Deep Ploughing Research Articles

Peanut macronutrient absorptions characteristics in response to soil compaction stress in typical brown soils under various tillage systems

ABSTRACT Soil tillage, a major agricultural management, could effectively alter soil structure and plant growth, particularly under groundnut plantations. To understand effects of different tillage measures on nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) absorptions and use efficiencies for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), four tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), deep loosing (DL), deep plow (DP), and shallow plow (SP), were examined for two growing years at three typical peanut-producing sites of Qishan, Wangcheng, and Xiadian in Shandong, China. Results showed that average soil bulk density under DL, DP, and SP at the three sites was decreased by 7.1–19.5% compared with NT treatment for the 2 years. Significantly higher average total N accumulations in underground peanut part patterned as DP (163 kg/ha) > SP (149 kg/ha) > DL (144 kg/ha) > NT (117 kg/ha), while total N in aboveground peanut part was 8.7–22.1% higher under DP than other treatments. Absorptions of N, P, and K in underground parts were extremely significantly contributed to high peanut yields (P < 0.01), whereas increase of N and P absorptions in aboveground parts did not promote peanut yields. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with plant macronutrient amounts in underground peanut parts and peanut yields (P < 0.01). Moreover, N:P, N:K, and P:K ratios were similar between NT and noncompaction stress treatments of DL, DP, and SP. These results indicate that DP is a rational tillage practice for promoting nutrient uptake amount, efficiency, and peanut yields by alleviating soil compaction stress in peanut-producing fields.

WA352 gene indicates booming outcrossing progenies (three‐line hybrid rice × weedy rice) in weedy rice populations

AbstractWeedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a conspecific weedy relative of cultivated Asian rice (O. sativa L.) that occurs in paddy fields worldwide. The mechanism underlying the persistence of weedy rice in rice fields remains unclear. We tested for evidence that southern Chinese weedy rice has originated through pollen flow from weedy rice that has resulted in hybridization with three‐line hybrid rice cultivars, which have been extensively cultivated in southern China for the last 40 yr and now account for over half the total rice cultivation in China. To test the hypothesis, we screened for the presence of the maternally inherited WA352 gene in weedy rice populations in southern China. WA352 is a mitochondrial gene that controls wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS‐WA) and is present in three‐line hybrid rice cultivars. Screening of 48 weedy rice populations (939 accessions) indicates that 36 of 48 populations (75%) and 325 of 939 accessions (34.6%) harbor the WA352 gene. The rate is significantly higher than the 1% outcrossing rate between weedy rice and rice cultivars. Further analysis indicates significance between the frequency of the WA352 gene in weedy rice populations and depth of plowing. Our results suggest that outcrossing with rice cultivars is one of the important mechanisms underlying the persistence of weedy rice in southern China and that deep plowing may be conducive to promoting the persistence of weedy rice derived from hybridization (three‐line hybrid rice × weedy rice).

WITHDRAWN: The sensitivity of soil organic carbon pools to land management varies depending on former tillage practices

Abstract The rate of change in the relative size of SOC pools (sensitivity) due to land management may vary depending on their level of chemical and/or physical protection from decomposition, but has rarely been directly measured. The availability of archived (1975) soils from an abandoned long term tillage treatment experiment provided a unique opportunity to assess the sensitivity of SOC pools with different levels of stability to uniform land management after divergent tillage treatments. There were four initial treatments (1968–1991): 1) deep plough then no till, 2) shallow plough, 3) reduced till then rotary cultivation and 4) no till. The treatments were followed by uniform long-term grassland management (17 years) and subsequent short-term arable (two years). The sensitivity of SOC to land management was assessed by fractionation and direct comparison of archived soils and soils sampled in 2014 from this site. Both reductions and increases in SOC stocks were observed over time in comparable treatments but the overall effect was a trend towards an equilibration of SOC stocks across all plots. The labile fractions (particulate and dissolved organic matter) were sensitive to land management regardless of initial tillage treatment, but were more sensitive in the reduced till + rotary cultivation and no till treatments (2.3–5.3 times more sensitive than the whole soil) than the deep plough + no till and shallow plough treatments (1.12.2 times more sensitive than the whole soil). The chemically resistant fraction of the soils was surprisingly sensitive to land management (0.9–1.3 times more sensitive than the whole soil). This study shows that the degree of sensitivity of SOC fractions to land management can vary significantly depending on previous tillage management practices.

