Deep Orange Color Research Articles

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SALICYLALDEHYDE AND 2,4-DINITROPHENYL HYDRAZINE SCHIFF BASE WITH ITS COBALT (II) AND MANGANESE (II) COMPLEXES

The synthesis of Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and its metal complexes were undertaken. This synthesis was achieved via the reflux condensation of salicylaldehyde and 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Two metal complexes were prepared by coordinating the as-synthesized ligand with Cobalt (II) and Manganese (II) ions. The structures of the prepared ligand and the complexes were confirmed from the Fourier transformed infrared analysis. A laboratory tests were employed to study the melting and decomposition temperatures, Solubility, conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. The ligand obtained was a pale orange in colour with a percentage yield of 67% and melting point of 220ºC, The Cobalt(II) complex was found to be Orange in colour with 89% percentage yield and 250ºC decomposition temperature and the Manganese(II) complex was found to be a deep orange colour with 81% percentage yield and 246ºC decomposition temperature, The ligand and the complexes were found to be insoluble in water and slightly soluble in some common organic solvents, All the complexes are found to be paramagnetic in nature.

Re(η6‐C6H5‐benzimidazole)2]+ and Derivatives as Dye Mimics; Synthesis, UV Absorption Studies and DFT Calculations

AbstractFunctionalizations of highly oxidation and hydrolysis stable mono‐cationic rhenium bis‐arene complexes [Re(η6‐C6H6)2]+ are of great interest. We directly built up structural features of the well‐known Hoechst Dye on the coordinated arenes as a model for prospective DNA minor groove binding studies. Extensions of the aromatic bis‐arene unit with functionalized and derivatized benzimidazole moieties resulted in a deep orange colour of the complexes, showing UV/Vis absorption spectra with multiple transition maxima. These have been assigned with support of DFT calculations to gain information about their charge transfer natures. The different transitions of the complexes, which are either intra‐ligand, ligand‐to‐ligand or metal‐to‐ligand charge transitions, were additionally compared and discussed with the spectra of the corresponding free ligands.

Impact of varying agrometeorological indices on peel color and composition of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) grown at different ecological zones.

Kinnow orchards were selected in different ecological zones in districts Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Three biological replicates in block form were applied by using analysis of variance techniques to assess varying agrometeorological indices impact on fruit color-development and peel composition. Fruit samples were randomly collected on each month's end starting from August up to February. Chromameter was used for measuring coloring parameters and its values a*, b*, C* and L* were increased from August till February with a rapid elevation started at color-break stage, while hue angle (h*) rotated from 120° to 60° of portraying green to yellow shade. An increasing level of chlorophyll contents were noted in August till color-break at the end of October and then diminished afterwards. Whereas, carotenoids increased rapidly upon yellow tinting peel of Kinnow fruits till fully attained deep orange color at the end of February. Ascorbic acid content and total phenolic content (TPC) showed a decreasing trend whereas anthocyanins and antioxidant activity were increased from August to February, with unchanged flavonoids and flavonols level. Fruit firmness was gradually reduced till color-break with rapid reduction noted subsequently. Maturity index represented internal ripening directly increased with color-development. Color development has directly influenced on maturity index and both were increased rapidly after color-break to afterwards. More color development with rapid reduction in chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and TPC level were seen in warm districts namely TTS and Vehari after color-break stage due to accumulating more agrometeorological indices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genome-Wide Association Study and Pathway-Level Analysis of Kernel Color in Maize.

