Deep Ultraviolet Spectral Range Research Articles

Copper Surface Treatment with deep UV Ultrafast Laser for Improved Photocathode Photoemissive Properties

Cesium Telluride (Cs2Te) constitutes today the photoemissive semiconductor material of choice for electron accelerators due to its high quantum efficiency (QE) in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) spectral range, and capability to produce high charge over a long operation lifetime. Unfortunately, its chemical instability requires ultra-high vacuum (in the 10-10 mbar range). This inevitably complicates Cs2Te photocathode handling, and increases the overall cost compared to metallic counterparts. Copper photocathodes are alternative candidates, and although they are much more tolerant in terms of vacuum requirements, their use in high average current photo-injectors is limited due to their orders of magnitude lower QE (around 10-5 per unit). With the development of nanophotonics, plasmonic phenomena can now be exploited to tailor a new range of effects in the photoemission process. In this work, we focus on direct laser fabrication of nanostructures for plasmonic electric-field enhancement on copper, and study their potential for enhancing the quantum yield. We develop a methodology to fabricate the nanostructures by irradiating the Cu surface with 257 nm femtosecond pulses, well above copper’s work function. We directly obtained nanostructures 100-200 nm, matching the plasmonic resonance for photoinjector wavelengths. The study is accompanied by a parametric scan allowing to obtain the optimal laser machining parameters, and the analysis of the nanostructure morphologies obtained.

Quasi-bound states in the continuum for deep subwavelength structural information retrieval for DUV nano-optical polarizers.

We demonstrate the retrieval of deep subwavelength structural information in nano-optical polarizers by scatterometry of quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs). To this end, we investigate titanium dioxide wire grid polarizers for application wavelengths in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) spectral range fabricated with a self-aligned double-patterning process. In contrast to the time-consuming and elaborate measurement techniques like scanning electron microscopy, asymmetry induced quasi-BICs occurring in the near ultraviolet and visible spectral range provide an easily accessible and efficient probe mechanism. Thereby, dimensional parameters are retrieved with uncertainties in the sub-nanometer range. Our results show that BICs are a promising tool for process control in optics and semiconductor technology.

Individually resolved luminescence from closely stacked GaN/AlN quantum wells

Investigating closely stacked GaN/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) by means of cathodoluminescence spectroscopy directly performed in a scanning transmission electron microscope, we have reached an ultimate spatial resolution of σ CL = 1.8 nm . The pseudomorphically grown MQWs with high interface quality emit in the deep ultraviolet spectral range. Demonstrating the capability of resolving the 10.8 nm separated, ultra-thin quantum wells, a cathodoluminescence profile was taken across individual ones. Applying a diffusion model of excitons generated by a Gaussian-broadened electron probe, the spatial resolution of cathodoluminescence down to the free exciton Bohr radius scale has been determined.

Self‐Assembly of Well‐Separated AlN Nanowires Directly on Sputtered Metallic TiN Films

Herein, the self‐assembled formation of AlN nanowires (NWs) by molecular beam epitaxy on sputtered TiN films on sapphire is demonstrated. This choice of substrate allows growth at an exceptionally high temperature of 1180 °C. In contrast to previous reports, the NWs are well separated and do not suffer from pronounced coalescence. This achievement is explained by sufficient Al adatom diffusion on the substrate and the NW sidewalls. The high crystalline quality of the NWs is evidenced by the observation of near‐band‐edge emission in the cathodoluminescence spectrum. The key factor for the low NW coalescence is the TiN film, which spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy indicate to be stoichiometric. Its metallic nature will be beneficial for optoelectronic devices using these NWs as the basis for (Al,Ga)N/AlN heterostructures emitting in the deep ultraviolet spectral range.

Strongly Confined Excitons in GaN/AlN Nanostructures with Atomically Thin GaN Layers for Efficient Light Emission in Deep-Ultraviolet.

