Deep Depressions Research Articles

Effects of depressions and drainage systems on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) growth during the early growth stages under excess water stress conditions

ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) productivity is severely compromised under conditions of excess water, particularly during the early growth stages. Depressions in converted paddy fields are believed to significantly contribute to excess water stress. Farmers typically use drainage systems, such as field ditches and pipe drains to improve field drainage. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of depressions and drainage systems on soybean growth during the early growth stages in farming fields. Using uncrewed aerial vehicles and imaging processing software, we observed the soybean coverage ratio at two and four weeks after sowing. We analyzed the relationship between the coverage ratio and depression depth, distance from field ditches, and distance from pipe drains. Depressions deeper than 2 cm were present in all study fields, and the coverage ratio increase from 2 to 4 weeks after sowing was negatively correlated with depression depth. Although the distance from pipe drains was negatively related to the coverage ratio increase, the distance from field ditches had a limited effect. The construction of pipe drains significantly improved the coverage ratio increase, particularly in areas with deep depressions and near pipe drains, by up to 23.0 times in this study. Therefore, constructing pipe drains near depressions is an effective way to mitigate the impact of depressions and excess water stress on soybean growth during the early stages. Our results will be useful for developing strategies to improve drainage and soybean growth during early growth stages.

Hepatic grooves: An observational study at laparoscopic surgery.

In traditional descriptions, the upper surface of the liver is smooth and convex, but deep depressions are variants that are present in 5%-40% of patients. We sought to determine the relationship between surface depressions and the diaphragm. To use exploratory laparoscopy to determine the relationship between surface depressions and the diaphragm. An observational study was performed in all patients undergoing laparoscopic upper gastro-intestinal operations between January 1, 2023 and January 20, 2024. A thirty-degree laparoscope was used to inspect the liver and diaphragm. When surface depressions were present, we recorded patient demographics, presence of diaphragmatic bands, rib protrusions and/or any other source of compression during inspection. Of 394 patients, 343 had normal surface anatomy, and 51 (12.9%) had prominent surface depressions on the liver. There was no significant relationship between the presence of surface depressions and gender nor the presence of rib projections. However, there was significant association between the presence of surface depressions and diaphragmatic muscular bands (P < 0.001). With these data, the diaphragmatic-band theory has gained increased importance over other theories for surface depressions. Further studies are warranted using cross sectional imaging to confirm relationships with intersectional planes as well as beta-catenin assays in the affected liver parenchyma.

Effect of stress on the steady state ablation morphology of C/C composites

During the ablation process in the thermal protection system, carbon/carbon (C/C) composites exhibit a characteristic steady state ablation morphology that includes needle-like fibers and sheath-like matrix, with deep depressions between the fibers and matrix. A theoretical explanation describing the formation of inherent steady state ablation morphology of C/C composites is proposed and we suggest that the radial thermal stress at the interface between the fibers and matrix affects the ablation thermochemical reaction of the interphase. Then, a quantitative relationship between stress and the ablation velocity of the interphase is proposed based on the mechanical coupling theory and a mesoscopic theoretical analysis model including mechanochemical coupling relationship of the steady state ablation morphology of C/C composites is established. In the mesoscopic model of steady state ablation morphology, the effect of stress on the steady state ablation morphology of C/C composites is analyzed. The results reveal that stress plays a significant role in determining the steady state ablation morphology of C/C composites, with its influence being comparable to that of material properties. Moreover, this work can be extended to further explore the ablation behavior of other ablation thermal protection composites. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the interactions between different phenomena occurring during the ablation process of C/C composites.

Summer Deep Depressions Increase Over the Eastern North Atlantic

AbstractMid‐tropospheric deep depressions in summer over the North Atlantic are shown to have strongly increased in the eastern and strongly decreased in the western North Atlantic region. This evolution is linked to a change in baroclinicity in the west of the North Atlantic ocean and over the North American coast, likely due to the increased surface temperature there. Deep depressions in the Eastern North Atlantic are linked to a temperature pattern typical of extreme heat events in the region. The same analysis is applied to a sample of CMIP6 model outputs, and no such trends are found. This study suggests a link between the observed increase of summer extreme heat events in the region and the increase of the number of Atlantic depressions. The failure of CMIP6 models to reproduce these events can consequently also reside in an incorrect reproduction of this specific feature of midlatitude atmospheric dynamics.