Effect of ploughing and pesticide application on oribatid mite communities

ABSTRACTThe impact of conventional pesticide treatment and deep ploughing on oribatid mite communities was investigated in an abandoned arable land. The experimental plots were divided in “pesticide and ploughed” (PPL), “ploughed” (PL) and a“ meadow” as control (Ctr). Soil samples were taken monthly during the vegetation period (March-August) and once in three months (October and January) in a period without vegetation. Seventy-seven species of oribatid mites were determined. Species numbers were highest in Ctr (55 species), lower in PPL (53) and lowest in PL (41). Oribatid communities were dominated by sexually reproducing Brachypylina. Some of the generally frequent parthenogenetic species (e.g. Acrotritia ardua and Oppiella nova) were rare at the Ctr sites while stress-tolerant species (both, sexual and asexual, e.g. Protoribates capucinus, Punctoribates punctum, Ramusella clavipectinata, Tectocepheus velatus) were dominant. Pesticide application did not show any effect on oribatid mite community beyond the ploughing, whereas some species like P. capucinus, P. punctum, R. clavipectinata and T. velatus reached high abundances at PPL sites. Community structure of oribatid mites did not change significantly compared with Ctr sites, suggesting that the study area is inhabited by stress tolerant oribatid communities shaped by past agricultural disturbance.

Effects of preparation of clear‐cut forest sites on the soil mycobiota with consequences for Scots pine growth and health

AbstractFungal abundance and diversity were assessed in two differently managed forest soils. In soil 1, chipped woody debris had been spread on the top soil and mixed with the soil by standard deep ploughing to 50 cm. In soil 2, woody debris was removed and there was no ground preparation. Ten years later, the different methods of management resulted in unexpectedly distinctive habitat heterogeneity with a high variation in structure of the mycobiota communities. Incorporation of woody debris into soil resulted in lower abundance of fungi but greater fungal diversity (which may enhance ecosystem stability) and was beneficial for the growth of Scots pines. Removal of post‐harvest woody debris from the surface of the clear‐cut site with no subsequent ground preparation, compared with incorporating chipped debris and deep ploughing, resulted in the soil of the subsequent 10‐year‐old Scots pine plantation having: (a) 159‐fold greater abundance of fungi, (b) lower fungal diversity, (c) different fungal community composition, (d) higher proportion of mycorrhizal fungi, (e) no root rot pathogens, (f) less tree biomass. The study showed that removal of post‐harvest woody debris and no ground preparation is potentially beneficial for the health of young coniferous trees.

Relationship between CO2 emissions and soil properties of differently tilled soils

Different tillage technologies have different effects on CO2 emissions from soil. Unfortunately, little information exists about the impact of different types of tillage as compared with no-tillage, and the main controls. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between physicomechanical, chemical and biological properties of soil and CO2 emissions from differently tilled soils under the climatic conditions of central Lithuania before and after autumn tillage. The studies were conducted in 2009–2012 and 2014 at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in Central Lithuania. Different tillage technologies were applied: deep ploughing at 23–25 cm depth (DP); shallow ploughing at 12–15 cm depth (SP); deep cultivation with a cultivator at 25–27 cm depth (DC); shallow cultivation with a disc harrow at 12–15 cm depth (SC); and no-tillage (NT). The correlation of physicomechanical, chemical and biological soil properties with CO2 emissions was determined. During all the experimental period total CO2 emissions from soil in DP, SP, DC, SC and NT technologies were respectively 6.05, 4.25, 4.97, 4.42, 3.94 μmol m−2 s−1 before autumn soil tillage and 29.88, 22.50, 16.73, 13.72, 10.00 μmol m−2 s−1 after autumn tillage. Negative correlation between soil temperature and CO2 emissions before the autumn tillage from soil was evidenced (r = −0.98). A strong negative correlation between soil respiration and total soil porosity was observed. Correlation between aeration soil porosity and CO2 emissions was strong. After autumn tillage, the strongest correlations were found between soil penetration resistance and respiration in the upper (r = −0.75) and deeper (r = −0.71) layers. In autumn, a significant strong correlation (r = 0.78) between soil respiration and aeration porosity was obtained in the upper soil layer under ploughing or cultivation. This study revealed that CO2 emissions were significantly higher immediately after autumn ploughing technologies compared to deep and shallow cultivation and no-tillage.

