Deep Learning In Medical Imaging Research Articles

Deep learning on medical imaging images

For a considerable amount of time, medical image processing has been an important topic of research in the field of medicine. The advent of deep learning technology has resulted in the development of revolutionary improvements in this particular sector. Because of its remarkable effectiveness in training enormous amounts of data and performing difficult tasks, deep learning has attracted a lot of attention. It has found extensive application in the analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of medical pictures. This work employs the literature review approach to examine and analyze the existing research conducted by academics on deep learning and medical imaging. It also provides a summary of the utilization of deep learning in medical imaging images and highlights the current development trend in this field.

Deep Learning in Medical Imaging: A Case Study on Lung Tissue Classification

INTRODUCTION: In the field of medical imaging, accurate categorization of lung tissue is essential for timely diagnosis and management of lung-related conditions, including cancer. Deep Learning (DL) methodologies have revolutionized this domain, promising improved precision and effectiveness in diagnosing ailments based on image analysis. This research delves into the application of DL models for classifying lung tissue, particularly focusing on histopathological imagery.
 OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to explore the deployment of DL models for the classification of lung tissue, emphasizing histopathological images. The research aims to assess the performance of various DL models in accurately distinguishing between different classes of lung tissue, including benign tissue, lung adenocarcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma.
 METHODS: A dataset comprising 9,000 histopathological images of lung tissue was utilized, sourced from HIPAA compliant and validated sources. The dataset underwent augmentation to ensure diversity and robustness. The images were categorized into three distinct classes and balanced before being split into training, validation, and testing sets. Six DL models - DenseNet201, EfficientNetB7, EfficientNetB5, Vgg19, Vgg16, and Alexnet - were trained and evaluated on this dataset. Performance assessment was conducted based on precision, recall, F1-score for each class, and overall accuracy.
 RESULTS: The results revealed varying performance levels among the DL models, with EfficientNetB5 achieving perfect scores across all metrics. This highlights the capability of DL in improving the accuracy of lung tissue classification, which holds promise for enhancing diagnosis and treatment outcomes in lung-related conditions.
 CONCLUSION: This research significantly contributes to understanding the effective utilization of DL models in medical imaging, particularly for lung tissue classification. It emphasizes the critical role of a diverse and balanced dataset in developing robust and accurate models. The insights gained from this study lay the groundwork for further exploration into refining DL methodologies for medical imaging applications, with a focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and ultimately, patient outcomes.

Checklist for Reproducibility of Deep Learning in Medical Imaging.

The application of deep learning (DL) in medicine introduces transformative tools with the potential to enhance prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment planning. However, ensuring transparent documentation is essential for researchers to enhance reproducibility and refine techniques. Our study addresses the unique challenges presented by DL in medical imaging by developing a comprehensive checklist using the Delphi method to enhance reproducibility and reliability in this dynamic field. We compiled a preliminary checklist based on a comprehensive review of existing checklists and relevant literature. A panel of 11 experts in medical imaging and DL assessed these items using Likert scales, with two survey rounds to refine responses and gauge consensus. We also employed the content validity ratio with a cutoff of 0.59 to determine item face and content validity. Round 1 included a 27-item questionnaire, with 12 items demonstrating high consensus for face and content validity that were then left out of round 2. Round 2 involved refining the checklist, resulting in an additional 17 items. In the last round, 3 items were deemed non-essential or infeasible, while 2 newly suggested items received unanimous agreement for inclusion, resulting in a final 26-item DL model reporting checklist derived from the Delphi process. The 26-item checklist facilitates the reproducible reporting of DL tools and enables scientists to replicate the study's results.

Machine Learning-Based Medical Imaging Detection and Diagnostic Assistance

With the development of medical technology, medical imaging technology plays an increasingly important role in diagnosing and monitoring diseases. At the same time, machine learning technology has shown strong capabilities in data processing and analysis, providing new possibilities for the detection and auxiliary diagnosis of medical images. This paper will deeply discuss the application of machine learning in medical images, especially the application of deep learning in medical images, and how to achieve effective medical image detection and auxiliary diagnosis through steps such as preprocessing, feature extraction, model training and optimization.