Rapid development and adoption of biofortified, provitamin A-dense orange maize (Zea mays L.) varieties could be facilitated by a greater understanding of the natural variation underlying kernel color, including as it relates to carotenoid biosynthesis and retention in maize grain. Greater abundance of carotenoids in maize kernels is generally accompanied by deeper orange color, useful for distinguishing provitamin A-dense varieties to consumers. While kernel color can be scored and selected with high-throughput, low-cost phenotypic methods within breeding selection programs, it remains to be well established as to what would be the logical genetic loci to target for selection for kernel color. We conducted a genome-wide association study of maize kernel color, as determined by colorimetry, in 1,651 yellow and orange inbreds from the Ames maize inbred panel. Associations were found with y1, encoding the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis, and with dxs2, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors of carotenoids. These genes logically could contribute to overall carotenoid abundance and thus kernel color. The lcyE and zep1 genes, which can affect carotenoid composition, were also found to be associated with colorimeter values. A pathway-level analysis, focused on genes with a priori evidence of involvement in carotenoid biosynthesis and retention, revealed associations for dxs3 and dmes1, involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis; ps1 and vp5, within the core carotenoid pathway; and vp14, involved in cleavage of carotenoids. Collectively, these identified genes appear relevant to the accumulation of kernel color.

Reproductive Biology of The Solitary Ascidian, Herdmania momus (Ascidiacea: Hemichordta) from Hurghada Coasts, Red Sea, Egypt

The reproductive biology of the ascidian Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816) was studied at anthropogenic impacted sites along Hurghada coasts, Red Sea, Egypt, during January - December 2013. The specimens of this species were collected monthly from the shallow subtidal zones, and varied from 1.20 to 7.0 cm in total length and from 1.28 to 50 g in total body weight. The results showed that, H. momus is hermaphrodite, carries ovaries and testes at the same individuals, but ovaries are larger in size and shapes than testes. The smallest immature individual has 1.2 cm in length; while the smallest mature individual measured 1.46 cm in length and 1.18 g in weight, with ovaries of 0.041g in weight. The sexually mature individuals of this species have ovaries containing oocytes varied in shapes and sizes, passing through four main stages of maturation reaching stage IV or late vitellogenic stage (ripe ova), with oocytes varied from 100 to 140 µm in diameter, characterized with deep orange color and dense accumulation of yolk granules. It was followed by stage V or spent stage of irregular resorbed eggs. The appearance of ripe ova at stage IV showed spatial and temporal variations. The monthly averages of gonadosomatic indices (GSI) exhibited that, the whole populations of this species at all sites have lengthy breeding season extends nearly all the year around and characterizes with high peaks in gonadal activity during January (6.21), April (6.15), June (6.47), July (6.28), declined slightly in May (5.86), and September (5.15), with remarkably spatial variations at the studied sites. The number of mature eggs or fecundity varied from 1481 to 3724 and averaged of 3082.96±769.96 eggs for all populations. These values exhibited greatly individual variations denoting to partially spawning for each individual. The relationship between total body length (cm) and mean the number of eggs (fecundity) showed an increase in egg number with an increase in animal length

구리 · 알킬암모늄화합물계 목재방부제(ACQ)를 처리한 목재 중의 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride (DDAC) 성분의 발색처리 방법 개발

To determine the depth of preservative penetration in ACQ treated wood, the degree of penetration of Cu was measured. In this study, we developed a DDAC coloring method to investigate the penetration depth of DDAC, which is one of the active ingredient of ACQ, into wood. The following conclusions were obtained. The DDAC component reacts with a 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein indicator and results in a deep orange color. This orange coloring reaction appears not only in DDAC solutions but also in ACQ treated wood tissues in which DDAC is present. It is possible to visually verify that DDAC has better wood penetration than Cu in the spruce, which is an refractory wood species, by the DDAC coloring method developed this study. In addition to the results, it is necessary to investigate the difference in penetration of Cu and DDAC for other wood species with poor preservative penetration.

