Deep Canals Research Articles

Deep CANALs: a deep learning approach to refining the canalization theory of psychopathology.

Psychedelic therapy has seen a resurgence of interest in the last decade, with promising clinical outcomes for the treatment of a variety of psychopathologies. In response to this success, several theoretical models have been proposed to account for the positive therapeutic effects of psychedelics. One of the more prominent models is "RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics," which proposes that psychedelics act therapeutically by relaxing the strength of maladaptive high-level beliefs encoded in the brain. The more recent "CANAL" model of psychopathology builds on the explanatory framework of RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics by proposing that canalization (the development of overly rigid belief landscapes) may be a primary factor in psychopathology. Here, we make use of learning theory in deep neural networks to develop a series of refinements to the original CANAL model. Our primary theoretical contribution is to disambiguate two separate optimization landscapes underlying belief representation in the brain and describe the unique pathologies which can arise from the canalization of each. Along each dimension, we identify pathologies of either too much or too little canalization, implying that the construct of canalization does not have a simple linear correlation with the presentation of psychopathology. In this expanded paradigm, we demonstrate the ability to make novel predictions regarding what aspects of psychopathology may be amenable to psychedelic therapy, as well as what forms of psychedelic therapy may ultimately be most beneficial for a given individual.

Tsunami-Induced Bore Propagating over a Canal—Part 1: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Validation

This companion paper investigates the hydrodynamics of turbulent bores that propagate on a horizontal plane and have a striking resemblance to dam break waves and tsunami-like hydraulic bores. The focus of this paper is on the propagation of a turbulent bore over a mitigation canal using both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. In the first part of this paper, the effects of canal depth on the time histories of wave height and velocity were experimentally investigated, and the experimental results were used for the validation of the numerical model. The rapid release of water from an impoundment reservoir at depths of do = 0.30 m and 0.40 m generated bores analogous to tsunami-induced inundations. The time histories of the wave heights and velocities were measured at 0.2 m upstream and at 0.2 m and 0.58 m downstream of the canal to study the energy dissipation effect of the mitigation canal. The recorded time series of the water surface levels and velocities were compared with simulation outputs, and good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical water surface profiles, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of less than 6.7% and a relative error of less than 8.4%. Three turbulence models, including the standard k-ε, Realizable k-ε, and RNG k-ε, were tested, and it was found that all these models performed well, with the standard k-ε model providing the highest accuracy. The velocity contour plots of the mitigation canal with different depths showed jet streams of different sizes in the shallow, medium-depth, and deep canals. The energy dissipation and air bubble entrainment of the bore as it plunged downward into the canal increased as the canal depth increased, and the jet stream of the maximum bore velocity decreased as the canal depth increased. It was found that the eye of the vortex created by the bore in the canal moved in the downstream direction and plunged downward in the middle of the canal, where it then began to separate into two smaller vortices.

Population status of the American crocodile, <em>Crocodylus acutus</em> (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) and the spectacled caiman, <em>Caiman crocodilus</em> (Reptilia: Alligatoridae) in the Costa Rican North Caribbean

Along the Costa Rican Caribbean shoreline, it is possible to find two species of crocodilians, the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus). This region can be divided geographically into three subregions: North, Central, and South Caribbean. We conducted this research in the North Caribbean, between October 6, 2018 and August 31, 2019. Specifically, we worked in the area lying between the Jalova Station of the Tortugero National Park (TNP) and Agua Dulce Lake situated in the northern tip of Machuca Island, at the mouth of the Colorado River inside the Barra del Colorado National Wildlife Refuge (BACORE), which includes other connecting wetlands as well (Sierpe River, Samay Lake). Overall, this study area had an approximate extension of 408 km2 characterized by large, wide and deep canals, as well as wetlands, meanders, and adjacent lakes. The sampling was performed along 10 segments that varied in length from 7.5 km up to 29.49 km, located in the nearby zones of TNP and BACORE. In these zones, nightly counts were carried out using dazzling lamps. Individuals of C. acutus and C. crocodilus were classified into eight and six body size classes, respectively (both with 50 cm intervals). A relative abundance of 0.55 crocodiles and 1.37 caimans per linear kilometer was estimated during these spotlight surveys. The capture of 39 caimans let us to estimate a ratio of 30 males to 9 females (3.3:1 M:F). In stark contrast, only 1 male and 1 female crocodile were captured. A total of 85 C. acutus and 205 C. crocodilus were observed. Regarding the number of caiman sightings in the TNP, a statistically significant difference was found (Χ2=5.62, p≤0.05) for the distribution by sizes between the zones of BACORE and TNP, whereas no such difference was found for C. crocodilus sightings (Z=–1.22, p≥0.222). Some segments had a higher probability of caiman occurrence than did others in the surveys performed during the monitoring period (X2=8.36, p≤0.05), especially the Jalova-Sierpe River, Caño Negro-Tortuguero, and Tortuguero-Samay Lake (Tortuguero subarea) segments. Ninety percent of the sightings occurred in the BACORE zone, and this was significantly different (Χ2=7.34, p≤0.026) from the studied subareas. The number of crocodile sightings in the Colorado River segment was significantly different and higher than the other segments (X2=7.28, p≤0.05). There was a significant statistical difference among the sizes in all areas of study (X2=5.529, p≤0.026). The abundance of C. acutus and C. crocodilus in the north Caribbean part is lower than in the central Caribbean part of Costa Rica, where this species could use the resources available in more urbanized areas.