Does the combination of whitening toothpaste and hydrogen peroxide bleaching increase the surface roughness and change the morphology of a nanofilled composite?

Aim: To evaluate changes in the surface roughness and morphology of a nanofilled composite following toothbrushing with a whitening (WT) or regular toothpaste (RT), alone or combined with 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching (HP). Methods: Seventy disc-shaped nanofilled composite (Filtek Z350XT) specimens were randomly divided into groups (n=10): WT, RT, TB (without toothpaste – control) or the combinations WT/ HP, RT/HP, TB/HP and HP. All groups underwent toothbrushing simulation (60,000 cycles) and bleaching treatment (4 sessions). Mean surface roughness (Ra, μm) was measured before (T0) and after treatments (TB). Surface morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at TB. Mean Ra was analyzed using general mixed models and multiple comparisons by the Tukey-Kramer test (α=5%). Results: HP caused no surface roughness changes on the nanofilled composite after treatment (p&gt;0.05). RT toothbrushing, combined or not with HP, increased the surface roughness (p&lt;0.05). WT and WT/ HP protocols had no effect on the surface roughness of the composite (p&gt;0.05). The nanofilled composite submitted to RT toothbrushing combined with HP (RT/HP) presented substantial surface alterations under SEM, showing deep depressions and round-shaped defects. Toothbrushing with RT combined with the bleaching agent increased exposure of the inorganic fillers. Conclusion: WT toothbrushing, regardless of HP combination, or the single HP protocol had no effect on the surface roughness of the nanofilled composite. However, RT combined with HP negatively affected surface roughness and presented the most noticeable surface changes among groups.

Vulnerability assessment of tropical cyclones and deep depressions: an index-based spatio-temporal assessment along the coastal zones of Bangladesh

Vulnerability assessment of tropical cyclones and deep depressions: an index-based spatio-temporal assessment along the coastal zones of Bangladesh

Current pharmacotherapeutic properties of low-dose naltrexone therapy in humans and possible therapeutic and prophylactic indications in cats and dogs

Naltrexone was first developed in 1963 as an opioid antagonist for therapeutic use in opioid-dependent individuals (alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco) with a 50 mg/day dose approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1985, Dr. Bernard Bihari explained that when naltrexone is taken in very low doses (1-5 mg/day) before bedtime, it blocks opioid receptors for 2- 4 hours and leads to the release of endorphins in the early morning hours, serving as an opioid agonist and immunomodulatory agent. This extra endorphin secretion has been proven to enhance the immune system response in AIDS patients. Endogenous opioids that affect cell development are referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF) and met-enkephalin (ME). Low-dose-naltrexone (LDN) pharmacotherapeutically possesses immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antifungal properties. LDN also increases the production and sensitivity of OGF, ME, and OGF receptor (OGFr) in the bloodstream, thereby enhancing quality of life. Based on these pharmacotherapeutic properties, LDN application is believed to be effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of various infectious diseases in cats and dogs, particularly vasculitis-related diseases such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), hypothyroidism, gastrointestinal disorders, spondylosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases, pneumonia, atopic and allergic dermatitis, pyodermas, resistant pyodermas, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or various gastrointestinal disorders, alopecia, stubborn dermatomycosis, stubborn demodicosis, various geriatric and oncogenic diseases, and deep depressions or obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, this review aims to evaluate the pharmacotherapeutic properties of LDN therapy usage and mechanisms of action in detail and assess the potential indications in cats and dogs based on these mechanisms.

Complex well development technology using a vibration pump

This article deals with the application and efficiency of the unified pumping and vibration device type UNTVU-73 for the complex technology of well development, hydrodynamic research of formations and intensification of oil and gas tributaries. The principle of well blasting is based on the creation of deep controlled cyclic depressions on the formation, which makes it possible to clean the bottom of the formation from sand and drill mud particles. During the operation of the jet pump, controlled depressions can be created, pressure can be measured with depth gauges, real-time measurement of pressure reduction curves can be monitored and various samples can be taken for chemical analysis. The use of the pumping and vibration device makes it possible to develop wells without the use of piles or expensive nitrogen compressor units. The use of a jet pump makes it possible to conduct high-quality hydrodynamic research of wells.