A turn-off fluorescence sensor for cyanide detection which in turn inhibit 2-way ESIPT investigated by experimental and theoretical study

A ligand based on 3-((quinoline-7-yl) methyeleneamino) phenazine-2-ol) (HAPQA) has been designed and synthesized for the selective detection of cyanide ions. The ligand HAPQA exhibits excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) with a long wavelength emission fluorescent (575nm) which gradually quenches with the addition of cyanide ions. The photophysical properties of the probe as well as its selectivity towards CN− ions are explored using UV–visible, emission spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The ligand exhibits strong H-bonding-mediated inhibition of 2-way excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in HAPQA selectively with cyanide ions over all other ions. The deep orange colour fluorescence of the ligand in acetonirile turns into bright green coloured solution in presence of cyanide ions with a detection limit of 0.60μM. DFT calculations has been done to study the ground and excited state energy optimized structure and proposed mechanism which is in harmony with the experimental findings and the ESIPT process observed in ligand HAPQA. Thus, the receptor can be used as a Colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for the determination of CN− ion.

Novel symmetric diimine-Schiff bases and asymmetric triimine-Schiff bases as chemosensors for the detection of various metal ions

In this study, two symmetric diimine-Schiff bases (D1, D2) containing nitro group were synthesized by a simple one-pot condensation of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine with substituted-salicylaldehyde (5-Cl, 5-CH3) in 1:2 ratio. After the selective reduction of nitro group to amino group by using sodium dithionite and forming the new imine bond by adding substituted-salicylaldehyde or 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, four asymmetric triimine-Schiff bases (T1s, T1n, T2s, and T2n) were obtained. Results of the newly synthesized compounds established by elemental analyses, FT-IR, UV–vis, 2D NMR (HMQC), 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and TOF-mass spectroscopic experiments were consistent with their chemical structures. The tautomeric equilibria were also studied. The sensor properties of all Schiff bases were examined upon addition of the metal ions, such as Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+. The interactions between receptors and ions are easily monitored by UV–vis method. The receptor D2 showed colour changes from yellow to intense deep orange colour for Cu2+, a orange colour for Co2+ and dark yellow colour for other ions. Although metal ions caused no change in colour of T2s, the main absorption band of receptor shifted from 351 nm to 343–372 nm T2n underwent colour changes from yellow to light yellow on gradual addition of Fe3+.

Fruit development and maturity of mrig bahar Nagpur mandarin fruits

Maturation is the most important stage of fruit development which is most active phase, involving high metabolic activity and cellular changes which lead to changes in colour, aroma, flavour and texture of fruits. The knowledge of these changes may be widely used to evaluate fruit maturity period of Nagpur mandarin. A change in peel colour is one of the indices used for maturity. Considering this, an experiment was carried out during 2010-11 at College of Horticulture; Dr. P.D.K.V., Akola comprising four stages of maturity in Randomized Block Design with five replications. The chlorophyll, carotenoid pigments and physico-chemical analysis of Nagpur mandarin fruits of mrig bahar was done. The significant difference was found in all characters recorded at different stages. The maximum fruit weight, volume and size were recorded in matured deep orange colour stage. Chlorophyll 'a' decreased from 0.0855 mg/ g fruit weight in fully developed green stage to 0.0224 mg/g (fruit weight) in matured deep orange colour stage. The decreasing rate of chlorophyll 'a' content was very rapid in fruit sample between fully developed green stage 0.0855 mg/g to colour break stage 0.0399 mg/g. Similar results were recorded in chlorophyll 'b' and total chlorophyll content in fruits. The progressive increase in carotenoid content was observed during advancement of fruit maturation.

Postharvest responses of red and yellow sweet peppers grown under photo-selective nets

Postharvest responses of red (‘HTSP-3’) and yellow (‘Celaya’) sweet pepper fruit yield, quality parameters and bioactive compounds (to three types of photo-selective nets and a standard black net) were investigated in this study. Red and yellow peppers produced under the black net retained higher β-carotene, lower total phenolic contents and showed deep red and orange colour after storage. Both peppers produced under the pearl net retained a higher ascorbic content, antioxidant scavenging activity, fruit firmness and also reduced weight loss after storage. Red and yellow peppers grown under pearl and yellow nets resulted in a higher percentage of marketable fruit, after storage. Red pepper grown under the yellow net showed a higher number of odour active aroma compounds in the fruit, while black nets significantly affected the synthesis of odour active aroma compounds during storage. Sensory analysis indicated a preference for red pepper fruits after storage from plants grown under pearl nets.