Integrated Management of Gram pod borer in Chickpea – A Study

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the premier pulse crop of India, grown all over the country in Rabi season. It is a good source of essential amino acids such as tryptophan, methionine, cystiene and is the primary source of high quality protein for the largely vegetarian population of India. Heavy infestation of pest is one of the major reasons for low productivity of chickpea. Major pest of chickpea in sehore district is - pod borer, green semilooper, termite, cut worm etc. out of these insect gram pod borer is the major pest in chickpea. Single larva of the gram caterpillar Helicoverpa destroys 30-40 pods before its maturity. IPM module for the management of gram pod borer in chickpea – Summer deep ploughing + optimum seed rate +Bird purcher (50/ ha) + pheromone trap (10/ ha) + one spray of spinosad 45% SC at 40-45 DAS. During 2012-13 and 2013-14. IPM module are reduce average 55 per cent larval population of gram pod borer resulted 14.88 per cent enhanced the productivity of chickpea. Under IPM technology, the average productivity of chickpea is 1799 Kg/ha whereas in farmers practice, the average productivity of chickpea is 1566 Kg/ ha.

Effects of renewal time, taproot cutting, ploughing practice, false seedbed and companion crop on docks (Rumex spp.) when renewing grassland

Docks (Rumex spp.) are a considerable problem in grassland production worldwide. We investigated how different cultural management techniques affected dock populations during grassland renewal: (I) renewal time, (II) companion crop, (III) false seedbed, (IV) taproot cutting (V), plough skimmer and (VI) ploughing depth. Three factorial split-split plot experiments were carried out in Norway in 2007–2008 (three locations), 2008–2009 (one location) and 2009 (one location). After grassland renewal, more dock plants emerged from seeds than from roots. Summer renewal resulted in more dock seed and root plants than spring renewal. Adding a spring barley companion crop to the grassland crop often reduced dock density and biomass. A false seedbed resulted in 71% fewer dock seed plants following summer renewal, but tended to increase the number of dock plants after spring renewal. In some instances, taproot cutting resulted in less dock biomass, but the effect was weak and inconsistent, and if ploughing was shallow (16 cm) or omitted, it instead increased dock root plant emergence. Fewer root plants emerged after deep ploughing (24 cm) compared to shallow ploughing, and a plough skimmer tended to reduce the number further. We conclude that a competitive companion crop can assist in controlling both dock seed and root plants, but it is more important that the renewal time is favourable to the main crop. Taproot cutting in conjunction with ploughing is not an effective way to reduce dock root plants, but ploughing is more effective if it is deep and a skimmer is used.

Erosion behavior of a ship propeller material of QAl9-4 alloy

The erosion behavior of a QAl9-4 alloy as a ship propeller material was investigated. The effects of the solution, the impact angles and the sand content were considered. The test results demonstrate that the mass loss of the alloy in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is 1.35 times that in tap water, due to the corrosive effect of Cl−. The mass loss of the alloy increases as the impact angle increases up to ~ 30° and consequently decreases as the impact angle increases. Also, this feature is typical for the ductile metal behavior. At the impact angle of 0°, this feature is associated with the predominant erosion mechanisms, such as shallow plowing and surface fatigue; at 30°, this feature is micro-cutting, deep plowing and surface fatigue; and at 45°, it becomes indentation accompanied by extruded lips. The mass loss and surface roughness of the alloy increase as the sand content increases under the testing conditions.