Fascinating optical properties governed by extremely confined excitons have been so far observed in 2D crystals like monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides. These materials, however, are limited for production by epitaxial methods. Besides, they are not suitable for the development of optoelectronics for the challenging deep-ultraviolet spectral range. Here, we present a single monolayer of GaN in AlN as a heterostructure fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy, which provides extreme 2D confinement of excitons, being ideally suited for light generation in the deep-ultraviolet. Optical studies in the samples, supplemented by a group-theory analysis and first-principle calculations, make evident a giant enhancement of the splitting between the dark and bright excitons due to short-range electron-hole exchange interaction that is a fingerprint of the strongly confined excitons. The practical significance of our results is in the observation of the internal quantum yield of the room-temperature excitonic emission as high as ∼75% at 235 nm.

Deep-ultraviolet to mid-infrared polarizers by Al nanowire metamaterials

Polarizers are one of the most fundamental elements used in optical devices. Compared with conventional prism polarizers, wire grid polarizers have potential for the miniaturization and integration of the optical devices. There are growing demands for design of the wire grid polarizers operating in a very broad spectral range from deep-ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths. However, construction of the ultrabroadband polarizers based on the same structures and materials is very challenging. Here, ultrabroadband optical polarizers working in the deep-ultraviolet to mid-infrared spectral region, based on Al nanowire metamaterials with hexagonally packed nanowire arrays, are presented. To synchronously obtain high extinction ratios and low insertion losses, a q factor is found, when the q factor is fixed, the extinction ratio increases and the insertion loss simultaneously decreases with decreasing nanowire diameter. Moreover, the cut-off wavelength of the polarizers remarkably shifts to a much shorter wavelength when the refractive index of the surrounding medium decreases. Consequently, the polarizers demonstrate high performance operating down to the deep-ultraviolet spectral range based on an optimal design of the Al nanowire metamaterials embedded in air by selecting a smaller diameter (e.g. 15 nm) and a suitable q factor (e.g. 2 or 2.5).

Generation of deep ultraviolet sub-2-fs pulses.

We demonstrate the generation of few-cycle deep ultraviolet pulses via frequency upconversion of 5-fs near-infrared pulses in argon using a laser-fabricated gas cell. The measured spectrum extends from 210 to 340 nm, corresponding to a transform-limited pulse duration of 1.45 fs. We extract from a dispersion-free second-order cross-correlation measurement a pulse duration of 1.9 fs, defining a new record in the deep ultraviolet spectral range.

Targeting the Next Generation of Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials: Expanding from Borates to Borate Fluorides to Fluorooxoborates.

Coherent light radiation down to the deep-ultraviolet spectral range (λ < 200 nm) produced by common laser sources is extensively used in diverse fields ranging from ultrahigh-resolution photolithography to photochemical synthesis to high-precision microprocessing. Actually, it is hard to immediately obtain certain wavelengths, deep-ultraviolet coherent light in particular, from commercial laser sources. However, the direct second harmonic generation process governed in part by nonlinear optical crystals is a feasible and effective approach to generate deep-ultraviolet coherent light, which motivates chemists and materials scientists to find potential deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials that can practically meet the scientific requirements. The research progress required to go from a new single-crystal structure to final device applications involves many pivotal steps and is highly time-consuming and challenging, and therefore, it is necessary to commence systematic studies aimed at shortening the research cycle and accelerating the rational design of deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials. In this Account, we choose borates as raw materials because they have ever-greater possibilities to form desired noncentrosymmetric structures, wide optical transparency windows, rich structural chemistry, and also large polarizabilities to guarantee the coexistence of large second-order nonlinear optical coefficients and suitable birefringence. Besides, the effects of fluorine atoms on the structural chemistry and optical properties of borates have been summarized and analyzed. On the basis of these favorable influences, three specific rational design strategies, including experimental and theoretical methods, have been proposed in order to shorten the investigational cycle of discovering the new expected compounds with high physicochemical performances required for practical applications. In this way, the progress of searching for candidates for the next generation of deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials was accelerated from borates to borate fluorides to fluorooxoborates with three effective strategies: (1) expansion of the frontier from borates to borate fluorides with the introduction of fluorine to achieve enhanced optical performance; (2) computer-assisted design of new deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials with a newly introduced systematic global structure optimization method; and (3) expansion of the frontier from borate fluorides to fluorooxoborates by proposed functionalizedoxyfluoride [BO xF4- x]( x+1)- ( x = 1, 2, 3) chromophores to balance multiple criteria. The preliminary development of fluorooxoborates exhibiting high performance as a new fertile field to search for deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials is highly encouraging and inspiring and can guide chemists and materials scientists with new directions and thoughts aimed at finding the next generation of practical deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical materials.