The influences of drying method and metabisulfite pre-treatment on the color, functional properties and phenolic acids contents and bioaccessibility of pumpkin flour

Pumpkin flours were produced by hot-air oven drying or freeze-drying, with or without a pre-treatment with metabisulfite. Freeze-dried pumpkin flour had deep orange color while metabisulfite caused loss of fresh pumpkin color. Freeze-drying let to better functional properties: higher water holding capacity (92 mL 100 g−1), oil binding capacity (314 mL 100 g−1) and synergy with BSA for emulsification. Oven drying and metabisulfite pre-treatment both increased phenolic contents and bioaccessible phenolics (1237, 457 mg of GAE 100 g−1 DW, respectively). The most abundant phenolic acids were p-hydroxybenzoic (0.83–1.68 mg g−1), followed by caffeic acid (0.68–1.28 mg g−1) and chlorogenic acid (0.35–0.92 mg g−1) in all pumpkin flours. Oven-drying and metabisulfite pre-treatment led to higher phenolic acid levels. Oven-dried pumpkin flour without metabisulfite pre-treatment may be more appropriate as a functional and nutritional ingredient.

The Rise and Fall of Nitrous Air Eudiometry: Enlightenment Ideals, Embodied Skills, and the Conflicts of Experimental Philosophy

Chemistry has not yet unveiled any of the numerous mysteries of the insalubrity of the air; it has only taught us, that we are ignorant of things, with which fifteen years ago we believed we were acquainted, thanks the dreams of ancient eudiometry.Alexander Humboldt, Personal narrative of travels the equinoctial regions of the new continent, during the years 1799-1804.'1. INTRODUCTIONIn his 1772 article Observations on different kinds of for which he was awarded the Copley Medal the following year,2 Joseph Priestley noted that of the most conspicuous properties of [nitrous air] is the great diminution of any of common with which it is mixed. The contraction in aerial volume was accompanied by pungent odours, a turbid red, or deep orange colour, and a considerable heat. He confessed his surprise at quantity of air, which, it were, devours a of another kind of ... and yet is so far from gaining any addition its bulk, that it is considerably diminished by it.3 Priestley never lost tone of bewilderment. In the last 1790 edition of his Experiments and observations on different kinds of air, which was designed to new model the whole work, [rather] than reprint the former volumes, the description of the experiment was faithfully reproduced. Yet one of the major changes the chapter on nitrous in edition can be gleaned from its opening section, now retided Of nitrous Air the Test of the of respirable Air.4 Even though the substance of the section remained largely unchanged, which had been mentioned in former editions part of a train of observations, had now been singled out an independent subject. Between 1772 and 1790 the use of nitrous (nitric oxide) as the Test of the Purity of and the atmosphere had evolved into an independent research programme that came be known eudiometry - an influential and controversial field of inquiry at the intersection of chemical, medical, experimental, and technological concerns. Following an extraordinary ascent in popularity, which peaked around the turn of the decade, nitrous eudiometry became increasingly controversial through the 1780s, until it was all but abandoned in the 1790s. In what follows I chart the climactic rise and demise of instrument and technology, while assessing the reasons for its remarkable success and failure, which I link Enlightenment ideals like social and scientific control through quantification, on the one hand, and various challenges in oentemporary experimental philosophy and practice, on the other.The first volume of Fredrick Accum's System oftheoretical and practical chemistry (1803),5 one of the major chemistry textbooks appear in the post-Lavoisierian era, features chapters on the history of geology, physical attraction, chemical affinities, and substances like sulphur, diamond, and phosphorus. Most of the book, however, is dedicated pneumatic chemistry: discussions on heat (caloric), light, and various gases. The better part of the chapter on air is taken up by an entry on eudiometry, or the methods of ascertaining the purity of atmospheric air. Accum presented in section seven different eudiometers, which he distinguished by the names of their inventors and listed according an approximate chronological order, from Priesdey, through Scheele, De Marti, Humboldt, Seguin and Berthollet, Davy.6 In reference Priestley's pioneering nitrous eudiometer Accum concluded that this method of analyzing by means of nitrous gas is liable errors. When compared the other six instruments,7 Priestley's eudiometer was depicted the most problematic and much the least accurate.Accum's view was not singular; other authors expressed similar views. Arthur Aikin's Dictionary of mineralogy and chemistry (1807), for example, described in detail the many anomalies and uncertainties that now attend [the eudiometer's] use. …