Evaluation of Wear Resistance of Dental Chairside CAD/CAM Glass Ceramics Reinforced by Different Crystalline Phases

The mechanical properties of crystalline phase of glass ceramics are critical. This study aimed to evaluate wear resistance of different crystalline-reinforced dental chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) glass ceramics. Materials of feldspar (Vita Mark II, VM), leucite (IPS Empress CAD, EC), lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, EX), lithium disilicate enriched with zirconia (Vita Suprinity, VS), and enamel were embedded, grounded, and polished, respectively. Samples were indented with a Vickers hardness tester to test the fracture resistance (KIC). Two-body wear tests were performed in a reciprocal ball-on-flat configuration under artificial saliva. The parameters of load force (50 N), reciprocating amplitude (500 μm), frequency (2 Hz), and the test cycle (10,000 cycles) were selected. Specimen microstructure, indentation morphology, and wear scars were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy, and three-dimensional profile microscopy. EX, VS, and EC demonstrated significantly higher KIC values than the enamel, while ceramic materials showed smaller wear depth results. Cracks, massive delamination, and shallow plow were seen on the enamel worn scar. Long deep plow, delamination, and brittle cracks are more common for VM and EC, and short shallow plow and smooth subsurface are the characteristics of EX and VS. Greater fracture toughness values indicated higher wear resistances of the materials for the test glass ceramics. The CAD/CAM glass ceramics performed greater wear resistance than enamel. Feldspar- and leucite-reinforced glass ceramics illustrated better wear resistance similar to enamel than lithium disilicate glass ceramics, providing amicable matching with the opposite teeth.

Soil physical properties, nitrogen uptake and grain quality of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by tillage systems and nitrogen application

Soil compaction is a global issue pertaining to agricultural lands. The frequent use of farm machinery and field operations at the same depth are the major causes of soil compaction. The gradual increase in soil compaction deteriorates maize grain quality due to reduced nitrogen (N) uptake. Quality food production by reducing soil compaction is the need of time, which can be achieved through deep tillage and N management. In this study, three tillage systems viz. conventional tillage (using cultivator), tillage with mould board plough +2-cultivations (MBP), and tillage with chisel plough +2-cultivations (CP); and three nitrogen levels viz. 100, 150 and 200 kg ha–1 were used to evaluate their effect on soil properties, N uptake and grain quality in maize. Lower bulk density (1.41 Mg m–3), higher total porosity (0.47 m3 m–3) and higher nitrogen uptake (96.01 kg ha–1) was recorded under chisel plough (CP) compared with other tillage systems. Different N levels had significant effect on grain and total N uptake and grain quality, while soil properties remains unaffected. Higher N uptake was recorded with 200 kg ha–1 N application than other treatments. Similarly, 8.51% and 8.57% more grain protein contents were recorded with 200 kg ha–1 N during first and second year respectively. Unlike grain protein, starch and oil contents were negatively affected by N application being higher starch (71.7%) and oil contents (3.41%) with less N supply (100 kg ha–1). However, interaction effect of tillage and nitrogen levels was found non-significant for all studied parameters except for oil contents. Higher oil contents were recorded with MBP along with 100 kg ha–1 N application. Overall study indicated that deep ploughing with CP is important for maize to explore more soil area for nutrient uptake and N is also important for improving grain quality especially protein contents an important food constituent.

The effect of basic tillage method soil and the aftereffect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield of spring wheat crop rotation from distance of forest shelterbelt