The last of them? A new relic karaurid stem salamander from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Siberia, Russia

A new karaurid stem salamander, Kuzbassia sola gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Ilek Formation of Shestakovo 1 locality in Western Siberia, Russia, is described on the basis of isolated vertebrae, including incomplete atlantal and trunk vertebral centra. The new taxon is diagnosed by the following unique combination of vertebral characters: the presence of a shallow dorsolateral depression and low ridges (longitudinal, vertical and oblique ridges) flanking this depression on the lateral surface of the atlantal centrum; the absence of deep lateral grooves or depressions on the lateral surfaces and ventral depression on the ventral surface of the atlantal centrum; the absence of ventro-lateral ridges, transverse processes and alar processes associated with the transverse processes on the atlantal centrum; anterior cotyles with elliptical anterior outline, located at an angle of approximately 150–160 degrees to each other; and the presence of a pair of rugose surfaces with low tubercles (= ?anterior basapophyses) on the ventral surface of the anterior portion of the trunk vertebral centrum. Kuzbassia sola gen. et sp. nov. is the last karaurid salamander in the fossil record to date.

Dynamics and a Hydraulic-Soil Mechanical Model for Pockmarks in a Mud-draped Lake: Lake Sünnet (NW Anatolia)

The scarcity of bathymetric studies in most Turkish lakes does not allow the documentation and the potential causes of lake bottom irregularities. In this study, relatively high-resolution bathymetric data from Lake Sünnet (NW Anatolia) revealed five deep (5.7 to 9.2m) and narrow (10 to 20m) depressions located along the boundary between the lake bottom and the steep lake margins. Analysis of lake level data belonging to dry seasons hints no leakage through these depressions. However, the negative conical shape and weakly developed levees around the holes suggest an upward episodic groundwater discharge for which direct evidence has been absent up to date. A combined hydraulic and soil mechanical model successfully explains the pockmark activity due to the flow of water through conduits in karstic carbonate bedrock. According to sedimentation rates and average depth of pockmarks in Lake Sünnet, and available regional paleoclimate studies, the onset of pockmark activity might coincide with the transition from the Near East Aridification Phase to the humid Beyşehir Occupation Phase around 300 BCE in SW and NW Anatolia.

Regional and remote influences of ocean‐atmospheric processes on northeast monsoon rainfall during 2021 over India

AbstractSevere rainfall during the recent northeast monsoon season (October, November and December) in 2021 caused unexpected disasters (triggered flooding and landslides) in the pilgrim city of Tirupati and the metropolitan city of Chennai over the peninsular of India (PI). The remote and regional influence of several ocean‐atmospheric climate indices on northeast monsoon rainfall (NEMR) during the OND season is investigated to understand the contributory mechanisms of extreme rainfall events over the PI during 2021. The interannual variability of NEMR and its relationship with the OND sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly over the Niño3.4 and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) regions are considered. In addition, SST anomalies over the Bay of Bengal (BoB), such as east BoB (EBoB), east equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) and their gradients (GSST) connections with NEMR, are also examined. The impact of Siberian High (SH), Western Pacific High (WPH), Arabian Sea Surface Pressure (ASSP), easterly waves (EW) and land surface temperature contrast (LSTC) is also analysed and incorporated to find a specific linkage with NEM 2021. The results show that excess NEMR during OND 2021 is suggestively associated with favourable large‐scale conditions like negative IOD and the La Niña phase over the Indo‐Pacific region. In November 2021, two deep depressions made landfall over Tamil Nadu (within the latitude of 11°–13°N) and over adjoining areas, which caused copious amounts of rainfall (maximum ~90 mm·day−1), leading to flooding conditions over Tirupati and Chennai. During the NEM season, abundant warming of BoB and weak vertical wind shear, along with negative anomalies of ASSP, modulated the cyclonic activities that enhanced the sufficient moisture transports from BoB to the PI. The MSLP anomalies over the ASSP region depict a significant correlation (−0.47) with the interannual variability of NEM as compared to SH and WPH during the OND season of 2021.

