Deep Row Research Articles

Impact of Inter-Row Cultivation on Potato Tuber Yields in Organic Farming

The paper highlights the surging interest in organic agriculture among both food producers and consumers in Russia. However, when transitioning from intensive agricultural production to organic technologies, certain problems arise. This applies to crop cultivation, especially potatoes, as the ban on traditional mineral fertilizers necessitates the search for rational and science-based alternative methods. (Research purpose) The study aims to investigate the impact of deep inter-row potato cultivation on tuber yield without using fertilizers. (Materials and methods) To adapt crop cultivation practices in the North-West region to organic production requirements, a six-field crop rotation, including potatoes, was implemented at the Institute of Agroengineering and Environmental Problems of Agricultural Production. The experimental field soil is characterized as soddy-podzolic and light loamy. For the experiment, the domestic potato variety Udacha was used. Continuous monitoring was conducted for the soil’s physical parameters. Inter-row cultivation was performed in two ways: hilling with harrowing using the row-crop cultivator KON-2.8 + BRU (control planting) and deep cultivation to 27 centimeter depth with the KNO-2.8 + BRU (test planting). (Results and discussion) Digital agromonitoring of environmental climatic parameters and soil physical characteristics, including hardness and moisture content, was conducted. The study examined the impact of inter-row-cultivation method on potato yields over three years. In three-year retrospective study, the highest yield of 20.57 tons per hectare was achieved in 2022, while adverse soil and climatic conditions in 2021 led to the lowest yields of 12.8 tons in the control planting and 14.19 tons in the experiment planting. (Conclusions) By creating favorable soil conditions for potato development through eliminating compaction in the rows, the increase in yield can reach 27 percent due to deep row cultivation, improved soil moisture, and moisture retention.

Experimental and clinical evaluation of a new intra-lingual suture pattern for management of lingual wounds in farm animals

A pre-clinical experimental study is used to evaluate a new intralingual suture pattern, for treating farm animal’s tongue-wounds. Experimental section was performed on 36 fresh goat’s tongue-samples, to compare the new suture pattern with the traditionally used two patterns (double rows simple interrupted pattern; and tension relieve vertical mattress with deep row simple interrupted pattern that is followed by superficial opposing vertical mattress). Comparison involved the required stitches number, duration of suturing, and pattern’s tensile strength. The main clinical study was carried out on recent lingual wounds of variable depths which involved 30-50% of tongue width in one horse, one camel, one buffalo-calf, and three donkeys. In addition to three donkeys had old lacerations which failed to heal by first intension. Wounds sutured by the new pattern were covered by one row of cruciate mattress to oppose the mucosa. Results revealed that the new pattern required fewer stitches numbers, consume lesser time, had higher tensile strength, it could be applied easily, achieved proper apposition of both the muscular layer and mucosa, and it induced minimal scar formation and deformity. The technique is widely acceptable by the owners than the other traditional merhods. The technique is advised to be used as alternative suture pattern for repair of lingual wounds of farm animals.

Investigation on a full-scale heat pipe heat exchanger in the ceramics industry for waste heat recovery

The ceramics industry is the second largest energy consuming sector in Europe. The main energy used in the ceramics industry is heat generated through burners using natural gas. The main area can be identified in three stages, the drying stage and the firing stage, and the cooling stage. The firing stage represents about 75% of the total energy cost. The roller hearth kiln technology is considered to be the most cost-effective solution for ceramic tile manufacturing. The kiln is separated into two sections, the firing stage and the cooling stage. The cooling stage generates large amounts of waste heat as the exhaust of the kiln is composed of a challenging flue gas for heat recovery. The recovery of this heat in an efficient way with no cross contamination has been achieved with a heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) system, which was designed, manufactured and installed on a roller hearth kiln and is presented in this paper. The heat pipe heat exchanger located next to the cooling section exhaust stack managed to recover up to 100 kW at steady state without cross contamination or excess fouling. The return on investment of the system has been evaluated at 16 months with a saving of £30,000 per year. This paper will present a deep row by row theoretical analysis of the heat pipe heat exchanger. The Computational Fluids Dynamics will also be presented to investigate the fluid dynamics within the evaporator and condenser section. Both investigations have then been validated by the experimental investigation carried out on a full-scale industrial system. The design approach used in this paper will highlight the benefits of this type of technology and provide a guideline for the design of novel heat pipe heat exchangers.

