OF A MASSIVE GALAXY CATALOG WITH z ≥ 0.55

ABSTRACT We present the development of a photometrically selected massive galaxy catalog, targeting Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) and massive blue galaxies at redshifts of . Massive galaxy candidates are selected using infrared/optical color–color cuts, with optical data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and infrared data from “unWISE” forced photometry derived from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The selection method is based on previously developed techniques to select LRGs with , and is optimized using receiver operating characteristic curves. The catalog contains 16,191,145 objects, selected over the full SDSS DR10 footprint. The redshift distribution of the resulting catalog is estimated using spectroscopic redshifts from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey and photometric redshifts from COSMOS. Restframe U − B colors from DEEP2 are used to estimate LRG selection efficiency. Using DEEP2, the resulting catalog has an average redshift of z = 0.65, with a standard deviation of , and an average restframe of , with a standard deviation of . Using COSMOS, the resulting catalog has an average redshift of z = 0.60, with a standard deviation of . We estimate of the catalog to be blue galaxies with . An estimated of selected objects are blue sources with redshift . Stellar contamination is estimated to be 1.8%.

Segregation effects in DEEP2 galaxy groups

We investigate segregation phenomena in galaxy groups in the range of $0.2<z<1$. We study a sample of groups selected from the 4th Data Release of the DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey. We used only groups with at least 8 members within a radius of 4$\;$Mpc. Outliers were removed with the shifting gapper techinque and, then, the virial properties were estimated for each group. The sample was divided into two stacked systems: low($z\leq0.6$) and high($z>0.6$) redshift groups. Assuming that the color index ${(U-B)_0}$ can be used as a proxy for the galaxy type, we found that the fraction of blue (star-forming) objects is higher in the high-z sample, with blue objects being dominant at $M_{B}>-19.5$ for both samples, and red objects being dominant at $M_{B}<-19.5$ only for the low-z sample. Also, the radial variation of the red fraction indicates that there are more red objects with $R<R_{200}$ in the low-z sample than in the high-z sample. Our analysis indicates statistical evidence of kinematic segregation, at the 99%c.l., for the low-z sample: redder and brighter galaxies present lower velocity dispersions than bluer and fainter ones. We also find a weaker evidence for spatial segregation between red and blue objects, at the 70%c.l. The analysis of the high-z sample reveals a different result: red and blue galaxies have velocity dispersion distributions not statistically distinct, although redder objects are more concentrated than the bluer ones at the 95%c.l. From the comparison of blue/red and bright/faint fractions, and considering the approximate lookback timescale between the two samples ($\sim$3 Gyr), our results are consistent with a scenario where bright red galaxies had time to reach energy equipartition, while faint blue/red galaxies in the outskirts infall to the inner parts of the groups, thus reducing spatial segregation from $z\sim0.8$ to $z\sim0.4$.

Direct determination of oxygen abundances in line-emitting star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift

We present a sample of 22 blue ($(B-V)_{AB}<0.45$), luminous ($M_{B,AB}<-18.9$), metal-poor galaxies in the $0.69<z<0.88$ redshift range, selected from the DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey. Their spectra contain the $[OIII]\lambda4363$ auroral line, the $[OII]\lambda \lambda3726,3729$ doublet and the strong nebular $[OIII]\lambda \lambda 4959,5007$ emission lines. The ionised gas-phase oxygen abundances of these galaxies lie between $7.62<12+\log O/H < 8.19$, i.e. between $1/10 Z_{\odot}$ and $1/3 Z_{\odot}$. We find that galaxies in our sample have comparable metallicities to other intermediate-redshift samples, but are more metal poor than local systems of similar B-band luminosities and star formation activity. The galaxies here show similar properties to the "green peas" discovered at $z\simeq 0.2 - 0.3$ though our galaxies tend to be slightly less luminous.

TEMPERATURE-BASED METALLICITY MEASUREMENTS ATz= 0.8: DIRECT CALIBRATION OF STRONG-LINE DIAGNOSTICS AT INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT

We present the first direct calibration of strong-line metallicity diagnostics at significant cosmological distances using a sample at z=0.8 drawn from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. Oxygen and neon abundances are derived from measurements of electron temperature and density. We directly compare various commonly used relations between gas-phase metallicity and strong line ratios of O, Ne, and H at z=0.8 and z=0. There is no evolution with redshift at high precision ($\Delta \log{\mathrm{O/H}} = -0.01\pm0.03$, $\Delta \log{\mathrm{Ne/O}} = 0.01 \pm 0.01$). O, Ne, and H line ratios follow the same locus at z=0.8 as at z=0 with $\lesssim$0.02 dex evolution and low scatter ($\lesssim$0.04 dex). This suggests little or no evolution in physical conditions of HII regions at fixed oxygen abundance, in contrast to models which invoke more extreme properties at high redshifts. We speculate that offsets observed in the [N II]/H$\alpha$ versus [O III]/H$\beta$ diagram at high redshift are therefore due to [NII] emission, likely as a result of relatively high N/O abundance. If this is indeed the case, then nitrogen-based metallicity diagnostics suffer from systematic errors at high redshift. Our findings indicate that locally calibrated abundance diagnostics based on alpha-capture elements can be reliably applied at z$\simeq$1 and possibly at much higher redshifts. This constitutes the first firm basis for the widespread use of empirical calibrations in high redshift metallicity studies.

