Deep Reflection Research Articles

Conceptualising self-reflexive practice as transformational competence: Exploring relationships and relatedness in a fourth industrial revolution technological environment

In the author’s exploration of the literature, little seems to be known regarding the potential value of self-reflexive practice in exploring the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and its related phenomena. The thesis is presented in narrative format and based on personal experience and insights, supported by a non-systematic review of the literature on self-reflexive practice and the 4IR. This perspective argues that one of the most impactful transformational competences in the context of the 4IR, is arguably what is known as self-reflexive practice (SRP). Through this practice we elucidate our conscious and unconscious assumptions and orientations towards the 4IR and associated phenomena. The aim of this article was to highlight the importance of self-reflexive practice as a critical skill for navigating the complexities and challenges presented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In this article SRP is conceptualised as the critically informed stance of reflexive dialogue with the self, regarding conscious and unconscious realities. It is argued that the value of SRP lies in its capacity to a) foster critical thinking, b) manage paradoxes, dilemmas and complexities that are characteristic of the 4IR, and c) create psychological “containing spaces” for complexity, ambivalence, and ambiguity. Thus, reflexivity as a way of being, could help us reshape and reorient how we relate to the 4IR and enable practitioners to learn from experience (through deep reflection) about themselves, their work and the way they relate.

AVALIAÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES: CRITÉRIOS E IMPACTOS

Considering the incessant and turbulent social changes that permeate today's society, teacher training stands out as a vital path for updating and improving the professionals responsible for teaching and educating. Thus, the objective of teacher training is not limited to the discourses and epistemological bases that support teacher preparation but expands to foster a deep reflection on educational practice and equip professionals with the essential skills to align the profile of the citizen we educate with emerging social demands. Therefore, it becomes imperative to evaluate the results of training programs and actions aimed at teachers, to uncover the consequences of these initiatives and, thus, verify the real effectiveness of training programs aimed at teachers. In this scenario, the importance of evaluating training programs explodes in relevance, revealing itself as a crucial element in the incessant search for educational quality. This document aims to highlight, in a vibrant way, the urgent need to evaluate evaluation levels, identify the appropriate moments for each evaluation modality, and determine the instruments for collecting information. The analysis of the agents involved in this evaluation process will be addressed with intensity, highlighting how these aspects interconnect to create a robust and impactful feedback cycle, aiming to reveal the magnitude of the importance of continuous evaluation in improving teacher training and adapting to constantly changing social dynamics.

Recognizing Race: Podcasting to Promote Critical Dialogue and Self-Reflection in Multicultural Psychology

Introduction Courses in multicultural psychology can provide content about power, privilege, healing, and resistance, especially as they pertain to race, while presenting space for students to reflect on their own socialization experiences and the role of race in their lives. Statement of Problem Direct, lecture-based approaches to presenting course content on race and racial identity can impede deep reflection and application of the material to students’ lives and their ability to engage across differences. Literature Review Critical dialogue among classroom peers enables students to use the knowledge gained from classroom content to discuss the complexity of race and racism with nuance and depth. Teaching Implications In this article, we describe Recognizing Race, a podcast assignment that scaffolds students’ self-reflection about their racial identity development while facilitating critical racial dialogues between students. Conclusion The Recognizing Race podcast assignment is one that can be used for undergraduate and graduate-level students in multicultural psychology to apply racial identity concepts to increase cultural self-awareness and promote more compassionate and inclusive interactions with others.

COVID-19's Impact in Long-Term Care Facilities: The Health and Coping Strategies of Older Adults and Their Families.

Describe the stressors that long-term care facility (LTCF) residents and their family members were exposed to during the COVID-19 pandemic, the resources they mobilised to cope with them, and the strategies used by professionals to support them. A descriptive qualitative design study. Between March 2021 and February 2022, we carried out semi-structured interviews with 8 LTCF residents, 11 family members, and 6 focus groups made up of healthcare and support staff from 8 LTCFs. Three themes emerged: (1) residents and family members: separated and suffering, (2) residents and family members: reinventing themselves, and (3) staff: attempts to maintain residents' well-being. LTCF Residents' and their family members' exposure to the various stressors linked to the COVID-19 pandemic generated suffering. Healthcare and support staff implemented strategies to support them, notably to maintain links between them. Some deep reflection must occur on the concepts of LTCF residents' autonomy and self-determination when implementing protective measures in future pandemic situations. This study has provided new insights into the nature of the stressors faced by LTCF residents and their families, and the measures implemented by professionals to support them. The role of the families of LTCF residents needs to be better recognised. Our results indicate the importance of involving nurses in discussions on patient autonomy and self-determination when implementing protective measures (in a pandemic situation). Exploring the nature of the stressors experienced by LTCF residents and their families enables professionals to tailor strategies to support them. Maintaining residents' self-determination is essential when implementing protective measures. Families involved with residents must be recognised and included in the assessment of stressors and the personalisation and implementation of strategies to support LTCF residents. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Subduction retreat recorded in the southern Beishan orogenic collage of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: New evidence from deep seismic reflection profiling

