Interpretation Of Deduction Research Articles

A framework for residents' pursuit of excellence based upon non-cognitive and cognitive attributes.

Excellence, although variably conceptualized, is commonly used in medicine and the resident excellence literature is limited. Both cognitive attributes (CAs) and non-cognitive attributes (NCAs) are essential for academic and clinical performance; however, the latter are difficult to evaluate. Undergirded by an inclusive and non-competitive approach and utilizing CAs and NCAs, we propose a criterion-referenced behavioral framework of resident excellence. Perceptions of multiple stakeholders (educational administrators, faculty, and residents), gathered by survey (n = 218), document analysis (n = 52), and focus group (n = 23), were analyzed. Inductive thematic analysis was followed by deductive interpretation and categorization using sensitizing concepts for excellence, NCAs, and CAs. Chi-squared tests were used to determine stakeholder perception differences. All stakeholders had similar perceptions (P > .05) and 13 behavioral attributes in 6 themes undergirded by insight and conscientiousness were identified. The NCAs included: interpersonal skills (works with others, available, humble), professional (compassionate, trustworthy), commitment to profession (visible, volunteers), commitment to learn (proactively seeks feedback, creates learning opportunities), and work-life balance/integration (calm demeanor, inspirational). The CA (medical knowledge and intellect) included: applies knowledge to gain expertise and improves program's caliber. Resident excellence is posited as a pursuit. The attributes are non-competitive, inclusionary, potentially achievable by all, and do not negatively affect freedom of choice. However, contextual and cultural differences are likely and these need validation across societal equity segments. There are implications for learners (adaptive reflection and learning goal orientation), faculty (reduced bias and whole-person feedback), and system leaders (enhancing culture and learning environments) to foster excellence.

Learning the ropes: strategies program directors use to facilitate organizational socialization of newcomer residents, a qualitative study

BackgroundMany residents experience their transitions, such as from medical student to resident, as demanding and stressful. The challenges they face are twofold: coping with changes in tasks or responsibilities and performing (new) social roles. This process of ‘learning the ropes’ is known as Organizational Socialization (OS). Although there is substantial literature on transitions from the perspective of residents, the voices of program directors (PDs) who facilitate and guide residents through the organizational socialization process have not yet been explored. PDs’ perspectives are important, since PDs are formally responsible for Postgraduate Medical Education (PGME) and contribute, directly or indirectly, to residents’ socialization process. Using the lens of OS, we explored what strategies PDs use to facilitate organizational socialization of newcomer residents.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 PDs of different specialties. We used a theory-informing inductive data analysis study design, comprising an inductive thematic analysis, a deductive interpretation of the results through the lens of OS and, subsequently, an inductive analysis to identify overarching insights.ResultsWe identified six strategies PDs used to facilitate organizational socialization of newcomer residents and uncovered two overarching insights. First, PDs varied in the extent to which they planned their guidance. Some PDs planned socialization as an explicit learning objective and assigned residents’ tasks and responsibilities accordingly, making it an intended program outcome. However, socialization was also facilitated by social interactions in the workplace, making it an unintended program outcome. Second, PDs varied in the extent to which they adapted their strategies to the newcomer residents. Some PDs used individualized strategies tailored to individual residents’ needs and skills, particularly in cases of poor performance, by broaching and discussing the issue or adjusting tasks and responsibilities. However, PDs also used workplace strategies requiring residents to adjust to the workplace without much intervention, which was often viewed as an implicit expectation.ConclusionsPDs’ used both intentional and unintentional strategies to facilitate socialization in residents, which may imply that socialization can occur irrespective of the PD’s strategy. PDs’ strategies varied from an individual-centered to a workplace-centered approach to socialization. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of residents’ perceptions of PD’s efforts to facilitate their socialization process during transitions.

Emancipatory Tendencies of Ubuntu-like Classrooms as an Enhancer of Student Academic Prowess