X-RAY EMISSION IN NON-AGN GALAXIES ATz≃ 1

Using data from the DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey and the All Wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey we obtain stacked X-ray maps of galaxies at as a function of stellar mass. We compute the total X-ray counts of these galaxies and show that in the soft band (0.5?2 kev) there exists a significant correlation between galaxy X-ray counts and stellar mass at these redshifts. The best-fit relation between X-ray counts and stellar mass can be characterized by a power law with a slope of 0.58 ? 0.1. We do not find any correlation between stellar mass and X-ray luminosities in the hard (2?7 kev) and ultra-hard (4?7 kev) bands. The derived hardness ratios of our galaxies suggest that the X-ray emission is degenerate between two spectral models, namely point-like power-law emission and extended plasma emission in the interstellar medium. This is similar to what has been observed in low redshift galaxies. Using a simple spectral model where half of the emission comes from power-law sources and the other half from the extended hot halo we derive the X-ray luminosities of our galaxies. The soft X-ray luminosities of our galaxies lie in the range 1039? erg s?1. Dividing our galaxy sample by the criteria , we find no evidence that our results for X-ray scaling relations depend on optical color.

LUMINOUS RED GALAXIES: SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION BY COMBINING OPTICAL AND INFRARED PHOTOMETRY

We describe a new method of combining optical and infrared photometry to select Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) at redshifts $z > 0.6$. We explore this technique using a combination of optical photometry from CFHTLS and HST, infrared photometry from the WISE satellite, and spectroscopic or photometric redshifts from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey or COSMOS. We present a variety of methods for testing the success of our selection, and present methods for optimization given a set of rest-frame color and redshift requirements. We have tested this selection in two different regions of the sky, the COSMOS and Extended Groth Strip (EGS) fields, to reduce the effect of cosmic/sample variance. We have used these methods to assemble large samples of LRGs for two different ancillary programs as a part of the SDSS-III/ BOSS spectroscopic survey. This technique is now being used to select $\sim$600,000 LRG targets for SDSS-IV/eBOSS, which began observations in Fall 2014, and will be adapted for the proposed DESI survey. We have found these methods can select high-redshift LRGs efficiently with minimal stellar contamination; this is extremely difficult to achieve with selections that rely on optical photometry alone.

DUAL SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES IN THE AGN AND GALAXY EVOLUTION SURVEY

Dual supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with kiloparsec scale separations in merger-remnant galaxies are informative tracers of galaxy evolution, but the avenue for identifying them in large numbers for such studies is not yet clear. One promising approach is to target spectroscopic signatures of systems where both SMBHs are fueled as dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs), or where one SMBH is fueled as an offset AGN. Dual AGNs may produce double-peaked narrow AGN emission lines, while offset AGNs may produce single-peaked narrow AGN emission lines with line-of-sight velocity offsets relative to the host galaxy. We search for such dual and offset systems among 173 Type 2 AGNs at z<0.37 in the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey (AGES), and we find two double-peaked AGNs and five offset AGN candidates. When we compare these results to a similar search of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey and match the two samples in color, absolute magnitude, and minimum velocity offset, we find that the fraction of AGNs that are dual SMBH candidates increases from z=0.25 to z=0.7 by a factor of ~6 (from 2/70 to 16/91, or 2.9% to 18%). This may be associated with the rise in the galaxy merger fraction over the same cosmic time. As further evidence for a link with galaxy mergers, the AGES offset and dual AGN candidates are tentatively ~3 times more likely than the overall AGN population to reside in a host galaxy that has a companion galaxy (from 16/173 to 2/7, or 9% to 29%). Follow-up observations of the seven offset and dual AGN candidates in AGES will definitively distinguish velocity offsets produced by dual SMBHs from those produced by narrow-line region kinematics, and will help sharpen our observational approach to detecting dual SMBHs.