Comparison postharvest quality of conventionally and organically grown ‘Washington Navel’ oranges

This study aimed to compare postharvest quality of conventionally and organically grown ‘Washington Navel’ oranges. Oranges from the conventional and certified organic citrus orchards were harvested at commercial maturity and kept at 4°C for 5 months. Changes in weight loss, juice percentage, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solid (TSS), sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic and ascorbic acid) content and incidence of fungal decay and chilling injury were determined at a month interval during storage. Conventionally grown oranges had lower weight loss and higher juice percentage than organically grown oranges during storage. Rind color (L*, C*, ho), TSS, sugar (fructose, glucose and sucrose) and malic acid content were not affected by the production systems at harvest and during storage. In both conventionally and organically grown oranges, rind color become darker (lower L*), more intense (higher C*) and deeper orange color (lower ho) while malic acid content remained constant during 5 months of storage. As storage time extended, a significant increase in TSS and sugar content and a decrease TA and citric acid content occurred in fruits from both production system. Compared to conventionally grown oranges, organically grown oranges had lower TA and citric acid, but better taste scores since they attained higher TSS/TA ratio at harvest and during storage. The taste of conventionally and organically grown oranges was rated as an acceptable throughout the storage period. Although there was no significant difference in ascorbic acid content of fruits between two production systems at harvest, lower ascorbic acid content was found in organically grown oranges, compared to conventionally grown oranges during storage. Incidence of fungal decay was low in conventionally and organically grown oranges after 5 months of storage and the production system did not affect the sensitivity to fungal decay. Chilling injury was not observed any of fruits from both production systems throughout storage period.

Synthesis of Fluorescent Dichromophoric Benzothiazole-Based Polyenes

Syntheses of some novel dichromophoric cyanine dyes based on 2-aminobenzothiazoles have been reported. Their highly extended conjugated systems are in symmetrical and unsymmetrical structures, both of which are divided into two electron-rich and electron-poor series. The sixteen synthesized compounds absorb visible light in the region of 462-523 nm in ethanol in deep orange, red and purple color with high molar absorption coefficients ( : 2.1 – 4.4 104 M1.cm1). Besides the study of their electronic spectroscopic properties, broad solvatochromic effects have been observed 70-200 nm shifts in nine different solvents. In fluorescence spectroscopic studies, their emissions have been observed to be 400–500 nm at excitation wavelengths 347-375 nm in DMF. Keywords: Aminobenzothiazole, antibacterial effect, bis-azo, polyene dyes, solvatochromic effect

Drosophila TRPML Is Required for TORC1 Activation

Loss-of-function mutations in TRPML1 (transient receptor potential mucolipin 1) cause the lysosomal storage disorder, mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV). Here, we report that flies lacking the TRPML1 homolog displayed incomplete autophagy and reduced viability during the pupal period--a phase when animals rely on autophagy for nutrients. We show that TRPML was required for fusion of amphisomes with lysosomes, and its absence led to accumulation of vesicles of significantly larger volume and higher luminal Ca(2+). We also found that trpml(1) mutant cells showed decreased TORC1 (target of rapamycin complex 1) signaling and a concomitant upregulation of autophagy induction. Both of these defects in the mutants were reversed by genetically activating TORC1 or by feeding the larvae a high-protein diet. The high-protein diet also reduced the pupal lethality and the increased volume of acidic vesicles. Conversely, further inhibition of TORC1 activity by rapamycin exacerbated the mutant phenotypes. Finally, TORC1 exerted reciprocal control on TRPML function. A high-protein diet caused cortical localization of TRPML, and this effect was blocked by rapamycin. Our findings delineate the interrelationship between the TRPML and TORC1 pathways and raise the intriguing possibility that a high-protein diet might reduce the severity of MLIV.