Correlation between the dynamic velocity and average heat transfer coefficient in transversely streamlined in-line and staggered tube bundles

On the basis of the analysis of a large array of experimental data on average heat transfer and hydraulic resistance, calculations of the dynamic velocity on the wall in deep rows of in-line and staggered tube bundles transversely streamlined by the turbulent flow of the coolant are performed. In addition, energy consumption is calculated based on experimental data on the hydraulic resistance of rod assemblies. The obtained results serve to determine the coefficient of proportionality between the dynamic velocity and the energy consumption for pumping the coolant. The proposed calculation formulas for the proportionality coefficient allow computing the average heat transfer coefficient in transversely streamlined in-line and staggered tube bundles in a wide range of rod packing spacings and Reynolds numbers, using the universal dependence of heat transfer on dynamic velocity.

Optimal analysis of gas cooler and intercooler for two-stage CO2 trans-critical refrigeration system

Energy-based 1st law and exergy-based 2nd law are both employed in the paper to assess the optimal design of gas cooler and intercooler for two-stage CO2 refrigeration system. A simplified mathematical model of the air-cooled coil is presented and validated against experimental data with good accuracy. The optimum circuit length under the influence of frontal air velocity and deep rows is investigated first. Thereafter, designed coil with optimum circuit length is further evaluated within the two-stage refrigeration system. It is found out the optimum point using 1st law does not coincide with the point using 2nd law in isolated component and the simulation results from isolated component by 2nd law are closer to system analysis. Results show optimum circuit length is much bigger for gas cooler than intercooler and the influence on the length from variation of frontal air velocity and deep rows may be neglected. There does exist optimum frontal air velocity which will decrease with more number of deep rows.

Leaching potential and forms of phosphorus in deep row applied biosolids underlying hybrid poplar

Biosolids deep row incorporation (DRI) offers an alternative recycling approach for bioenergy crop production, but phosphorus additions in excess of the vegetation requirements can potentially impair water quality. The effects of DRI of anaerobically digested (AD) and lime-stabilized (LS) biosolids at four rates (213, 426 Mg ha −1 for AD and 328, 656 Mg ha −1 for LS) and a single rate of conventional P fertilizer on leaching of PO 4–P, and TKP were investigated in a hybrid poplar plantation in a coastal plain heavy mineral mine reclamation site. The effects of AD and LS biosolids aging on the transformations and losses of P applied with the biosolids were also studied. Zero tension lysimeters were installed at the site to collect leachate. Samples were collected at least monthly for 30 months between July 2006 and December 2008. We also analyzed biosolids P (labile P, Al-, Fe-bound-P, Ca-bound-P, total P, Mehlich 1 P) fractions. The loss of P was determined and P binding constituents were described via regression analysis. Orthophosphate and TKP from the DRI biosolids leached in negligible amounts, and were similar to leaching from conventional P fertilization. Most of the P was Al- and Fe-bound in the AD biosolids and Ca-bound in the LS biosolids. Labile P decreased with decrease in organic C, which indicated that P leaching potential from the DRI biosolids decreased with aging. Our results indicated that P mobility from biosolids of the type used should not pose a water quality risk.