Ultrafast broadband circular dichroism in the deep ultraviolet

The measurement of chirality and its temporal evolution are crucial for the understanding of a large range of biological functions and chemical reactions. Steady-state circular dichroism (CD) is a standard analytical tool for measuring chirality in chemistry and biology. Nevertheless, its push into the ultrafast time domain and in the deep-ultraviolet has remained a challenge, with only some isolated reports of subnanosecond CD. Here, we present a broadband time-resolved CD spectrometer in the deep ultraviolet (UV) spectral range with femtosecond time resolution. The setup employs a photoelastic modulator to achieve shot-to-shot polarization switching of a 20 kHz pulse train of broadband femtosecond deep-UV pulses (250–370 nm). The resulting sequence of alternating left- and right-circularly polarized probe pulses is employed in a pump-probe scheme with shot-to-shot dispersive detection and thus allows for the acquisition of broadband CD spectra of ground- and excited-state species. Through polarization scrambling of the probe pulses prior to detection, artifact-free static and transient CD spectra of enantiopure [Ru(bpy)3]2+ are successfully recorded with a sensitivity of <2×10−5 OD (≈0.7 mdeg). Due to its broadband deep-UV detection with unprecedented sensitivity, the measurement of ultrafast chirality changes in biological systems with amino-acid residues and peptides and of DNA oligomers is now feasible.

Piezo-optic and elasto-optic properties of monoclinic triglycine sulfate crystals.

For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we have experimentally determined all of the components of the piezo-optic tensor for monoclinic crystals. This has been implemented on a specific example of triglycine sulfate crystals. Based on the results obtained, the complete elasto-optic tensor has been calculated. Acousto-optic figures of merit (AOFMs) have been estimated for the case of acousto-optic interaction occurring in the principal planes of the optical indicatrix ellipsoid and for geometries in which the highest elasto-optic coefficients are involved as effective parameters. It has been found that the highest AOFM value is equal to 6.8×10-15 s3/kg for the case of isotropic acousto-optic interaction with quasi-longitudinal acoustic waves in the principal planes. This AOFM is higher than the corresponding values typical for canonic acousto-optic materials, which are transparent in the deep ultraviolet spectral range.

Novel borate CsZn2B3O7 single crystal with large efficient second harmonic generation in deep-ultraviolet spectral range

The linear and nonlinear optical susceptibility dispersion of CsZn2B3O7 single crystal are comprehensively investigated for a bulk structure in form of single crystal taking into account the influence of the packing structural units. The calculation highlights that the BO3 structural units packing is the main source for the large birefringence in CsZn2B3O7 due to high anisotropic electron distribution, and, hence, it affects the macroscopic second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients. The large SHG is due to hyperpolarizablity formed by ZnO4 tetrahedra and co-parallel BO3 triangle groups. The absorption edge of CsZn2B3O7 occurs at λ = 218 nm and the optical band gap is estimated to be 5.68 eV that is in good agreement with the experimental data (5.69 eV). Therefore, CsZn2B3O7 is expected to produce a coherent radiation in deep-ultraviolet (DUV) region with SHG of about 1.5 × KDP (1.5 × 0.39 p.m./V = 0.585 p.m./V) that agrees with the measurements. This work is aimed at the report of reliable SHG value and the details of the NLO tensor for bulk CsZn2B3O7 single crystal.