THE DEEP2 GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY: DESIGN, OBSERVATIONS, DATA REDUCTION, AND REDSHIFTS

We describe the design and data analysis of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, the densest and largest high-precision redshift survey of galaxies at z ∼ 1 completed to date. The survey was designed to conduct a comprehensive census of massive galaxies, their properties, environments, and large-scale structure down to absolute magnitude MB = −20 at z ∼ 1 via ∼90 nights of observation on the Keck telescope. The survey covers an area of 2.8 deg2 divided into four separate fields observed to a limiting apparent magnitude of RAB = 24.1. Objects with z ≲ 0.7 are readily identifiable using BRI photometry and rejected in three of the four DEEP2 fields, allowing galaxies with z > 0.7 to be targeted ∼2.5 times more efficiently than in a purely magnitude-limited sample. Approximately 60% of eligible targets are chosen for spectroscopy, yielding nearly 53,000 spectra and more than 38,000 reliable redshift measurements. Most of the targets that fail to yield secure redshifts are blue objects that lie beyond z ∼ 1.45, where the [O ii] 3727 Å doublet lies in the infrared. The DEIMOS 1200 line mm−1 grating used for the survey delivers high spectral resolution (R ∼ 6000), accurate and secure redshifts, and unique internal kinematic information. Extensive ancillary data are available in the DEEP2 fields, particularly in the Extended Groth Strip, which has evolved into one of the richest multiwavelength regions on the sky. This paper is intended as a handbook for users of the DEEP2 Data Release 4, which includes all DEEP2 spectra and redshifts, as well as for the DEEP2 DEIMOS data reduction pipelines. Extensive details are provided on object selection, mask design, biases in target selection and redshift measurements, the spec2d two-dimensional data-reduction pipeline, the spec1d automated redshift pipeline, and the zspec visual redshift verification process, along with examples of instrumental signatures or other artifacts that in some cases remain after data reduction. Redshift errors and catastrophic failure rates are assessed through more than 2000 objects with duplicate observations. Sky subtraction is essentially photon-limited even under bright OH sky lines; we describe the strategies that permitted this, based on high image stability, accurate wavelength solutions, and powerful B-spline modeling methods. We also investigate the impact of targets that appear to be single objects in ground-based targeting imaging but prove to be composite in Hubble Space Telescope data; they constitute several percent of targets at z ∼ 1, approaching ∼5%–10% at z > 1.5. Summary data are given that demonstrate the superiority of DEEP2 over other deep high-precision redshift surveys at z ∼ 1 in terms of redshift accuracy, sample number density, and amount of spectral information. We also provide an overview of the scientific highlights of the DEEP2 survey thus far.

IMPROVED MOCK GALAXY CATALOGS FOR THE DEEP2 GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY FROM SUBHALO ABUNDANCE AND ENVIRONMENT MATCHING

We develop empirical methods for modeling the galaxy population and populating cosmological N-body simulations with mock galaxies according to the observed properties of galaxies in survey data. We use these techniques to produce a new set of mock catalogs for the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey based on the output of the high-resolution Bolshoi simulation, as well as two other simulations with different cosmological parameters, all of which we release for public use. The mock-catalog creation technique uses subhalo abundance matching to assign galaxy luminosities to simulated dark-matter halos. It then adds color information to the resulting mock galaxies in a manner that depends on the local galaxy density, in order to reproduce the measured color–environment relation in the data. In the course of constructing the catalogs, we test various models for including scatter in the relation between halo mass and galaxy luminosity, within the abundance-matching framework. We find that there is no constant-scatter model that can simultaneously reproduce both the luminosity function and the autocorrelation function of DEEP2. This result has implications for galaxy-formation theory, and it restricts the range of contexts in which the mock catalogs can be usefully applied. Nevertheless, careful comparisons show that our new mock catalogs accurately reproduce a wide range of the other properties of the DEEP2 catalog, suggesting that they can be used to gain a detailed understanding of various selection effects in DEEP2.

THE DEEP2 GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY: CLUSTERING DEPENDENCE ON GALAXY STELLAR MASS AND STAR FORMATION RATE ATz∼ 1

We present DEEP2 galaxy clustering measurements at z~1 as a function of stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and specific SFR (sSFR). We find a strong positive correlation between stellar mass and clustering amplitude on 1-10 h^-1 Mpc scales for blue, star-forming galaxies with 9.5 < log(M_*/M_sun) < 11 and no dependence for red, quiescent galaxies with 10.5 < log(M_*/M_sun) < 11.5. Using recently re-calibrated DEEP2 SFRs from restframe B-band magnitude and optical colors, we find that within the blue galaxy population at z~1, the clustering amplitude increases strongly with increasing SFR and decreasing sSFR. For red galaxies there is no significant correlation between clustering amplitude and either SFR or sSFR. Blue galaxies with high SFR or low sSFR are as clustered on large scales as red galaxies. We find that the clustering trend observed with SFR can be explained mostly, but not entirely, by the correlation between stellar mass and clustering amplitude for blue galaxies. We also show that galaxies above the star-forming "main sequence" are less clustered than galaxies below the main sequence, at a given stellar mass. These results are not consistent with the high sSFR population being dominated by major mergers. We also measure the clustering amplitude of our samples on small scales (< 0.3 h^-1 Mpc) and find an enhanced clustering signal relative to the best-fit large-scale power law for red galaxies with high stellar mass, blue galaxies with high SFR, and both red and blue galaxies with high sSFR. The increased small-scale clustering for galaxies with high sSFRs is likely linked to triggered star formation in interacting galaxies. These measurements provide strong constraints on galaxy evolution and halo occupation distribution models at z~1.