Impact of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical and rheological properties of acid hydrolyzed sorghum starch

The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultrasonication on the physicochemical properties of native and acid-hydrolyzed white sorghum starch. Sorghum starch exhibited improved freeze-thaw stability, solubility, swelling power, and paste clarity after mild sonication. Starches sonicated at 30 % amplitude for 10 and 20 min increased the peak viscosity to 249 and 240 BU, gel firmness to 140.23 and 131.62 (g), ΔH to 13.4 and 13.1 (J/g), crystallinity to 29.51 and 29.10 (%), double helix content to 1.11 and 1.07 and degree of ordered structures to 1.16 and 1.09. The sonicated dual-treated samples (sonicated-acid hydrolyzed) exhibited reduced swelling power, peak viscosity, gelatinization temperatures and gel firmness. In contrast, the solubility, paste clarity, ΔH, percentage of crystallinity, double helix content and degree of ordered structures improved. Ultrasonic treatment made cracks and holes in the granule surface, whereas dual-treated starches were more porous and rougher, with deep depressions. All sorghum starches displayed shear-thinning behavior (n < 1). The pseudoplastic behavior and consistency indices of the starch paste decreased with increasing sonication time and amplitude. The G' was always higher than G" and tanδ was <1 for all samples, indicating a more solid/elastic behavior. The increased sonication time and amplitude, as well as the dual-treatment, caused the gel to become more susceptible to shear forces, which resulted in a decrease in G' and G" and an increase in tanδ.

Pits on Jupiter-family Comets and the Age of Cometary Surfaces

Large and deep depressions, also known as pits, are observed at the surface of all Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) imaged by spacecraft missions. They offer the opportunity to glimpse the subsurface characteristics of comet nuclei and study the complex interplay between surface structures and cometary activity. This work investigates the evolution of pits at the surface of 81P/Wild 2, 9P/Tempel 1, and 103P/Hartley 2, in continuation of the work by Benseguane et al. on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Pits are selected across the surface of each nucleus, and high-resolution shape models are used to compute the energy they receive. A thermal evolution model is applied to constrain how cometary activity sustained under current illumination conditions could modify them. Similar to what was found for 67P, we show that erosion resulting from water-driven activity is primarily controlled by seasonal patterns that are unique to each comet as a consequence of their shape and rotational properties. However, progressive erosion sustained after multiple perihelion passages is not able to carve any of the observed pits. Instead, cometary activity tends to erase sharp morphological features; they become wider and shallower over time. Our results reinforce the evolutionary sequence evidenced from independent measurables to transform “young” cometary surfaces, with sharp surface topography prone to outbursts, into “old” cometary surfaces. Finally, we suggest that the mechanism at the origin of the pits on JFCs should be able to carve these structures in a region of the solar system where water ice does not sublimate; the Centaur phase thus appears critical to understand JFC surface properties.

Analysis of the Bottom Topography of the Reservoir Due to Sediment Trapping (According to the Krasnodar Reservoir, Russia)

Morphometric descriptions of reservoirs are usually limited to the type, shape, altitude position, bed size and volume of water in them. The article presents the results of the analysis of the bottom topography of the Krasnodar reservoir and the transformations of this for 2005-2021. The analysis was carried out based on the materials of bathymetric surveys for the usable volume of the reservoir on an area of 224 km2 with the creation of digital elevation models. The topography of the reservoir bottom is represented by flat sections of flooded accumulative plain with prevailing slopes of about 0.2–0.4°, dissected by riverbeds of lower-order tributaries. The transformation of the topography is caused by gradual silting. The total volume of sediments for this area in 2005-2021 amounted to 127 million m3 with an average siltation layer of 0.4 m. To describe the morphological properties of the bottom topography, we used geomorphometry techniques with the calculation of the BPI index (Bathymetric Position Index) and the classification of mesoscale topography forms based on it. For the riverbed, there are topography forms related to three types of surfaces: flat (Lower Bank Shelves), concave (Depressions, Deep Depressions) and convex (Reef Crests, Back Reefs, Mid-Slope Ridges). The constructed maps reflect the differentiated morphology of the bed surface, the evolution of topography forms and the change in roughness under conditions of continuous transformation of the basin and allow judging the prevailing morphogenetic processes. Morphologically, the coastal zone and the shallow part of the riverbed are the most difficult to construct. Here, along with long-shore reef crests of different genesis, deep depressions and simple depressions in the form of underwater channels on the deltas of extension can form on the accumulative shoal.