In chernozem droughty steppe of Volga region in the field of long-term inpatient experience they have been analyzed changes in yields of spring wheat were seeded on Millets from distance of forest shelterbelt by basic tillage method soil on the background of aftereffect of nitrogen fertilizers and natural fertility on background. When finding plots of forest shelterbelt at a distance of 130 m for all treatment variants, as against the background of the aftereffect of nitrogenous fertilizers and natural fertility on the background of the yields of spring wheat word exceeded tended yields plots, which were from forest strips at a distance of 70 and 10 m, especially the first one. Nitrogen fertilizers in the aftereffect for all treatment variants regardless of distance finding plots of forest shelterbelt increased crop yield in a substantial amount.&nbsp;When finding plots of forest shelterbelt at a distance of 70 and 10 m after shallow plowing on the background of the aftereffect of nitrogenous fertilizers yield of spring wheat it was the same as after deep plowing.&nbsp;When removing from forest shelterbelt from a distance of 10 m at a distance of 70 m marked decrease and at a distance of 130 meters, on the contrary, increase the yield of spring wheat for all of basic soil treatment, as on the background of the aftereffect of nitrogenous fertilizers and natural on fertility background. Application disking and subsurface plowing as against on the background of the aftereffect of nitrogenous fertilizers and natural fertility on the background, especially on the second background reduces the yields of spring wheat compared with deep moldboard &nbsp;plowing, regardless of the distance from forest shelterbelt.&nbsp;The energy efficiency ratio in the cultivation of spring wheat on natural fertility on the background the annual plowing has a clear advantage over the annual disking and annual subsurface plowing, and near to the annual shallow plowing.&nbsp; On the background of the aftereffect of nitrogenous fertilizers in the cultivation of spring wheat in finding plots of forest shelterbelt at a distance of 70 and 10 m by energy efficiency ratio the annual subsurface plowing and the annual shallow plowing have some advantage before the annual plowing, and when it finds the plots of forest shelterbelt at a distance of 10 m variant with the annual disking is near to the control.

Radio-ecological aspects of using peat soils and peatlands

The ways of rational and radiologically safe use of peat soils and peatlands of Ukrainian Polissya in the context of global climate change were proposed. The basis of a systematic approach to solving the issue of interaction between agricultural activity on radioactively contaminated drained peat soils of Polissya and the natural environment was grounded. The improved complex of melioration measures and fertilizer systems in crop rotations for the reduction of carbon emissions in the atmosphere was presented. It was highlighted that drainage melioration causes unwanted transformations of the current natural complexes, affects the river runoff, soil cover, plant and animal diversity not only in the land reclamation objects, but also on the adjoining territories. The anthropogenically structured turf-mineral soil creation with deep plowing and plowing of the bedding mineral horizon slow down the mineralization of organic matter and enriches the arable layer of shallow peat soils with the necessary trace elements. The sanding intensifies the soil formation process in peat soils, promotes the accumulation of humic acids, normalizes the degree and depth of humification, increases the ecological stability of peat soils and promotes their cultivation. An intensive agriculture system leads to active loss of the organic matter potential stock and the organogenic layer depletion. The highest biological activity of peat soils is observed in hoeing crop rotation, the lowest one — in grasshopper and under perennial grasses. Under the condition of permanent cultivation of perennial grasses and in crop rotation with their share more than 66–77% increases the ecological stability of agroecosystems. At the same time, the growth of hoeing crops aggravated the agrophysical properties of the soil, increased nutrients loss and the organic matter loss in the soil increases in 1.4–2.5 times. Grain crops upon these indicators take an intermediate place.

AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF OPERATING AGRICULTURAL MACHINES IN PRODUCTION OF WHEAT

AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF OPERATING AGRICULTURAL MACHINES IN PRODUCTION OF WHEAT

Effects of tillage practices and microbial agent applications on dry matter accumulation, yield and the soil microbial index of winter wheat in North China