Hydrology and ecology: how Natura 2000 and Military use can match

The military domain of Houthalen is a shooting area and also a protected Natura 2000 site, with an alternation of dunes, fens and heathlands. Already years ago, it was determined that the groundwater table is lowered by digging deep canals. Intensive consultation and study work (ecohydrological modeling) has shown that recovery is possible, taking into account the military use. Specific attention was paid to the accessibility through the fire roads and the water level in the fens. Recovery is started up, as well as a monitoring programme.

Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Surface and Subsurface Water from a Sugarcane Agroecosystem in Veracruz, Mexico

Water contamination is a phenomenon of global concern resulting from human activities. Coliform bacteria reduce water quality and negatively affect public health. The pollution of surface and groundwater by coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, originate, in general, from point sources of pollution derived from human settlements, such as those located in Module I-1, Irrigation District 035, La Antigua, Veracruz, Mexico. The objective of this study was to assess the level of contamination of surface and groundwater by coliform bacteria and E. coli, as well as to identify point sources of water contamination by these bacteria in the sugarcane agroecosystem of Irrigation Module I-1, La Antigua. Sampling sites included deep wells, irrigation canals and natural streams near point sources of pollution. The determination of total coliform bacteria and E. coli were made in accordance with Mexican Standard NMX-AA-042-1987. Total coliform results revealed differences between groundwater (198.6 MPN/100 mL) and surface water concentrations (52,419.2 MPN/100 mL) (p < 0.05), and between irrigation water (76,501.1 MPN/100 mL) and concentrations in natural streams (28,337.3 MPN/100 mL). The highest concentration of E. coli was found in groundwater and surface water samples from the municipality of La Antigua. The primary sources of contamination are the discharges from drains and septic tanks. Total coliform values exceeded permissible limits established by NOM-127-SSA1-1994 that regulates the permissible water quality limits for human use and consumption. The presence of E. coli represents a significant public health risk.

Waterlogging in the New Reclaimed Areas Northeast El Fayoum, Western Desert, Egypt, Reasons and Solutions

The waterlogging in the new reclaimed areas has become a major concern in the area Northeast El Fayoum, Western Desert, Egypt. It is not only endangering the structures and properties but also causing major environmental problem affecting the health of the area, habitats, and the biotic of the land community, as well as the deteriorating of Egypt’s Pharaonic monuments (El Lahun and Hawarah pyramids). Both the daily seepage from excess irrigation water and the presence of impervious clay or limestone beds at shallow depths may represent the main contributor of ground-water rising in the shallow aquifer. This paper investigates the interplay of the hydrogeological characteristics, soil properties and recent land reclamation projects on the distribution of waterlogging and salinization within the study area. The field observations show that new reclaimed areas have been recently cultivated in distant areas from the old agricultural land. These new cultivations have developed widespread waterlogging, soil salinization and deterioration of Egypt’s Pharaonic monuments as a result of rising groundwater related problems. In this paper, the data used come from database of drillings for eleven observation wells distributed inside the whole area to measure periodic water levels. The soil litho-units are mainly composed of coarse sand, sandy clay, silt and fractured limestone underlined by impervious clay or limestone, thus limiting the downward percolation of excess irrigation water and therefore develops waterlogging. The drainage networks and suitable irrigation methods have to be considered when planning for a new cultivation in dry land to better control waterlogging and salinization hazard. It is highly recommended in this research that newly small and deep cut drainage canals network should be constructed and connected to the master drainage canal to dewater the excess irrigation water and to prevent the waterlogging in the concerned area.