Chemistry and Transport of Metals from Entrenched Biosolids at a Reclaimed Mineral Sands Mining Site

Deep row incorporation of biosolids is an alternative land treatment method whose typically high rates may result in elevated pollutant transport. The objectives of this research were to compare the effects of entrenched biosolids stabilization type and rate on heavy metal chemistry and mobility. Two rates each of Alexandria (Virginia) Sanitation Authority anaerobically digested (213 and 426 dry Mg ha(-1)) and Blue Plains (Washington, DC) lime-stabilized (329 and 657 dry Mg ha(-1)) biosolids were placed in trenches at a mineral sands mine reclamation site in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, in summer 2006. Vertical and lateral transport of heavy metals from the biosolids seams were determined by analyzing leachate collected in zero tension lysimeters below the trenches and suction lysimeters adjacent to the trenches. Silver, Cd, Pb, and Sn did not move vertically or laterally to any significant extent. During the 15-mo period following entrenching, lime-stabilized biosolids produced higher cumulative metal mass transport for Cu (967 g ha(-1)), Ni (171 g ha(-1)), and Zn (1027 g ha(-1)) than did the anaerobically digested biosolids and control. Barium mass loss was similar for both biosolids. All metals moved primarily with particulates. MINTEQA) predicted that > 70% of Cu was bound to fulvic acids, whereas > 80% of Ba was found as Ba2+. As pH decreased with time, free ions of Zn decreased and the metal's association with fulvic acids increased. Largely insignificant transport of metals into the lysimeters demonstrated that biosolids-borne heavy metals posed little risk to groundwater even when entrenched in very coarse-textured soil.

Improvement order picking in mobile storage systems with a middle cross aisle

Mobile automated storage/retrieval system (M-AS/RS) is more efficient than mobile storage system (MSS). However, the problems of huge rack row movement and long travel distance have not been effectively solved, especially for heavy items. This study proposes the middle cross aisle model (MCAM) based on the perspective of warehouse layout of M-AS/RS. By designing the layout of cross aisle from front to middle, the warehouse was divided into two small blocks. Picker travel distance could thus be reduced significantly, reducing the huge rack row and making rack row movement more economic and safe. This study formulates the MCAM operation and decomposes the order picking process into three stages, integrating with routing algorithms to achieve better picking routes. Simulation results showed that the MCAM model outperformed the M-AS/RS model. It is suitable for application to lower order density, heavy items with deep racks rows. The optimal ratio for simulation experiment rack shape is 0.6 to 1. Finally, the authors compared typical M-AS/RS and MCAM and also raised some practical concerns regarding its application to industry and addressed future research directions.

English

Deep row incorporation of biosolids is a unique alternative land application method that will prevent odor problems and may permit the application of considerably higher than currently permitted biosolids rates. The goal of our research is to assess environmental consequences of employing deep row incorporation of biosolids to restore productivity of mined land for the production of hybrid poplar as a potential bioenergy crop. Our objectives are to quantify the transformations of nitrogen and phosphorus applied to the soil as entrenched biosolids. The study is being conducted on a mineral sands mine reclamation site near the Coastal Plain-Piedmont fall line in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. The experimental design consists of 5 treatments - two biosolids types each applied in subsurface trenches at two rates and an unamended control. Application rates were 328 and 656 Mg ha -1 for the lime-stabilized biosolids and 213 and 426 Mg ha -1 for the anaerobically digested biosolids. Each treatment was replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The site has been instrumented with suction and zero-tension lysimeters for collection and analysis of leachate from which were determined subsurface loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. Gas chambers have been used to collect soil air samples for accounting of denitrification rates from the entrenched biosolids. Redox potential was determined in the incorporated biosolids to describe the biosolids environment influencing nitrogen and phosphorus chemical transformations. During the first 10-14 months following biosolids application, initial nitrogen loss occurred largely as ammonium and organic N and, after 7-10 months, mostly as nitrate N. There was no significant leaching of phosphorus. Low redox potential in the biosolids' seam validated the occurrence of anaerobic conditions. Higher nitrous oxide emissions occurred from the anaerobically digested biosolids than from the lime stabilized biosolids. The deep row biosolids incorporation technology, when applied to coarse-textured soils, does not appear to be environmentally viable with respect to potential nitrogen loss to groundwater.