Deep Learning Models for Classification of Lung Diseases

This thesis focuses on the importance of early detection in lung cancer through the use of medical imaging techniques and deep learning models. The current practice of examining nodules larger than 7 mm can delay detection and allow cancerous nodules to grow undetected. The project aims to detect nodules as small as 3 mm to improve the chances of early cancer identification. The use of constrained volume datasets and transfer learning techniques addresses the scarcity of medical data, and deep neural networks are employed for classification and segmentation tasks. Despite the limited dataset, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models. Class activation maps and segmentation techniques enhance accuracy and provide insights into the most critical areas for diagnosis. This research contributes to the understanding of lung disease diagnosis and highlights the potential of deep learning in medical imaging.

Self-supervised pre-training with contrastive and masked autoencoder methods for dealing with small datasets in deep learning for medical imaging

Deep learning in medical imaging has the potential to minimize the risk of diagnostic errors, reduce radiologist workload, and accelerate diagnosis. Training such deep learning models requires large and accurate datasets, with annotations for all training samples. However, in the medical imaging domain, annotated datasets for specific tasks are often small due to the high complexity of annotations, limited access, or the rarity of diseases. To address this challenge, deep learning models can be pre-trained on large image datasets without annotations using methods from the field of self-supervised learning. After pre-training, small annotated datasets are sufficient to fine-tune the models for a specific task. The most popular self-supervised pre-training approaches in medical imaging are based on contrastive learning. However, recent studies in natural image processing indicate a strong potential for masked autoencoder approaches. Our work compares state-of-the-art contrastive learning methods with the recently introduced masked autoencoder approach “SparK” for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on medical images. Therefore, we pre-train on a large unannotated CT image dataset and fine-tune on several CT classification tasks. Due to the challenge of obtaining sufficient annotated training data in medical imaging, it is of particular interest to evaluate how the self-supervised pre-training methods perform when fine-tuning on small datasets. By experimenting with gradually reducing the training dataset size for fine-tuning, we find that the reduction has different effects depending on the type of pre-training chosen. The SparK pre-training method is more robust to the training dataset size than the contrastive methods. Based on our results, we propose the SparK pre-training for medical imaging tasks with only small annotated datasets.

COVID-19 Detection from Chest X-ray Images Based on Deep Learning Techniques

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges in accurately diagnosing the disease, as severe cases may present symptoms similar to pneumonia. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the conventional diagnostic technique; however, it has limitations in terms of time-consuming laboratory procedures and kit availability. Radiological chest images, such as X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) scans, have been essential in aiding the diagnosis process. In this research paper, we propose a deep learning (DL) approach based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to enhance the detection of COVID-19 and its variants from chest X-ray images. Building upon the existing research in SARS and COVID-19 identification using AI and machine learning techniques, our DL model aims to extract the most significant features from the X-ray scans of affected individuals. By employing an explanatory CNN-based technique, we achieved a promising accuracy of up to 97% in detecting COVID-19 cases, which can assist physicians in effectively screening and identifying probable COVID-19 patients. This study highlights the potential of DL in medical imaging, specifically in detecting COVID-19 from radiological images. The improved accuracy of our model demonstrates its efficacy in aiding healthcare professionals and mitigating the spread of the disease.

Applying Deep Learning to Medical Imaging: A Review

Deep learning (DL) has made significant strides in medical imaging. This review article presents an in-depth analysis of DL applications in medical imaging, focusing on the challenges, methods, and future perspectives. We discuss the impact of DL on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and how it has revolutionized the medical imaging field. Furthermore, we examine the most recent DL techniques, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs), and their applications in medical imaging. Lastly, we provide insights into the future of DL in medical imaging, highlighting its potential advancements and challenges.

An improved U-Net-based in situ root system phenotype segmentation method for plants.

The condition of plant root systems plays an important role in plant growth and development. The Minirhizotron method is an important tool to detect the dynamic growth and development of plant root systems. Currently, most researchers use manual methods or software to segment the root system for analysis and study. This method is time-consuming and requires a high level of operation. The complex background and variable environment in soils make traditional automated root system segmentation methods difficult to implement. Inspired by deep learning in medical imaging, which is used to segment pathological regions to help determine diseases, we propose a deep learning method for the root segmentation task. U-Net is chosen as the basis, and the encoder layer is replaced by the ResNet Block, which can reduce the training volume of the model and improve the feature utilization capability; the PSA module is added to the up-sampling part of U-Net to improve the segmentation accuracy of the object through multi-scale features and attention fusion; a new loss function is used to avoid the extreme imbalance and data imbalance problems of backgrounds such as root system and soil. After experimental comparison and analysis, the improved network demonstrates better performance. In the test set of the peanut root segmentation task, a pixel accuracy of 0.9917 and Intersection Over Union of 0.9548 were achieved, with an F1-score of 95.10. Finally, we used the Transfer Learning approach to conduct segmentation experiments on the corn in situ root system dataset. The experiments show that the improved network has a good learning effect and transferability.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Geometric Deep Learning in Medical Imaging