The crustal and upper mantle structure of the Beishan orogenic collage, which serves as the southern part of the middle Central Asian Orogenic Belt, provides crucial insights into the history of the multiple openings and closings of the Paleo-Asian Ocean during the Paleozoic. There is considerable dispute over the eventual closure position, timing, and subduction polarity of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, particularly in the southern Beishan orogenic collage. The main cause of these controversies is the lack of a high-resolution lithospheric structure in this area. In this study, we first present a 140-km-long, high-resolution seismic reflection profile taken across the northern Dunhuang Block and the southern Beishan orogenic collage. The seismic imaging provides new constraints on the structure of the lower crust, the Moho, and the upper mantle beneath the southernmost Central Asian Orogenic Belt. A subhorizontal reflector in the middle crust, two sets of north-dipping reflectors from the lower crust to the upper mantle, and several south-dipping reflectors in the upper crust in the northern part of the profile were imaged. Based on our study and other geological, chronological, and geophysical data, we propose that the two sequences of north-dipping reflectors from the lower crust to the upper mantle represent two stages of north-dipping subduction of the southern branch of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The first stage in the southern Beishan orogenic collage is Late Silurian−Early Devonian, and the second stage is late Carboniferous−Early Permian. The two-stage subduction process gave rise to the Huaniushan arc and the subsequent Shibanshan arc, respectively. These findings provide new constraints on the controversial subduction polarity and the multistage amalgamation of the microcontinental blocks and arcs in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

Mortality salience and helping behavior amidst public crisis: cross-sectional evidence during COVID-19.

As a real mortality salience, a public crisis would have a major impact on individual minds, behaviors, and lifestyles. COVID-19 provides us with a stark real-world example to understand these implications. Previous research has revealed that some individuals become more willing to help the infected at the risk of their own lives, while others become more self-centered and indifferent during COVID-19. To explain this paradoxical phenomenon, our study used two rival mediators in the relationship between mortality salience and helping behavior during COVID-19: death anxiety and death reflection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Chinese college students (N = 684) during the pandemic. We used a parallel mediation model to explore the mediating roles of death anxiety and death reflection in the relationship between mortality salience and helping behavior during COVID-19. The results of our study indicate two key findings. First, mortality salience is negatively related to helping behavior during COVID-19 via death anxiety. This suggests that individuals with higher levels of mortality salience experienced increased death anxiety, which in turn led to a decrease in helping behavior. Second, mortality salience is positively related to helping behavior during COVID-19 via death reflection. This indicates that individuals with higher levels of mortality salience engaged in deeper reflection on death, which subsequently resulted in an increase in helping behavior. Our study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between mortality salience and helping behaviors in the time of public crisis, and can help lead to more positive attitudes toward public crisis events such as COVID-19.

Does applying inductive methods based on system thinking improve EFL grammar learning?

PurposeThis study examined the effect of incorporating an inductive method based on system thinking to enhance grammar learning in the English language at a secondary school in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachThe researcher developed pre- and post-grammar tests for this study. Two EFL teachers participated; one taught the experimental group using inductive methods based on system thinking, while the other taught the control group using the traditional deductive approach to grammar instruction. Around 52 students participated in both the experimental group (26) and the control group (26). At the beginning of the term, all students completed pre-tests, and after eight weeks they completed the post-tests.FindingsThe results demonstrated significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The findings revealed that using inductive methods based on system thinking was highly effective in improving students’ grammar performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study could benefit EFL teachers, encouraging them to use inductive materials based on system thinking to create a more meaningful, interactive and engaging learning environment.Originality/valueThis study fills a gap in the EFL literature since it examines the impact of an inductive approach based on system thinking in grammar learning. System thinking activities encourage deep reflection, helping learners deduce grammatical rules. This study could benefit EFL teachers, encouraging them to use inductive materials based on system thinking to create a more meaningful, interactive and engaging learning environment.