Device for Sampling Unconsolidated Soft‐Bottom Sediments in Moderately Deep Waters

AbstractSampling unconsolidated soft‐bottom sediments in shallow to moderately deep canals is difficult. A sediment core sampler was constructed from commercially available parts, utilizing a readily removable plastic liner. The removable prefit liner facilitates easy removal, transport, and storage of the core, and reduces the likelihood of core contamination from sample to sample. The device also consists of a transparent polycarbonate tube with a removable stainless‐steel cutting head. Soft‐bottom core samples up to 30‐cm in length were taken in water as deep as 8 m. The device is relatively lightweight and can be used from a small boat.

Water in New Mexico: A History of Its Management and Use by Ira G. Clark

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 491 The Southwestern Division, based in Dallas since the late years of the Depression, oversees district functions from western New Mexico to central Arkansas and from southern Missouri to the border with Mexico. This region has dramatic extremes of culture, topography, and history, and its modern development, like most of the Sun Belt in which it resides, is a function of federal spending to “prime the pump” for economic prosperity. But this book reflects little of this context as it shifts from chronology to projects to internal organiza­ tion. The relationship of the districts to the division is overlooked, as are the weaknesses of corps commander personnel changes every three years and the dependency of the agency on federal funding. The bibliography points up some of the shortcomings of the nar­ rative. More research needs to be done on the post—World War II era in the region. The most powerful national politicians of the last two generations have come from Texas, among them Lyndon B. Johnson, Sam Rayburn, and Jim Wright. Their influence on the corps was (and still is) significant. Perhaps the delicate nature of the division’s rela­ tionship to Congress precluded analysis of this factor. Even though the army engineers have produced several dozen vol­ umes on many aspects of their organizational existence, the problems outlined above endure. One hopes that the willingness of the corps to continue evaluating its environmental and engineering policies will echo down to its meritorious efforts to remember its past. Michael Welsh Dr. Welsh is a research assistant professor of history at the University of New Mexico. Among his publications is U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Albuquerque District 1935—1985 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987), nominated for the Robert G. Athearn Award of the Western History Association for the best volume on the 20th-century American West. Water in New Mexico: A History of Its Management and Use. By Ira G. Clark. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987. Pp. xviii + 839; illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $50.00. Ira Clark has written the definitive history of water policy and the evolution ofwater law for the state of New Mexico. Water in New Mexico is encyclopedic. Clark’s purpose was to write a “single, systematized narrative whose central theme was the management and use of so precious a natural resource” (p. xi). In this he has largely been suc­ cessful. He has written an institutional history of the New Mexico water establishment, with impressive bibliography and notes. Clark periodizes his massive work in three parts: territorial New Mexico, early statehood, and after World War II. His concluding chapter looks at prospects for the future. The major issues involved in water policy and litigation in the West—Native American water rights, interstate compacts, groundwater conservation, federal policy, 492 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE effective administration of state laws and court decrees—are all given some consideration. The technology of water development, however, is given short shrift. Clark briefly mentions the major reclamation projects in New Mexico at Carlsbad and Elephant Butte and even speaks to the failure at Rio Hondo. Yet he concentrates on legislative policy, and fails to discuss the significance of the design technology that made possible the suc­ cessful irrigation projects. Clark begins his story promisingly with a discussion of prehistoric Hohokam irrigation technologies, including deep canals of earthen construction with woven mats used as possible check gates. The physical capabilities of these Native Americans to move and direct the water flow guided the development of their farming practices. Archaeologists theorize that, when their available technology was not adequate to solve other hydraulic problems, such as alkalinity in the soil, they abandoned their fields and moved else­ where. Clearly, this is an example of the integral relationship between water technology and irrigation practice, one that does not end with the Hohokams. In addition, in his chapter on groundwater, Clark notes that “the technological problems were solved in time, but the cost of drilling and pumping was much greater than direct diversion from the streams” (p. 234). At no time, however, is the reader alerted to what those problems might be. The development...

Cytochemical localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase in perivascular cells of cartilage canals in the developing mouse epiphysis.