Studies on the reproductive and nervous systems of the protochordate Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) to correlate the nervous activity on reproduction

Abu Kir Bay was found to be more suitable area for ascidian collection in Alexandria waters, especially the locality known, in public, the Dead Sea. Specimens of Styela plicata were collected monthly during 1 year. S. partita is usually found attached to the basal part of the other Styela. Both were carefully identified according to Vasseur (1967) and Millar (1970) . Adult specimens of S. plicata with suitable and same size were dissected to examine both nervous and reproductive systems in situ . Others were prepared technically for histological examination. Results of both evidenced each other. The observed changes in size and colour of the gonads, especially those of the oocytes, were used as an essential factor to divide the study into the following: Gonads of March–June; gonads of July–August; gonads of September–October; gonads of November–January; and gonads of February. Those observed changes, in addition to the differentiation of the affinity of the oocyte to the different applied stains led to the investigation of both: the growth of the oocyte and the breeding of the animal. During the growth of the oocyte, (a) it undergoes deutoplasmogenesis, (b) it attains its follicle layers and hence its membranes especially the chorion, (c) it ovulates if it becomes full ripe with optimum size and deep reddish orange colour. Ovulation occurs twice during the breeding season: first occurs during September, which is the peak of the activity, second during following February. Breeding occurs in early autumn and winter, while early spring, especially, March is the inter-breeding period. The testis, on the other hand, matures all the time. The reproductive cycle differs from breeding season since it begins from early spring (April) till the following February. This reproductive cycle of S. plicata is peculiar since it was investigated on histological basis. The neural complex undergoes cyclic changes in size synchronized with the changes of the gonads mentioned above. Only the neural gland changes in width and not in length. It is smallest during March, largest during September, decreases gradually but slightly in size to be almost large during February. The glandular nature and secretory activity of this gland are old observations. The present work gives reasonable histological investigation that it may have hormonal role regulating the reproductive cycle of, at least, S. plicata .

Postharvest Chemical, Sensorial and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Wild Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Some chemical, sensorial and physical-mechanical properties of 19 apricot genotypes and Hungarian Best (control) such as moisture content, soluble solids content, titratable acidity ratio and their ratio, fruit and stone mass, flesh/stone ratio, fruit dimensions (length, width, thickness), arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area and aspect ratio were determined. Their application is also discussed. The highest moisture content and stone mass observed in X-1/1/04 and X-1/2/04, soluble solids content in ZO-1/03, titratable acidity in ZL-2/03, SS/TA ratio in ZL-1/03, and fruit mass and flesh/stone ratio in DL-1/1/04 genotype. The most number of genotypes have orange and deep orange skin and flesh colour, respectively, whereas sweet kernel taste was predominant in most genotypes. Regarding physical-mechanical properties, the superior fruit dimensions (length, width, thickness), arithmetic and geometric mean diameter and surface area observed in DL-1/1/04 genotype, whereas the highest sphericity and surface area observed in X-1/1/04 and X-1/2/04 genotypes. Also, the series of genotypes evaluated have better chemical, sensorial and physical-mechanical properties than Hungarian Best (control). Finally, information about these properties is very important for understanding the behaviour of the product during the postharvest operations.