KARAKTERISTIK POKOK FILSAFAT DALAM NOVEL PANGANTÉN KARYA DEDEN ABDUL AZIZ

This research aims to explain the philosophical study and key characteristics of philosophy in the novel Pangantén by Deden Abdul Aziz. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to analyze data from novel excerpts that reflect philosophical inquiry. Data were collected through the process of reading, noting, and marking relevant quotes. The results of the research show 63 pieces of philosophical data and 5 key characteristics of philosophy. Among them, 13 data points depict radical thinking, focusing on fundamental questions about human life and existence. A total of 20 data points relate to the search for basic principles or foundations, reflecting a contemplation of values that guide human behavior. Additionally, 8 data points reflect the pursuit of truth, another 8 depict efforts to achieve conceptual clarity, and 14 data points describe rational thinking, emphasizing logic and reasoning in decision-making. These results indicate that the novel Pangantén not only presents a narrative but also conveys deep philosophical reflections. These elements position the novel as a medium for illustrating philosophical ideas about existence, principles, truth, clarity, and rationality in everyday life.

The Motion of the Mutable and the Constant: An Analytical Study of the Temporal Rotation in the Poetry of Khaled Al-Faisal

This research is based on the conviction that dialect literature carries a cultural and artistic value that demands attention. Categorizing this literature as “popular” or “colloquial,” has been adopted to distinguish it from formal Arabic-language literature, but this research intentionally stays away from these two names, since their implications detract from the value of popular literature and considers it simple and spontaneous consequently, addressing the commoners, based solely on its use of colloquial dialects in direct expression. Surely, oral circulation does not diminish the ability of language to express, nor does it exclude poetry from acquiring the elements of high literature. One of the best representatives of the innovative leap in Nabati dialect poetry is Prince Khaled Al-Faisal, whose tireless effort to activate the mind, and to expand the circle of knowledge, manages successfully to merge the inherited modes of poetic traditions with the vibrant exploration of new patterns of thinking. This paper studies the concept of time in Khaled Al-Faisal’s poetry and his deep reflections on the meaning of the dynamic changes in the cycles of transformation of history. The relationship with the past is one of consolidation and rooting that anticipates the future and prepares for it: every epoch consists of units that interact in a rotational movement: it does not follow a straight linear system of progress from back to front, but rather tends toward the natural cosmic upward spiral movement, whose successive cycles activate the process of filling and emptying, possessing and abandoning, youthfulness and decaying, living and dying. The importance of researching the poetics of time in Khaled Al-Faisal’s poems lies in the fact that such an approach applies a modern and different critical method which traces the philosophy of time in poetry as a new key to reveal the cognitive system which drives the general pattern of his poetic experience. This reading opens up an intellectual and contemplative horizon for us to deal with the essence of time and its paradoxes as manifested in present existence, past retrieval, and futuristic anticipation, three different movements in time that cannot be isolated from the stability of their continuous sequences.

A 3D Seismotectonic Model and the Spatiotemporal Relationship of Two Historical Large Earthquakes in the Linfen Basin, North China

The Shanxi Graben is a transitional zone between the Ordos Block and North China Plain with complex structures and frequent earthquakes. Six earthquakes with M ≥ 7.0 have been recorded in the area, including the 1303 Hongtong M 8 and 1695 Linfen M 7.8 earthquakes in the Linfen Basin. Research on these two large earthquakes, closely related in time and space, is lacking. Our objective was to use deep seismic reflection profiles and 3D velocity structure data from previous research, along with seismological observation results, to interpret the geological structure near the source of the two earthquakes. A 3D geometric model of the seismogenic fault was constructed, and the relationships among the deep and shallow structures, deep seismogenic environment, and two large earthquakes were explored. Differences in seismogenic environment between the southern and northern Linfen Basin were identified. The distribution of small earthquakes in the southern Linfen Basin was scattered, and the overall distribution was at depths <25 km. The small earthquakes in the northern part of the basin were dense and concentrated at depths of 25–35 km. Low-velocity layers at an approximate depth of 15–20 km in the southern basin led to differences in seismogenesis between the two regions. Based on the area of the 3D geometric model of the Huoshan Fault, the maximum magnitude of an earthquake caused by fault rupture is Mw 7.7, so the magnitude of the 1303 Hongtong earthquake might be overestimated. Numerical simulation results of Coulomb stress showed that the 1303 Hongtong earthquake had a stress-loading effect on the 1695 Linfen earthquake. The change in Coulomb rupture stress was 1.008–2.543 bar, which is higher than the generally considered earthquake trigger threshold (0.1 bar). We created a new 3D source model of large earthquakes in the Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, providing a reference and typical cases for risk assessment of large earthquakes in different regions of the Shanxi Graben.