Micro-Integrated External Cavity Diode Laser With 1.4-W Narrowband Emission at 445 nm

A compact external cavity diode laser module with 1.4-W narrowband emission at 445 nm is presented. A commercially available broad-area GaN-based laser diode is used as gain medium and a volume Bragg grating is integrated for wavelength stabilization. The laser module is realized on a conduction cooled package with a footprint of 25 mm $\times $ 25 mm. The spectral width is smaller than 50 pm over the whole operating range. A suppression of the amplified spontaneous emission with more than 50 dB is measured. The laser module is suitable for subsequent nonlinear frequency conversion into the deep ultraviolet spectral range.

Materials Pushing the Application Limits of Wire Grid Polarizers further into the Deep Ultraviolet Spectral Range

Wire grid polarizers (WGPs), periodic nano‐optical metasurfaces, are convenient polarizing elements for many optical applications. However, they are still inadequate in the deep ultraviolet spectral range. It is shown that to achieve high performance ultraviolet WGPs a material with large absolute value of the complex permittivity and extinction coefficient at the wavelength of interest has to be utilized. This requirement is compared to refractive index models considering intraband and interband absorption processes. It is elucidated why the extinction ratio of metallic WGPs intrinsically humble in the deep ultraviolet, whereas wide bandgap semiconductors are superior material candidates in this spectral range. To demonstrate this, the design, fabrication, and optical characterization of a titanium dioxide WGP are presented. At a wavelength of 193 nm an unprecedented extinction ratio of 384 and a transmittance of 10% is achieved.

Anomalous photoresponse in the deep-ultraviolet due to resonant excitonic effects in oxygen plasma treated few-layer graphene

Graphene holds great promise for novel optoelectronic devices due its exceptional optical properties. Here we report an anomalous photoresponse due to resonant excitonic effects in oxygen functionalized epitaxial graphene (EG) with gain exceeding 104 in the deep-ultraviolet (DUV) region. The method used to introduce the oxygen adatoms is via mild oxygen plasma treatment. Upon oxygen adsorption, spectral weight transfer occurs and a photoresponse emerges. The photoresponse in the oxygen plasma treated EG (OPTEG) is attributed to the enhancement of the resonant exciton in the DUV and suppression of optical conductivity below it, as evidenced in our spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. Our result shows that the OPTEG produces large photoconductive gain, high selectivity, and detectivity in excess of 1012 Jones in the DUV spectral range and can be harnessed to fabricate tunable graphene-based high-gain DUV photodetectors.

Monolithically Integrated Metal/Semiconductor Tunnel Junction Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes.

We have demonstrated for the first time an n(++)-GaN/Al/p(++)-GaN backward diode, wherein an epitaxial Al layer serves as the tunnel junction. The resulting p-contact free InGaN/GaN nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) exhibited a low turn-on voltage (∼2.9 V), reduced resistance, and enhanced power, compared to nanowire LEDs without the use of Al tunnel junction or with the incorporation of an n(++)-GaN/p(++)-GaN tunnel junction. This unique Al tunnel junction overcomes some of the critical issues related to conventional GaN-based tunnel junction designs, including stress relaxation, wide depletion region, and light absorption, and holds tremendous promise for realizing low-resistivity, high-brightness III-nitride nanowire LEDs in the visible and deep ultraviolet spectral range. Moreover, the demonstration of monolithic integration of metal and semiconductor nanowire heterojunctions provides a seamless platform for realizing a broad range of multifunctional nanoscale electronic and photonic devices.

Environmentally friendly method to grow wide-bandgap semiconductor aluminum nitride crystals: Elementary source vapor phase epitaxy.