Allele Mining of Exotic Maize Germplasm to Enhance Macular Carotenoids

ABSTRACTLutein and zeaxanthin are commonly referred to as the macular carotenoids, as they are localized to ocular tissues and their loss is associated with age‐related macular degeneration. Thirty‐four high‐carotenoid (HiC) lines exhibiting uniquely high concentrations of carotenoids resulted from allele mining of the Orange Flint race using traditional breeding techniques and visual selection for deep orange endosperm color. Total carotenoid concentrations of the HiC lines ranged from 50 to 101 μg g−1 dry weight (DW) with lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations as high as 66 and 65 μg g−1 DW, respectively, levels higher than reported in previous germplasm surveys. The HiC lines fall into three classes based on the accumulation of the major carotenoid: “high‐lutein,” “high‐zeaxanthin,” and “balanced.” Significant year effects were observed for carotenoid concentrations but not for profiles. During kernel development the pattern of carotenoid accumulation in the HiC lines did not appear to be different than in yellow corn belt dent lines. Collectively, the HiC lines represented only one y1 haplotype, 10 unique haplotypes of lcyE, and two unique haplotypes at crtRB1 Interestingly, previously identified diagnostic polymorphisms within lcyE did not appear to be useful in distinguishing between high‐lutein and high‐zeaxanthin HiC lines, and high β‐carotene levels were achieved despite the presence of a suboptimal crtRB1 allele. The HiC lines illustrate the utility of mining allelic variation from exotic sources coupled with the power of simple visual selection and the potential limitations of diagnostic polymorphisms.

Grape Tomato Breeding Lines: NC 1 Grape, NC 2 Grape, and NC 3 Grape

Over the last several years, grape tomato production has grown to become an important segment of fresh-market tomatoes and strongly competes for market share with cherry tomatoes. Demand for grape tomatoes has increased as a result of consumer satisfaction with their vine-ripened flavor, especially their high sugar content, and desirable fruit size and crisp texture. Breeding of improved grape tomato types in the North Carolina fresh-market tomato breeding program has resulted in the release of three breeding lines, NC 1 Grape, NC 2 Grape, and NC 3 Grape, that are useful in producing improved cultivars of grape tomatoes. NC 1 Grape and NC 2 Grape have indeterminate growth habit, whereas NC 3 Grape has determinate growth habit. NC 1 Grape and NC 3 Grape have jointless fruit pedicels, whereas NC 2 Grape has jointed pedicels. NC 1 Grape and NC 3 Grape develop a uniform bright red exterior and interior color in ripe fruits, whereas NC 2 Grape develops a deep yellowish orange color on mature fruit.

A DnaJ-like Homolog from Cryphonectria parasitica Is Not Responsive to Hypoviral Infection but Is Important for Fungal Growth in Both Wild-Type and Hypovirulent Strains

A DnaJ-like gene, Cpdj1, a molecular chaperone and regulator of Hsp70 in Cryphonectria parasitica, was characterized. The protein product of Cpdj1 gene consists of 379 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 40.6 kDa and a pI of 7.79. The deduced protein sequence revealed preservation of the conserved hall-mark J-region and exhibited high homolo y to all known DnaJ-like proteins. Disruption of the Cpdj1 gene resulted in slow growth and produced colonies characterized by retarded growth and deep orange color. Accordingly, reduced virulence of the Cpdj1-null mutant was observed. This reduced growth rate was magnified when the Cpdj1-null mutant was cultured under heat-stress conditions. Reduced conidiation was also observed in the Cpdj1-null mutant, indicating that Cpdj1 gene, although not essential for cell viability, is required for appropriate cellular processes including growth and sporulation. Northern analysis showed that Cpdj1 was constitutively expressed, and when the culture was subject to high temperature, a strong induction of the transcript was observed. No significant difference in the expression and induction pattern of Cpdj1 was observed between virus-free EP155/2 and virus-infected hypovirulent UEP1 strains. However, further severe defects in mycelia growth and conidiation were observed in the hypovirus-infected Cpdj1-null mutant suggesting that the presence of Cpdj1 is required for mycelia growth and sporulation of the hypovirus-infected strain.