Insights into the crustal and the magmatic feeding structure at the Payunia Volcanic Province highlighted by geophysical methods, in the retroarc of the Southern Central Andes

The Payunia Volcanic Province is a Quaternary volcanic plateau emplaced in the retroarc area in the northern Neuquén Mesozoic Basin, associated with a hydrocarbon system. At deeper levels, this basin is linked to different intrusive systems that developed in the retroarc region at different times, during the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene, and even the Quaternary which influenced the hydrocarbon system maturity. We analyzed the Moho structure through this retroarc region, as well as the crustal structure affected by different stages of regional extension. From continuous seismic noise data, we calculated the autocorrelograms to obtain the reflection response below each seismological station. This allowed imaging the surface of primary crustal reflectors and in a few stations the top of an asthenospheric anomaly (SWAP) found by magnetotelluric survey and in concordance with satellite magnetic data. The crustal reflectors were identified in all stations at a mean two-way travel time of about ∼8.5 s and ∼12.5 s using frequency bands of about 1.0–2.4 Hz. Therefore, this is the first geophysical research that estimates the depth of the magmatic system, hosted at the top of the lower crust and the Moho discontinuity. The deepest reflector, only recognized in 4 stations, was observed with a two-way travel time of 17.2 s to 19.6 s. We used a mean one-dimensional Vp model to obtain the corresponding reflector depths which constrain the two-dimensional forward gravity model that fits with the observed regional anomaly for the region. We finally established a relationship between the shallowest sublithospheric electrical conductivity anomalies determined in previous researches and the strong deep reflections observed in some of the seismological stations. This information may help to constrain geochemical and petrological models and re-evaluate the hydrocarbon system maturity of the northern Neuquén basin.

Examining sustained sub-national health system development: experience from the Western Cape province, South Africa, 1994-2016.

Governance and leadership are recognised as central to health system development in low- and middle-income countries, yet few existing studies consider the influence of multi-level governance systems. South Africa is one of many (quasi-)federal states. Provincial governments have responsibility for managing health care delivery within national policy frameworks and norms. The early post-apartheid period saw country-wide efforts to address the apartheid legacy of health system inequity and inefficiency, but health system transformation subsequently stalled in many provinces. In contrast, the Western Cape provincial health department sustained service delivery reform and strengthened management processes over the period 1994-2016. This department can be considered a 'pocket of relative bureaucratic effectiveness' (POE): an organisational entity that, compared to others, is relatively effective in carrying out its functions in pursuit of the public good. This paper considers what factors enabled the development of the Western Cape health system in the period 1994-2016. Two phases of data collection entailed document review, participatory workshops, 43 in-depth interviews with purposively selected key informants from inside and outside the Western Cape, and a structured survey testing initial insights (response rate 42%). Analysis included triangulation across data sets, comparison between the Western Cape and other provincial experience and deeper reflection on these experiences drawing on POE theory and public administration literature. The analysis highlights the Western Cape experience of stable and astute sub-national governance and leadership and the deepening of administrative and technical capacity over time - within a specific provincial historical and political economy context that sustained the separation of political and administrative powers. Multi-level governance systems can create the space for sub-national POEs to emerge in their mediation of wider political economy forces, generating spaces for skilled reform leaders to act in the public interest, support the emergence of distributed leadership and develop robust management processes.

‘Facilitating change from within’: investigating students’ experiences of using core reflection in physical education teacher education