Species composition and ecological structure of ground beetle communities (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in reclaimed rock dumps in the south of Western Siberia

Coal mining has a strong negative impact on the environment. It transforms natural landscapes into technogenic ones with high rock embankments and deep depressions, i.e., dumps and quarries. Such areas are good model sites for studying primary successions. Using the example of the Krasnobrodsky coal mine, this paper investigates the ecological and faunal structure of the ground beetle communities which inhabit the rock dumps of various ages in the forest-steppe zone in the south of Western Siberia. A total of 125 ground beetle species from 38 genera were collected. It was also established that fresh dumps were quickly populated by ground beetles. The basis of the taxocene is formed by species with high ecological plasticity, confined to anthropogenic biotopes. According to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), ground beetle communities in dumps differ from native reference ecosystems. The Jaccard similarity index between 2- and 7-year-old dumps was 54%, while for the control zone and the site at the foot of the 25-year-old dump, this value was 68%. During 35 years of succession, the species composition of carabidocenoses varied, while the species abundance and dynamic density decreased (r = -0.78, p &lt; 0.001). A wide range of life forms has been established for ground beetles. This indicates the active development of ecological niches, formed in technogenically transformed territories. This study demonstrates that the time interval of 35 years used for consideration is insufficient for recovering ground beetle communities to a climax state, typical to the ecosystems of a corresponding forest-steppe zone.

Dampak Kemiringan Lahan terhadap Kadar Hara dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit

Palm oil is one of Indonesia's sources of foreign exchange, derived from government, private, and smallholder plantations. However, palm oil production from smallholder plantations is relatively poor due to low-quality seeds, non-standard technical culture, low soil fertility, and a lack of attention to the topography and slope of the ground during planting. Therefore, this research aims to characterize the growth and production of oil palm based on soil and plant nutrient content on various land slopes. The research was conducted on an oil palm plantation in Baru Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Oil palm plants have been in production for seven years. The methods used in this research are survey methods, observation, and laboratory analysis. The research design used a non-factorial randomized block design. The research factor is the land slope, with three treatment levels consisting of flat land (0–8%), land slope 8–18%, and land slope 18–28%. The parameters observed in this research include land topographic characteristics, physical and chemical properties of soil, plant nutrient content, and agronomic characteristics of oil palm plants. The observation results showed that trunk circumference, number of fruit bunches per tree, and weight of bunches per tree gave better results on a slope of 8–18%. This is due to soil conservation measures in the form of rather deep depressions around the plant plates. However, the P and K nutrient levels of oil palm plants in this research area are included in the deficiency category. As a result, this research can help make decisions about fertilizer management and land usage in oil palm plantation areas with sloping topography.

Investigating the precipitation features of monsoon deep depressions over the Bay of Bengal using high‐resolution stand‐alone and coupled simulations

AbstractA comprehensive attempt has been made to simulate the characteristics of monsoon deep depressions (MDD) originating over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) basin, with special emphasis on their rainfall using a coupled ocean–atmospheric model, that is, the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport (COAWST) model, and a stand‐alone atmospheric model, that is, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, with a lead time of up to 72 hr. It is to be noted that COAWST employs WRF as its atmospheric component, while the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is used as the oceanic component. It is found that though the tracks of the four MDDs considered have been reasonably simulated, the intensity was overestimated in both sets of simulations compared to India Meteorological Department (IMD) best estimates. Decomposition of the contributors to rain rate for the composite of the storms in the deep depression (DD) phase revealed that the moisture sources/sinks (Qm) are the major component in modulating the rain rate compared to the cloud sources/sinks. Further analysis of Qm suggested that vertical and horizontal advection of moisture forms the leading contributors to Qm. Validation against Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Analysis (MERRA) reanalysis showed that COAWST captured a more realistic evolution of Qm (specifically vertical advection) compared to its stand‐alone counterpart. Investigation of the composite storm energetics in a vortex‐following control volume showed a scarcity of bulk kinetic energy (volume‐integrated kinetic energy over the control volume) in the later hours of the DD phase in COAWST which led to the dissipation of the storm core, unlike in WRF, where a re‐intensification took place through condensational heating. It is inferred that in spite of the stand‐alone atmospheric model capturing the moisture incursion from the lateral boundaries in the lower levels significantly, the better representation of the vertical structure in COAWST led to more realistic simulations of the storms, increasing the skill in rainfall prediction.