Deep Rows Incorporation of Biosolids to Grow Hybrid Poplar Trees on Sand and Gravel Mine Spoils in Southern Maryland

Using deep row biosolids application to grow hybrid poplar trees (Populus spp.) on sand and gravel mine spoils is a unique and innovative beneficial-use technique that solves many of the conventional problems. The technique was developed on 50 ha (125 ac) site in the Washington, D.C. metro area by a private company (ERCO, Inc.). Research has been carried out since 2001 to develop a better understanding of water quality impacts, operational methods, clonal selection, hybrid poplar growth and nutrition, and the factors affecting economics and profitability. There are no indications of nitrate leaching and the tree plantation systems are performing well. Given the large acreage of mine spoils in the metro area, deep row application has the potential to utilize significant amounts of biosolids produced in the region.

DEMONSTRATING DEEP ROW PLACEMENT OF BIOSOLIDS IN COAL MINE LAND RECLAMATION

DEMONSTRATING DEEP ROW PLACEMENT OF BIOSOLIDS IN COAL MINE LAND RECLAMATIONWhen the Philadelphia Water Department needed an innovative biosolids management alternative that would utilize biosolids during winter months, the idea of growing hybrid poplars to reclaim mine lands presented many benefits. A similar operation in Maryland has been recognized as a successful approach to biosolids recycling and reclamation. The project places biosolids in deep row troughs that can...Author(s)William ToffeyEric FlaminoRobert PeppermanAlicia GrousAndrew DrumhellerDiane GarveySourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 3: Land ApplicationsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2007ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20070101)2007:3L.213;1-DOI10.2175/193864707787976416Volume / Issue2007 / 3Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids ConferenceFirst / last page(s)213 - 230Copyright2007Word count331

Deep Row Incorporation of Biosolids to Grow Hybrid Poplar Trees on Gravel Spoils in Southern Maryland: Impacts on Water Quality, Tree Growth & Survival, Profitability, and the Environment

Deep Row Incorporation of Biosolids to Grow Hybrid Poplar Trees on Gravel Spoils in Southern Maryland: Impacts on Water Quality, Tree Growth & Survival, Profitability, and the Environment

Habitat Use and Home Range of Gray Partridge in Eastern South Dakota

Gray partridge (Perdix perdix) habitat use was studied in eastern South Dakota by monitoring 46 radio-tagged birds between 22 December 1978 and 21 August 1980. Partridge coveys used pastures in a winter with deep snow (56 cm, 1979) and row crops in a winter with little snow (4 cm, 1980). During spring dispersal, partridge used many different habitat types. Idle habitat (roadside, fencerows, shelterbelts) was used in late spring during the nesting period and small grain crops in early summer as broodrearing cover. Partridge used standing row crops during late summer after small grain harvest. They continued to use row crops after fall harvest. Partridge did not use different habitat types during 3 diurnal time periods. Mean home range was 96 ha (N = 8); however, individual home ranges were variable (SD = 110.6). Variability in home range may be related to season, weather, and stage in the partridge life cycle. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 46(3):580-587 Gray partridge are becoming more important as a game species in the northern prairies. In South Dakota, hunter harvest of partridge increased from 3,125 birds in 1970 to 69,170 in 1978 (South Dakota Dep. Game, Fish and Parks, unpubl. rep., 1980). Although partridge are an important wildlife resource, few data are available on their ecology in South Dakota. The objectives of this study were to examine seasonal habitat use and home range size of gray partridge in eastern South Dakota. We thank W. L. Tucker and G. C. White for assisting with statistical analysis and J. E. Dunn for providing the home range program. K. McElvain provided assistance with computer programming. W. Balda, D. Doudna, B. Gehring, J. Jasmer, E. Keyser, and D. Lundborg assisted with field work and R. P. Davison, L. D. Flake, C. G. Scalet, J. P. Weigand, and W. A. We tz reviewed drafts of the manuscript. We thank the study area landowners for their support and L. Ratti for editorial suggestions.