ABSTRACT Background Reflection plays a pivotal role in professional development, particularly in physical education teacher education (PETE). Research shows that student reflections in PETE often remain at a superficial level, focusing mainly on technical aspects of teaching. However, there's a need for PETE students to engage in deeper reflections, encompassing social, moral, ethical, or political aspects of teaching. Research goal This study investigates how PETE students experience core reflection as a pedagogical intervention for their professional development. Theory Core reflection, a concept developed by Fred Korthagen, bridges the gap between theory and practice in teacher education. It encourages using personal teaching experiences as starting points for reflection, focusing on personality development and the utilization of one's inner potential. This approach is believed to help student teachers find their personal and authentic teaching style. Method The study involved 38 PETE students who participated in both theoretical and practical sessions, including a swimming course. These sessions incorporated tasks for facilitating core reflection, based on personal teaching experiences. The data comprised individual written reflections from these students, analyzed using Eggebø's ‘collective qualitative analysis’ procedure. Results The analysis revealed four key themes: (1) ‘Same Intentions, Varied Experiences’: This theme highlights the differences in depth and detail of core reflection among students, despite similar initial intentions. (2) ‘A Tool for Awareness’: The tool was found to be effective in helping students develop awareness and recognize their personal strengths and weaknesses. (3) Peer Feedback Helps Understanding Core Qualities’: This theme underscores the importance of peer feedback in identifying personal strengths and bolstering confidence. (4) ‘Being Situated in Realistic Context makes Core Reflection (more) Meaningful’: The findings emphasize the value of learning core reflection within realistic settings, such as school practicums and peer-teaching, to facilitate practical understanding and application. Discussion and conclusion Core reflection is an effective tool within PETE for promoting systematic reflection, self-awareness, and professional growth. However, it requires sustained effort and integration into educational programs. Future research should explore the long-term effects of core reflection in PETE, especially regarding the development of professional competencies aligned with individual core qualities.

Exploration of the Reading of Surah Mu’awwidzatain at the Ashabul Yamin Lasi Tuo Pondok Pesantren: A Study of the Living Quran in the Context of Spiritual Development of Santri

This research focuses on the practice of articulating the al-Falaq and an-Naas at Pondok Pesantren Ashhabul Yamin Lasi Tuo, which has become an essential part of the santri spiritual lives. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, collecting data through direct observation, in-depth interviews with the santri and the managers of the wirid activities, and related documentation. Key informants in this study provide insights into how these surahs are integrated into daily routines and how this practice is embraced and understood by the madrasah community. The findings of this research reveal that the articulation of the mu’awwidzatain surahs at Pondok Pesantren Ashhabul Yamin has a significant impact on the spiritual development of the santri. This practice not only offers protection from external disturbances but also serves as a tool for developing inner strength, peace of mind, and discipline in daily life. Santri engaged in this practice shows improvements in focus, tranquillity, and determination, all of which are the results of deep reflection on the teachings of these surahs. However, this study also identifies some challenges in the implementation of this tradition, particularly in maintaining its consistency and relevance amid social and environmental changes. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of understanding the role of religious rituals in shaping the spiritual identity of santri in madrasah. Traditions such as the articulation of the mu’awwidzatain surahs should not only be seen as part of the religious curriculum but also as a vital means of instilling deep moral and spiritual values. Therefore, it is crucial to preserve and develop this tradition while adapting it to the dynamics and challenges faced in the modern era.

Perempuan dan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Lensa Filsafat: Dilema Etika dan Implementasi

Human rights in the context of women through a philosophical lens brings us into deep reflection about the rights, dignity and role of women in society. In philosophy, women are considered as equal individuals to men, eliminating discrimination based on gender. The concepts of bodily autonomy, reproductive rights, and protection against violence are at the center of ethical and moral debates about women's human rights. Philosophical thinking also emphasizes that women have an active role in raising social and political awareness to achieve gender equality. This involves the moral responsibility and collective action of women in fighting for their rights. Through a philosophical lens, understanding women's human rights encourages us to see women not only as objects receiving rights, but also as subjects who are empowered to shape a more just future. Therefore, the philosophy provides a strong foundation for advocacy for gender equality and social change that is more inclusive and has equal rights to live with dignity and freedom.

Methodological framework of the emotional dimension in the built space for an architectural quality

Architecture quality is complex due to a number of factors. Some of these factors implicitly engage in deep reflection on architectural space, then they end up having a significant impact on the user’s architectural experience. For the purposes of this paper, experience is considered as any contact between the user and the built environment through the architectural space, where the impact will be the result of both objective and subjective factors. Among these subjective aspects, we focus on the emotional dimension of the user's experience. This theoretical article will address this issue using an inductive approach. The main purpose is to examine the role of each of the following elements: firstly, the architect's perception of architectural space, in particular in relation to the traditional duel between form/space or geometry/architecture; secondly, the impact of emotion which is thought to be most closely related to human nature in promoting architectural quality; and finally, we will attempt to define the methodology that will enable the architect to address this emotional dimension in such a technical practice. The desired and appropriate methodological frame is intended to provide a scientific solution to the potential conflict between subjective and objective factors from the disciplines and participants involved. To do so, it should represent the first level (level-0 methodological framework) where the user-centered approach takes precedence and coordinates between architects, environmental psychologists and neuroscientists to prepare the quantitative and qualitative data needed to support the next level (level-1: architectural design), which is primarily the responsibility of the architect.