Using microbial agents combined with chemical fertilizers is a promising approach to maintain the soil microbiota balance in continuous wheat–crop rotation fields. Most previous studies focused on microbial agents applied in the topsoil, with limited studies investigating the effects microbial agents under different tillage practices on soil quality and crops growth. In this study, a field experiment was conducted using a two-factor randomized block design (tillage practices and fertilizer applications) with three replicates, the effects of conventional rotary tillage and deep plowing when applying two different types of microbial agents (ETS and JS) on the dry matter accumulation, yield, soil microbial index and soil respiration of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in north China. The results indicated that wheat grain yield was not decreased after the application of different microbial agents plus 70% of the normal amount of chemical fertilizer and that the straw yield was decreased by 19.1% and 16.4% when ETS and JS, respectively, were individually applied. Additionally, there were no differences in grain and straw yields between the different tillage practices. The aboveground dry matter accumulation increased by 47.5% with ETS application under conventional rotary tillage compared with applications of chemical fertilizer. Under conventional rotary tillage, applications of different microbial agents decreased the microbial biomass C (MBC) concentration by 35.2–42.3% compared with applications of chemical fertilizer, while, the microbial biomass N (MBN) concentration increased by 10.0–18.5% in the 0–20-cm soil layer. With deep plowing, the soil respiration rate was greater than under conventional rotary tillage. In addition, the soil respiration rate after the application of the ETS plus JS combination with deep plowing was greater than after the microbial agents were individually applied during wheat’s growth period.

Energy use and carbon emission of conventional and organic sugar beet farming

The efficiency and environmental impact of sugar beet production can be measured using a variety of energy consumption and carbon emission indicators, respectively. The goal of the present study was to analyse the energy and carbon emission indicators of sugar beet production systems that involved different farming methods and farm sizes. More specifically, we analysed the effects of five tillage practices used in conventional farming systems (deep ploughing, shallow ploughing, chiselling, discing, and no tillage), four non-chemical weed control practices used in organic farming systems (inter-row loosening, inter-row cutting and mulching, smothering with white mustard, and thermal control), and five farm sizes (2, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ha). For conventional sugar beet production, the greatest efficiency (efficiency ratio of 9.59, specific energy of 0.41 MJ kg−1, and energy productivity of 2.41 kg MJ−1) were obtained by disc harrow soil loosening on 80-ha farms. For organic production, the lowest energy input (25862 MJ ha−1) and specific energy (0.46 MJ kg−1) and the greatest yield (55.82 t ha−1), energy efficiency ratio (8.21), and energy efficiency (22.16 kg MJ−1) were obtained using inter-row loosening on 80-ha farms. The most environmentally friendly conventional farming process, in terms of carbon emissions (carbon input of 825.7 kg ha−1, carbon emission ratio of 19.75), involved no tillage technology on 80-ha farms, whereas the most environmentally friendly organic farming process (carbon input of 4606 kg ha−1, carbon emission ratio of 4.85) involved inter-row loosening. Farm size also influenced efficiency and environmental impact; as farm size increased from very small (2 ha) to large (80 ha), the total energy input for the conventional and organic farming systems increased from 6.5 to 10.9% and from 7.9 to 9.6%, respectively, and the carbon input decreased from 9.9 to 14.9% and from 3.1 to 4.0%.

Eco-Biology and Management of Alligator Weed [Alternanthera philoxeroides) (Mart.) Griseb.]: a Review

Exotic plant invasion, a global issue, has a tremendous impact on ecology, economy, human, and animal health. Alligator weed (the world’s first aquatic weed) is a serious invasive weed in 32 different countries of South America, Australia, Asia, and North America. Recently, it has been recorded as a threat weed of rice, maize, soybean, vegetables, fruit trees, and pastures, causing 19–45% yield losses in these crops in addition to its infestation in canals, lakes, and ditches. Alligator weed has the potential to ruin agricultural and natural ecosystems and recreational areas. Ability to propagate via vegetative fragmentation, water-borne dispersal of vegetative propagules, and allelopathic potential contribute towards its success as an invasive weed species of terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic environments. Application of glyphosate, metsulfuron-methyl, dichlobenil, fluridone, hexazinone, triclopyr amine, dimethylamine, imazapyr, diuron, and amitrole herbicides have been found most effective in controlling this weed in different habitats. Agasicles hygrophila, Vogtia malloi pastana, Amynothrips andersoni, and Nimbya alternanthera have been reported as bio-agents for the control of alligator weed. We present a comprehensive review of the biology, interference, and management options of an extremely dangerous invasive weed species. Although management of alligator weed through chemical, biological, and mechanical means are often effective, there is need for well-planned, long-term field experiments to evaluate the role of different factors that are stated to be responsible for its increasing infestation and distribution (e.g., regeneration after damage caused by herbicides, high soil fertility levels, soil disturbances, shallow vs. deep ploughing and grazing management). It is recommended that future research should focus more on the integration of different management approaches in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and in various ecological regions.