Aluminum nitride (AlN) has attracted increasing interest as an optoelectronic material in the deep ultraviolet spectral range due to its wide bandgap of 6.0 eV (207 nm wavelength) at room temperature. Because AlN bulk single crystals are ideal device substrates for such applications, the crystal growth of bulky AlN has been extensively studied. Two growth methods seem especially promising: hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and sublimation. However, the former requires hazardous gases such as hydrochloric acid and ammonia, while the latter needs extremely high growth temperatures around 2000 °C. Herein we propose a novel vapor-phase-epitaxy-based growth method for AlN that does not use toxic materials; the source precursors are elementary aluminum and nitrogen gas. To prepare our AlN, we constructed a new growth apparatus, which realizes growth of AlN single crystals at a rate of ~18 μm/h at 1550 °C using argon as the source transfer via the simple reaction Al + 1/2N2 → AlN. This growth rate is comparable to that by HVPE, and the growth temperature is much lower than that in sublimation. Thus, this study opens up a novel route to achieve environmentally friendly growth of AlN.

Strongly transverse-electric-polarized emission from deep ultraviolet AlGaN quantum well light emitting diodes

The optical polarization of emission from ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on (0001)-oriented AlxGa1−xN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) has been studied by simulations and electroluminescence measurements. With increasing aluminum mole fraction in the quantum well x, the in-plane intensity of transverse-electric (TE) polarized light decreases relative to that of the transverse-magnetic polarized light, attributed to a reordering of the valence bands in AlxGa1−xN. Using k ⋅ p theoretical model calculations, the AlGaN MQW active region design has been optimized, yielding increased TE polarization and thus higher extraction efficiency for bottom-emitting LEDs in the deep UV spectral range. Using (i) narrow quantum wells, (ii) barriers with high aluminum mole fractions, and (iii) compressive growth on patterned aluminum nitride sapphire templates, strongly TE-polarized emission was observed at wavelengths as short as 239 nm.

Single-pass UV generation at 222.5 nm based on high-power GaN external cavity diode laser.

We demonstrate a compact system for single-pass frequency doubling of high-power GaN diode laser radiation. The deep UV laser light at 222.5 nm is generated in a β-BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal. A high-power GaN external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system in Littrow configuration with narrowband emission at 445 nm is used as pump source. At a pump power of 680 mW, a maximum UV power of 16 μW in continuous-wave operation at 222.5 nm is achieved. This concept enables a compact diode laser-based system emitting in the deep ultraviolet spectral range.

Co-existence of a few and sub micron inhomogeneities in Al-rich AlGaN/AlN quantum wells

Inhomogeneity in Al-rich AlGaN/AlN quantum wells is directly observed using our custom-built confocal microscopy photoluminescence (μ-PL) apparatus with a reflective system. The μ-PL system can reach the AlN bandgap in the deep ultra-violet spectral range with a spatial resolution of 1.8 μm. In addition, cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements with a higher spatial resolution of about 100 nm are performed. A comparison of the μ-PL and CL measurements reveals that inhomogeneities, which have different spatial distributions of a few- and sub-micron scales that are superimposed, play key roles in determining the optical properties.

Enhancement of Molecular Fluorescence in the UV Spectral Range Using Aluminum Nanoantennas

We investigate the fluorescence rate of a dipolar emitter coupled to Al nanoparticles of varying shapes and sizes and to dimer nanoantennas in the deep-ultraviolet (UV) spectral range, using the surface integral equation method. In particular, we show that the shape of the Al nanostructures plays a fundamental role in controlling the complex interplay between the excitation rate and the quantum yield in radiative plasmonic systems. In addition, we also investigate the role of the near-field interaction of two coupled Al nanoparticles in enhancing the fluorescence rate of the dipole. This study is important for the engineering of more efficient light-emitting nanostructures in the UV spectral range, such as Al-based material systems or light-emitting fluorophores for biodetection.