In recent years, more and more attention has been devoted to geometric deep learning (GDL) and its applications to various problems in medical imaging. Unlike convolutional neural networks (CNNs) limited to 2-D/3-D grid-structured data, GDL can handle non-Euclidean data (i.e., graphs and manifolds) and is hence well-suited for medical imaging data such as structure-function connectivity networks, imaging genetics and omics, spatio-temporal anatomical representations, physics-informed GDL for optimal imaging sampling and acquisition, GDL in imaging inverse problems, etc. However, despite recent advances in GDL research, questions remain on how best to learn representations of non-Euclidean medical imaging data; how to convolve effectively on graphs; how to perform graph pooling/unpooling; how to handle heterogeneous data; and how to improve the interpretability of GDL. After discussing many other domain experts, we identify the need for a special issue that brings to the attention of the medical imaging community these interesting topics.

Dilated convolution network with edge fusion block and directional feature maps for cardiac MRI segmentation.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation task refers to the accurate segmentation of ventricle and myocardium, which is a prerequisite for evaluating the soundness of cardiac function. With the development of deep learning in medical imaging, more and more heart segmentation methods based on deep learning have been proposed. Due to the fuzzy boundary and uneven intensity distribution of cardiac MRI, some existing methods do not make full use of multi-scale characteristic information and have the problem of ambiguity between classes. In this paper, we propose a dilated convolution network with edge fusion block and directional feature maps for cardiac MRI segmentation. The network uses feature fusion module to preserve boundary information, and adopts the direction field module to obtain the feature maps to improve the original segmentation features. Firstly, multi-scale feature information is obtained and fused through dilated convolutional layers of different scales while downsampling. Secondly, in the decoding stage, the edge fusion block integrates the edge features into the side output of the encoder and concatenates them with the upsampled features. Finally, the concatenated features utilize the direction field to improve the original segmentation features and generate the final result. Our propose method conducts comprehensive comparative experiments on the automated cardiac diagnosis challenge (ACDC) and myocardial pathological segmentation (MyoPS) datasets. The results show that the proposed cardiac MRI segmentation method has better performance compared to other existing methods.

Deep Learning on Medical Imaging in Identifying Kidney Stones: Review Paper

Medical imaging is currently using artificial intelligence-based technologies to aid evaluate diagnostic information images, particularly in enforcing kidney stones. Artificial intelligence technology continues to develop, many studies show that deep learning is more widely used compared to traditional machine learning, so an Artificial intelligence system is needed to assist the accuracy of health diagnoses, thus helping in the field of radiology health. The aim of the research is to use artificial intelligence with deep learning models to help detect abnormalities in the kidneys. This research method is a literature review of Scopus data related to deep learning in medical imaging in detecting kidney stones. The results of using Artificial Intelligence in medical imaging can be used in diagnosing diseases including detecting Covid-19, musculoskeletal, calcium scores on Cardiac CT, liver tumors, urinary tract lesions, examination of the abdomen and kidney stones. Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in detecting kidney stones can be done with various classification models including XResNet-50, ExDark19, CystoNet, CNN, ANN. Using the right model and having a high accuracy value can help radiologists to accurately detect kidney stones.

Foundation Ark: Accruing and Reusing Knowledge for Superior and Robust Performance.