The Transformation and Upgrading of Chinese IP Movie and the Deep Ploughing of Its Value

Since 2017, the market has been in decline after China’s IP film upsurge, meanwhile the “concept hype” under the various capital games exacerbated the IP movie bubble crisis, and the content and quality became the bottleneck and short board of IP movie upgrading. Faced with market pressure and consumption demand, exploring the methodology of improving IP movies’ quality has become the key way to the mainstream. From the view of the present paper, on the one hand, it is necessary for us to uphold the spirit of the craftsmanship and innovation, promoting the serialization and platform development of IP movies with the industrial logic of industrialization; on the other hand, we should promote the IP and the original work together, draw creative inspiration from the traditional culture and real life, and realize the value ploughing and cultural confidence, so that we can build up the corresponding evaluation system and standard, and polish the high quality movies that reach the audiences ’heart after the exquisite carving.

Caenorhabditis elegans as an indicator of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains to Meloidogyne incognita race 3

ABSTRACT: The cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum) is affected by several diseases of economic importance, among them root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita races 3 and 4). Methods to control this disease include the application of nematicides, solarization, deep plowing, crop rotation and use of antagonistic microorganisms. Among species of Bacillus, there are strains that act as bioregulators and antagonists of several pathogens. Tests to identify these strains are hampered by the difficulty of obtaining large populations of the pathogen and by the time of execution of the in vivo tests that should be conducted for about 90 days. The objective of this research was to compare the toxicity of B. thuringiensis strains to two nematodes, M. incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans, evaluating the possibility of using C. elegans as an indicator for the selection of strains with biocontrol potential against M. incognita. Therefore, the toxicity of nine B. thuringiensis strains on C. elegans and M. incognita was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Most strains toxic to C. elegans in vitro were also toxic to M. incognita, and three of them (S906, S1192, S2036) significantly reduced the populations of the two nematodes. The toxic effect of B. thuringiensis strains on C. elegans was like that reported for the same bacterial isolates on M. incognita in vivo. These results suggested that it is plausible to use C. elegans as an indicator of toxicity for selection of B. thuringiensis strains toxic to M. incognita.

Productivity of sugar beets depending on the method of main soil tillage and levels of fertilization

Soil tillage and fertilization level are important in the system of agro-technical measures that increase soil fertility and sugar beets productivity. Today the cultivation of this crop requires a great deal of expense, therefore, there is a need for a wider study of the use of cheap soil cultivation, soil protection, energy-saving soil tillage technologies and appropriate ferti-lization levels.&#x0D; Under western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine conditions, investigations were conducted on dark grey podzolic light loamy soils where the influence of tillage models and fertilization levels on the formation of sugar beets root crops was studied.&#x0D; Shallow no-plow tillage of the soil on 14-16 cm is expedient to use as a main tillage under sugar beets. Under favorable weather and climatic conditions, it can provide yielding capacity at the level of deep fall plowing. The use of shallow no-plow tillage helped to increase the yielding capacity of sugar beet roots relative to plowing by 28-30 cm for 1.3 t / ha and the biological sugar output – for 0.2 t / ha. Then the sugar content was by 0.1% higher in the application of deep fall plowing on 28-30 cm.&#x0D; The optimization of the system of sugar beets fertilization allows ensuring the growth of the yielding capacity of root crops. It is established that the application of fertilizer norm N300P225K350 provides the yielding capacity at the level of 90 t / ha. The sugar content of root crops at the given fertilizer rate was the lowest in the experiment - 16.5 – 16.6%. Thanks to the high yielding capacity of root crops in terms of N300P225K350, the sugar harvesting was the highest and depending on the method of basic soil tillage was 14.95 – 14.79 t / ha. That is in 3.2 times more as to the control, in 1.3 times more than the norm of N180P135K210 and in 1.1 more than the fertilization level N240P180K280.