Geodynamic modeling on continental collision in Qilian orogenic belt

The Qilian orogenic belt (QOB) located in the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau is featured by remarkable crustal thrusting and shortening, providing a key natural example to understand the lithospheric deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. Two types of continental collision are observed in the QOB: lithosphere subduction beneath Southern Qilian and crust underthrusting of Alxa terrain along the North Border Thrust (NBT). Deep seismic reflection profiles reveal complex stress field evolution, including compressional deformation in the lower crust, extensional deformation in the upper crust, and detachment deformation in the middle crust. In this study, we use 2D numerical modeling to investigate the dynamics of these two different collision types and the evolution of Qilian uplift. Model results suggest three patterns of continental collision, i.e., crust underthrusting follows lithosphere subduction, lithosphere subduction and the failed underthrusting/subduction. The key factors that may influence model evolution, including crustal rheology, convergence direction and rate, are systematically investigated. Our model results are further compared to observations, suggesting that lower convergence rate and crust underthrusting along NBT likely control the uplift and crust stress stratification of the QOB.

The Mesozoic Subduction Zone over the Dongsha Waters of the South China Sea and Its Significance in Gas Hydrate Accumulation

The Mesozoic subduction zone over the Dongsha Waters (DSWs) of the South China Sea (SCS) is a part of the westward subduction of the ancient Pacific plate. Based on the comprehensive interpretation of deep reflection seismic profile data and polar magnetic anomaly data, and the zircon dating results of igneous rocks drilled from well LF35-1-1, the Mesozoic subduction zone in the northeast SCS is accurately identified, and a Mesozoic subduction model is proposed. The accretion wedges, trenches, and igneous rock zones together form the Mesozoic subduction zone. The evolution of the Mesozoic subduction zone can be divided into two stages: continental subduction during the Late Jurassic and continental collision during the late Cretaceous. The Mesozoic subduction zone controlled the structural pattern and evolution of the Chaoshan depression (CSD) during the Mesozoic and Neogene eras. The gas source of the hydrate comes from thermogenic gas, which is accompanied by mud diapir activity and migrates along the fault. The gas accumulates to form gas hydrates at the bottom of the stable domain; BSR can be seen above the mud diapir structure; that is, hydrate deposits are formed under the influence of mud diapir structures, belonging to a typical leakage type genesis model.

Educational Dilemmas and Challenges for Students with Autism under the Learning in Regular Classroom Policy: A Qualitative Study Based on the Perspectives of Two Parents in Beijing

Learning in Regular Classroom（LRC）is a crucial approach for addressing the educational placement of children with special needs and implementing the philosophy of inclusive education. However, children with autism face significant challenges in inclusive settings due to difficulties in social interaction, communication, and behaviors. This study employs a qualitative research method, interviewing parents of children with autism whose children have completed compulsory education in regular schools in Beijing, to explore the practical challenges of implementing LRC policy the findings reveal conflicts between the ideal and the reality of policy implementation. Families of children with autism encounter challenges related to school placement, adaptation, and support due to incomplete policy regulations, inadequate policy execution, and insufficient educational support. To ensure the effective implementation of inclusive education, a deeper reflection and adjustment of the LRC policy are necessary. This study provides valuable insights from a parental perspective into the challenges faced by children with autism in China under the LRC policy, aiming to inform future policy development and implementation.

Pleasure, impulse, compulsion, and rationality in the behavior of young consumers in the context of contemporary challenges and current events

In modern societies, significant changes are taking place in the sphere of consumption. Consumption is no longer just a way of satisfying needs. Sometimes it can also be about experiencing pleasure (also on impulse) or relieving tension. A characteristic behavior of pleasure consumers is the spontaneous (impulsive) purchase of goods that are attractive to them. At the same time, impulsive purchases differ from rationalized purchases in that the decision to purchase a given product is made quickly and usually without deeper reflection. The purpose of this article is to try to answer the question, what is the essence of purchasing decisions in the face of the challenges of the modern world, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and inflation? What are the shopping habits of young consumers, especially in relation to their emotional, psychological, social, and economic spheres? In light of these challenges, can one notice any adaptation strategies, “survival” strategies, rationalization of behavior, or, on the contrary, will the orientation towards pleasure, compulsive shopping, or impulse purchases dominate? The subject of this article is the consumer behavior of young people, perceived as a series of reactions to various stimuli — instincts, emotions — that inspire and mobilize them to satisfy their needs. The answers to the questions posed above were obtained by analyzing the data obtained through qualitative research using the technique of focus group interviews.