Deep learning nowadays offers expert-level and sometimes even super-expert-level performance, but achieving such performance demands massive annotated data for training (e.g., Google's proprietary CXR Foundation Model (CXR-FM) was trained on 821,544 labeled and mostly private chest X-rays (CXRs)). Numerous datasets are publicly available in medical imaging but individually small and heterogeneous in expert labels. We envision a powerful and robust foundation model that can be trained by aggregating numerous small public datasets. To realize this vision, we have developed Ark, a framework that accrues and reuses knowledge from heterogeneous expert annotations in various datasets. As a proof of concept, we have trained two Ark models on 335,484 and 704,363 CXRs, respectively, by merging several datasets including ChestX-ray14, CheXpert, MIMIC-II, and VinDr-CXR, evaluated them on a wide range of imaging tasks covering both classification and segmentation via fine-tuning, linear-probing, and gender-bias analysis, and demonstrated our Ark's superior and robust performance over the state-of-the-art (SOTA) fully/self-supervised baselines and Google's proprietary CXR-FM. This enhanced performance is attributed to our simple yet powerful observation that aggregating numerous public datasets diversifies patient populations and accrues knowledge from diverse experts, yielding unprecedented performance yet saving annotation cost. With all codes and pretrained models released at GitHub.com/JLiangLab/Ark, we hope that Ark exerts an important impact on open science, as accruing and reusing knowledge from expert annotations in public datasets can potentially surpass the performance of proprietary models trained on unusually large data, inspiring many more researchers worldwide to share codes and datasets to build open foundation models, accelerate open science, and democratize deep learning for medical imaging.

Study on Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Medical Imaging Emphasizes MRI: A Systematic Literature Review

Study on Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Medical Imaging Emphasizes MRI: A Systematic Literature Review

A deep learning model for prognosis prediction after intracranial hemorrhage.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a common life-threatening condition that must be rapidly diagnosed and treated. However, there is still a lack of consensus regarding treatment, driven to some extent by prognostic uncertainty. While several prediction models for ICH detection have already been published, here we present a deep learning predictive model for ICH prognosis. We included patients with ICH (n=262), and we trained a custom model for the classification of patients into poor prognosis and good prognosis, using a hybrid input consisting of brain CT images and other clinical variables. We compared it with two other models, one trained with images only (I-model) and the other with tabular data only (D-model). Our hybrid model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of .924 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .831-.986), and an accuracy of .861 (95% CI: .760-.960). The I- and D-models achieved an AUC of .763 (95% CI: .622-.902) and .746 (95% CI: .598-.876), respectively. The proposed hybrid model was able to accurately classify patients into good and poor prognosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ICH prognosis prediction deep learning model. We concluded that deep learning can be applied for prognosis prediction in ICH that could have a great impact on clinical decision-making. Further, hybrid inputs could be a promising technique for deep learning in medical imaging.

Improving RepVGG model with variational data imputation in COVID-19 classification

<span>Millions of fatal cases have been reported worldwide as a result of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. In order to stop the spreading of disease, early diagnosis and quarantine of infected people are one of the most essential steps. Therefore, due to the similar symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pneumonia, identifying COVID-19 still exists some challenges. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is known as a standard method for the COVID-19 diagnosis process. Due to the shortage of RT-PCR toolkit in global, Chest X-Ray (CXR) image is introduced as an initial step to support patient’s classification. Applying deep learning in medical imaging becomes an advanced research trend in many applications. In this research, RepVGG pre-trained model is considered to be used as the main backbone of the network. Besides, variational autoencoder (VAE) is firstly trained to perform lung segmentation. Afterwards, the encoder part in VAE is preserved as an additional feature extractor to combine with RepVGG performing classification. A COVID-19 radiography database consisting of 3 classes COVID-19, Normal and Viral Pneumonia is conducted. The obtained average accuracy of the proposed model is 95.4% and other evaluation metrics also show better results compared with the original RepVGG model.</span>

Towards smart diagnostic methods for COVID-19: Review of deep learning for medical imaging.

The infectious disease known as COVID-19 has spread dramatically all over the world since December 2019. The fast diagnosis and isolation of infected patients are key factors in slowing down the spread of this virus and better management of the pandemic. Although the CT and X-ray modalities are commonly used for the diagnosis of COVID-19, identifying COVID-19 patients from medical images is a time-consuming and error-prone task. Artificial intelligence has shown to have great potential to speed up and optimize the prognosis and diagnosis process of COVID-19. Herein, we review publications on the application of deep learning (DL) techniques for diagnostics of patients with COVID-19 using CT and X-ray chest images for a period from January 2020 to October 2021. Our review focuses solely on peer-reviewed, well-documented articles. It provides a comprehensive summary of the technical details of models developed in these articles and discusses the challenges in the smart diagnosis of COVID-19 using DL techniques. Based on these challenges, it seems that the effectiveness of the developed models in clinical use needs to be further investigated. This review provides some recommendations to help researchers develop more accurate prediction models.