Safe Utilization of Phosphogypsum and Aksai Off-balance Sheet Ores

The article discusses the phosphogypsum negative influence on the environment. Utilization and application of phosphogypsum, as a careful attitude to resources by reducing the amount of waste and secondary materials, reducing the storage area of industrial waste in production regions, the introduction of new industrial and innovative technologies, improving the quality of raw materials, resources through their rational and integrated use, allows you to create a reliable mechanism for the functioning of various sectors of the construction economy and solve environmental problems of industrial regions of our country. As a result of studies of various types of technogenic waste (phosphogypsum, offbalance ores), it was found that they can be used as components for filling deep recesses and depressions of highways. One of the options for the effective use of phosphogypsum in the road construction industry is proposed, the justification for the possibility of using off-balance phosphorous ores instead of crushed stone for construction was given.

Unconventional Surface Charging Within Deep Cavities on Airless Planetary Bodies: Particle‐In‐Cell Plasma Simulations

AbstractSurface charging properties of a nonconducting surface that has a deep cavity and is in contact with the solar wind plasma are investigated by means of the particle‐in‐cell plasma simulations. The modeled topography is an abstract representation of deep depressions found on the irregular surfaces of solid planetary bodies. The simulations have revealed unconventional charging features in that the cavity bottom is charged up to positive values even without any electron emission processes such as photoemission, provided that the surface location is accessible to a portion of incoming solar wind ions. The major driver of the positive charging is identified as drifting ions of the solar wind plasma, and an uncommon current ordering where ion currents exceed electron currents is established at the innermost part of the deep cavity. This also implies that the deep cavity bottom may have a positive potential of several hundred volts, which is similar in magnitude to the kinetic energy of an ion drift motion. The present study also clarifies the role of photoelectrons in developing the distinctive charging environment inside the cavity. The photoemitted electrons can no longer trigger positive charging at the cavity bottom, but rather exhibit the effect of relaxing positive potentials caused by the solar wind ions. The identified charging process, which is primarily due to the solar wind ions, is localized at the depths of the cavity and may be one possible scenario for generating intense electric fields inside the cavity.

Морфометрический анализ донного рельефа крупного долинного водохранилища в процессе его эволюции

Until now, the study of the morphology of the bottom of large reservoirs, subject to gradual siltation, received little attention. Morphometric descriptions of reservoirs are limited by the type, shape, altitude position, size of the bed, and the volume of water in them. The article presents the results of the analysis of the bottom relief of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the transformations of this relief for 2005–2021. The analysis was performed based on the materials of bathymetric surveys for the regulated volume of the reservoir on an area of 224 km2 with the construction of the corresponding digital relief models. The relief of the bottom of the reservoir is represented by flat areas of a flooded accumulative plain with prevailing slopes of about 0.2–0.4°, dissected by river channels of lower order tributaries. The transformation of the relief is caused by gradual siltation. The total volume of deposits for the specified area in 2005–2021 amounted to 127 million m3 with an average silt layer of 0.4 m. To describe the morphological properties of the bottom topography, we used geomorphometric techniques with the calculation of the BPI (Bathymetric Position Index) and the classification of mesoscale landforms based on it. For the bed, relief forms have been established related to three types of surfaces: flat (lower bank shelf), concave (depressions, deep depressions) and convex (reef crests, back reefs, mid-slope reefs). The constructed maps reflect the differentiated morphology of the bed surface, the evolution of landforms under conditions of continuous transformation of the basin, and also make it possible to judge the prevailing processes of morphogenesis. The coastal zone and the shallow part of the bed are the most complex in morphological terms. Here, along with reefs of different genesis, deep depressions and depressions in the form of underwater channels in advanced deltas can form on the accumulative shoal.