Cytochemical localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), tartrate-sensitive acid phosphatases (TSAP), alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase was used to characterize perivascular cells within cartilage canals. In the distal femoral epiphyses of 5- to 7-day-old mice, three stages of canal development can be distinguished, and at each developmental stage different perivascular cells were present with morphological characteristics of degradative cells. Vacuolated cells resembling macrophages, fibroblastic cells, and chondroclasts were present adjacent to the matrix in superficial, intermediate, and deep canals, respectively. In order to characterize these perivascular cells cytochemically, nonspecific esterase and TSAP staining was used to identify macrophages, alkaline phosphatase staining was used to identify fibroblastic cells, and TRAP staining was used to identify chondroclasts. There were no cells present in the canals at any developmental stage that were positive for TSAP or strongly positive for nonspecific esterase, placing doubt on the identity of the vacuolated cells as macrophages. Alkaline phosphatase-positive perivascular cells were present in the intermediate and deep canals adjacent to matrix containing alkaline phosphatase-positive chondrocytes. These alkaline phosphatase-positive cells were found in the same location within canals as the fibroblastic cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was localized in chondroclasts at the tips of deep canals but was not confined exclusively to chondroclasts. Except for the very early stage of canal development prior to chondrocyte hypertrophy, TRAP-positive cells were present at the tips of superficial and intermediate canals as well as at the tips of the deep canals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Perivascular cells in cartilage canals of the developing mouse epiphysis

Morphological variability among perivascular cells adjacent to cartilage matrix during the elongation of canals through both uncalcified and calcified matrix has not been reported. Cartilage canals were located in distal femoral epiphyses of 5- to 7-day-old mice and identified as vascular channels arising from perichondrial surfaces along the condyles and intercondylar fossae. Three stages of canal development were identified based on the length of canals and on characteristics of chondrocytes and matrix surrounding the canals. Superficial canals terminated in uncalcified matrix of resting cartilage; intermediate canals terminated in matrix containing hypertrophic chondrocytes; deep canals terminated in calcified matrix. The ultrastructural morphology of perivascular cells in contact with the matrix varied in the three stages. Cells resembling fibroblasts and vacuolated macrophages were present adjacent to the uncalcified matrix in superficial canals. At the tips of intermediate canals, cells resembling fibroblasts were larger, contained numerous lysosomes and phagolysosomes, and were in intimate contact with the matrix. At the tips of deep canals, chondroclasts with ruffled borders and clear zones contacted the calcified matrix. The results indicate that 1) mouse epiphyses provide a suitable model for studying cartilage-canal perivascular cells, 2) calcification of cartilage matrix occurs along the course of the canal, and 3) the morphology of perivascular cells in contact with the matrix may be determined, in part, by matrix calcification.

Scientific-Technical Conference on “High-Pressure Deep Gates in Hydraulic Structures”

On opening the conference, Professor A. R. Berezinskii, Doctor of Technical Sciences (V. V. Kuibyshev Moscow "Order of the Red Banner of Labor" Construction Engineering Institute), pointed out the basic trends of the development of hydraulic construction engineering in Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. In his report "Fundamental Requirement to be Met by High-pressure Deep Gates and Premises for the Choice of Specific Types" he gave a classification of deep canals and gates and pointed out the fundamental requirements to be met by high-pressure deep gates, as well as the facts that have an effect on the choice of a specific type of gate.

Notes on the Winter Birds of Chenier au Tigre, Louisiana

CUENIER AU TIGRE is, as the name indicates, an oak-grown ridge, situated on the gulf coast of Louisiana. It is an isolated spot, being fifty miles or more from a railroad, the traveller winding down the picturesque Bayou Vermilllon by boat from Abbeville (on the Southern Pacific), or from Avery Island via the Salt Mine Bayou to Vermilllon Bay, and then southward down miles of narrow channels through the marshland to the Gulf of Mexico. The Chenler is now easily accessible, for deep canals have been dug, and as a good summer camp has been established, it will probably become a popular resort. The ridge proper is about five miles in length, and anywhere from a few acres to half a mile in width. Vegetation flourishes, and among the common trees are the majestic moss-hung oaks, which have been storm-whipped for generations, prickly ash, locust, ironwood, hackberry, chinaberry, red haw and mesquite (Acacia),--as well as almost impenetrable growths of palmetto, prickly pear and tough4imbed shrubs. Sandy beaches extend along the Gulf, with extensive mud fiats at the western end, while open marshland is on all sides, except for the Gulf of Mexico to the south; it is a wonderful place for wild life, and at no time of the year is it without its hosts of birds. In the spring, the mi-