X-RAY GROUPS OF GALAXIES IN THE AEGIS DEEP AND WIDE FIELDS

We present the results of a search for extended X-ray sources and their corresponding galaxy groups from 800-ks Chandra coverage of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). This yields one of the largest X-ray selected galaxy group catalogs from a blind survey to date. The red-sequence technique and spectroscopic redshifts allow us to identify 100$%$ of reliable sources, leading to a catalog of 52 galaxy groups. The groups span the redshift range $z\sim0.066-1.544$ and virial mass range $M_{200}\sim1.34\times 10^{13}-1.33\times 10^{14}M_\odot$. For the 49 extended sources which lie within DEEP2 and DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey coverage, we identify spectroscopic counterparts and determine velocity dispersions. We select member galaxies by applying different cuts along the line of sight or in projected spatial coordinates. A constant cut along the line of sight can cause a large scatter in scaling relations in low-mass or high-mass systems depending on the size of cut. A velocity dispersion based virial radius can more overestimate velocity dispersion in comparison to X-ray based virial radius for low mass systems. There is no significant difference between these two radial cuts for more massive systems. Independent of radial cut, overestimation of velocity dispersion can be created in case of existence of significant substructure and also compactness in X-ray emission which mostly occur in low mass systems. We also present a comparison between X-ray galaxy groups and optical galaxy groups detected using the Voronoi-Delaunay method (VDM) for DEEP2 data in this field.

EXTENDED PHOTOMETRY FOR THE DEEP2 GALAXY REDSHIFT SURVEY: A TESTBED FOR PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFT EXPERIMENTS

This paper describes a new catalog that supplements the existing DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey photometric and spectroscopic catalogs with ugriz photometry from two other surveys: the Canada–France–Hawaii Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Each catalog is cross-matched by position on the sky in order to assign ugriz photometry to objects in the DEEP2 catalogs. We have recalibrated the CFHTLS photometry where it overlaps DEEP2 in order to provide a more uniform data set. We have also used this improved photometry to predict DEEP2 BRI photometry in regions where only poorer measurements were available previously. In addition, we have included improved astrometry tied to SDSS rather than USNO-A2.0 for all DEEP2 objects. In total this catalog contains ∼27, 000 objects with full ugriz photometry as well as robust spectroscopic redshift measurements, 64% of which have r > 23. By combining the secure and accurate redshifts of the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey with ugriz photometry, we have created a catalog that can be used as an excellent testbed for future photo-z studies, including tests of algorithms for surveys such as LSST and DES.

THE METALLICITY EVOLUTION OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES FROM REDSHIFT 0 TO 3: COMBINING MAGNITUDE-LIMITED SURVEY WITH GRAVITATIONAL LENSING

We present a comprehensive observational study of the gas phase metallicity of star-forming galaxies from z ~ 0 -> 3. We combine our new sample of gravitationally lensed galaxies with existing lensed and non-lensed samples to conduct a large investigation into the mass-metallicity (MZ) relation at z > 1. We apply a self-consistent metallicity calibration scheme to investigate the metallicity evolution of star-forming galaxies as a function of redshift. The lensing magnification ensures that our sample spans an unprecedented range of stellar mass (3*10^{7}-6*10^{10} M_sun). We find that at the median redshift of z=2.07, the median metallicity of the lensed sample is 0.35 dex lower than the local SDSS star-forming galaxies and 0.18 dex lower than the z ~ 0.8 DEEP2 galaxies. We also present the z ~ 2 MZ relation using 19 lensed galaxies. A more rapid evolution is seen between z ~ 1->3 than z ~ 0 -> 1 for the high-mass galaxies (10^{9.5-11} M_sun), with almost twice as much enrichment between z ~ 1 -> 3 than between z ~ 1 -> 0. We compare this evolution with the most recent cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with momentum driven winds. We find that the model metallicity is consistent with the observed metallicity within the observational error for the low mass bins. However, for higher masses, the model over-predicts the metallicity at all redshifts. The over-prediction is most significant in the highest mass bin of 10^{10-11} M_sun.