Superlative Feature Selection Based Image Classification Using Deep Learning in Medical Imaging.

Medical image recognition plays an essential role in the forecasting and early identification of serious diseases in the field of identification. Medical pictures are essential to a patient's health record since they may be used to control, manage, and treat illnesses. On the other hand, image categorization is a difficult problem in diagnostics. This paper provides an enhanced classifier based on the outstanding Feature Selection oriented Clinical Classifier using the Deep Learning (DL) model, which incorporates preprocessing, extraction of features, and classifying. The paper aims to develop an optimum feature extraction model for successful medical imaging categorization. The proposed methodology is based on feature extraction with the pretrained EfficientNetB0 model. The optimum features enhanced the classifier performance and raised the precision, recall, F1 score, accuracy, and detection of medical pictures to improve the effectiveness of the DL classifier. The paper aims to develop an optimum feature extraction model for successful medical imaging categorization. The optimum features enhanced the classifier performance and raised the result parameters for detecting medical pictures to improve the effectiveness of the DL classifier. Experiment findings reveal that our presented approach outperforms and achieves 98% accuracy.

Brain Tumor Classification Using a Combination of Variational Autoencoders and Generative Adversarial Networks.

Brain tumors are a pernicious cancer with one of the lowest five-year survival rates. Neurologists often use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose the type of brain tumor. Automated computer-assisted tools can help them speed up the diagnosis process and reduce the burden on the health care systems. Recent advances in deep learning for medical imaging have shown remarkable results, especially in the automatic and instant diagnosis of various cancers. However, we need a large amount of data (images) to train the deep learning models in order to obtain good results. Large public datasets are rare in medicine. This paper proposes a framework based on unsupervised deep generative neural networks to solve this limitation. We combine two generative models in the proposed framework: variational autoencoders (VAEs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs). We swap the encoder–decoder network after initially training it on the training set of available MR images. The output of this swapped network is a noise vector that has information of the image manifold, and the cascaded generative adversarial network samples the input from this informative noise vector instead of random Gaussian noise. The proposed method helps the GAN to avoid mode collapse and generate realistic-looking brain tumor magnetic resonance images. These artificially generated images could solve the limitation of small medical datasets up to a reasonable extent and help the deep learning models perform acceptably. We used the ResNet50 as a classifier, and the artificially generated brain tumor images are used to augment the real and available images during the classifier training. We compared the classification results with several existing studies and state-of-the-art machine learning models. Our proposed methodology noticeably achieved better results. By using brain tumor images generated artificially by our proposed method, the classification average accuracy improved from 72.63% to 96.25%. For the most severe class of brain tumor, glioma, we achieved 0.769, 0.837, 0.833, and 0.80 values for recall, specificity, precision, and F1-score, respectively. The proposed generative model framework could be used to generate medical images in any domain, including PET (positron emission tomography) and MRI scans of various parts of the body, and the results show that it could be a useful clinical tool for medical experts.

An Overview of Deep Learning in Medical Imaging

Machine learning (ML) has seen enormous consideration during the most recent decade. This success started in 2012 when an ML model accomplished a remarkable triumph in the ImageNet Classification, the world's most famous competition for computer vision. This model was a kind of convolutional neural system (CNN) called deep learning (DL). Since then, researchers have started to participate efficiently in DL's fastest developing area of research. These days, DL systems are cutting-edge ML systems spanning a broad range of disciplines, from human language processing to video analysis, and commonly used in the scholarly world and enterprise sector. Recent advances can bring tremendous improvement to the medical field. Improved and innovative methods for data processing, image analysis and can significantly improve the diagnostic technologies and medicinal services gradually. A quick review of current developments with relevant problems in the field of DL used for medical imaging has been provided. The primary purposes of the review are four: (i) provide a brief prolog to DL by discussing different DL models, (ii) review of the DL usage for medical image analysis (classification, detection, segmentation, and registration), (iii) review seven main application fields of DL in medical imaging, (iv) give an initial stage to those keen on adding to the research area about DL in clinical imaging by providing links of some useful informative assets, such as freely available DL codes, public datasets Table 7, and medical imaging competition sources Table 8 and end our survey by outlining distinct continuous difficulties, lessons learned and future of DL in the field of medical science.