Classrooms are sometimes laced with various pedagogical styles, which even though professional, may be alien to the students, leading to demotivation. Such demotivation usually results from a lack of affectionate pedagogical processes that affect students’ academic prowess, such as academic performance, achievement and attainment of academic goals. A teaching-learning process that does not accommodate professional affections may lead to an unpleasant end where the classroom purposes are defeated. Hence, this study presents Ubuntu as an emancipatory philosophy that ensures unhindered student achievement and performance. The study is positioned to answer a question: How can Ubuntu be presented to unravel ineffective classroom practices towards students’ emancipation. The study is designed within the transformative worldview to emancipate students and challenge the classroom status quo. This study was analysed using conceptual analysis, in which concepts derived from Ubuntu are subjected to intellectual and deductive interpretation for meaning-making. In this study, Ubuntu is presented alongside its three cardinal assumptions based on the researcher’s view. The assumptions (collaboration and togetherness; humanness; recognition and respect) were analysed and correlated with the classroom activities to promote students’ academic prowess. The study concludes that Ubuntu-like classrooms are the dimension of productive classroom practices towards students’ academic prowess. Therefore, the study recommended that classrooms be laced with collaboration, togetherness, and humanness, where students’ voices and opinions are recognised and respected. Keywords: Ubuntu philosophy, ubuntu classrooms, academic prowess, transformation, emancipation.

Promoting Disposal of Left-Over Opioids After Surgery in Rural Communities: A Qualitative Description Study.

Patients rarely dispose of left-over opioids after surgery. Disposal serves as a primary prevention against misuse, overdose, and diversion. However, current interventions promoting disposal have mixed efficacy. Increasing disposal in rural communities could prevent or reduce the harms caused by prescription opioids. Identify barriers and facilitators to disposal in the rural communities of the United States Mountain West region. We conducted a qualitative description study with 30 participants from Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming. We used a phronetic iterative approach combining inductive content and thematic analysis with deductive interpretation through the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM). We identified four broad themes: (a) awareness, engagement, and education; (b) low perceived risk associated with nondisposal; (c) deciding to keep left-over opioids for future use; and (d) converting decisions into action. Most participants were aware of the importance of disposal but perceived the risks of nondisposal as low. Participants kept opioids for future use due to uncertainty about their recovery and future treatments, breakdowns in the patient-provider relationship, chronic illness or pain, or potential future injury. The rural context, particularly convenience, cost, and environmental contamination, contributes to decisional burden. We identified PAPM stage-specific barriers to disposal of left-over opioids. Future interventions should account for where patients are along the spectrum of deciding to dispose or not dispose as well as promoting harm-reduction strategies for those who choose not to dispose.

Economic Relationships Between Selling and Rental Prices in the Italian Housing Market

In this paper the relationship between price and rent dynamics in the Italian housing market is studied. The aim is reached through the implementation of a multivariate autoregressive model (VAR), that makes it possible to explain the interdependencies of multiple time series. The analysis considers a series of macroeconomic variables in the model that in the deductive interpretation of the phenomenon and on the basis of other experiences in current literature, were evaluated as potential keys to understanding the relationship between prices and rents. The variables selected, along with residential realestate prices and real residential rents, were: the real short term interest rate, the time series of the annual differences between the actual and the expected Gross Domestic Product, real investments in housing. The data series cover the period from 1980 to 2008. The results obtained show some peculiarities of the Italian real estate market.

Karl Leonhard Reinholds Begriff der Deduktion

AbstractK.L. Reinhold’s interpretation of deduction plays a seminal role in the development of German Idealism. However, as yet Reinhold’s concept of deduction has not been sufficiently explained. The goals of this paper are (i) to analyze Reinhold’s notion of deduction in hisNeue Darstellung der Hauptmomente der Elementarphilosophie, (ii) to reconstruct his deduction of a priori forms of representation and (iii) to discuss his deduction critically. In doing so, I will present Reinhold’s objections against Immanuel Kant’s method in theCritique of Pure Reason.

Correction of training process in object-based image interpretation via knowledge based system capabilities

For accurate interpretation of high-resolution images, correct training-samples are required to model the decision-making process for data classification. The automatic production of that is an important step; however, the control and correction, whether at the level of pruning the wrong data or resolving their defects, should be considered. Accordingly, in this research, a hybrid (combined deductive and inductive) interpretation system by modeling and improving the training processing was proposed for very high-resolution images. In other words, an automatic knowledge-based method is performed to apply the modeling of the ontological relationships in order to train and control the object-based support vector machine classification. In the correction process, sequence stages including automatic separation and expanding the training data and the ontology properties of the target classes for improving the defect of training data were used. Finally, high-resolution test images are used to validate the results and evaluate the method. In this respect, the proposed method is tested in different implementation cases and compared with other algorithms in each step. The experimental results indicate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.

Challenges and innovations in the use of active methodologies in undergraduate medical courses

Abstract Background Conscious perception of oneself and others in their complexity and subjectivity allows the approach of trying to understand the human being to overcome the labeling stigma of the disease. For the educator, it is unique to guide the way that can transform a gap in the undergraduate medical education into a possibility of positive action. It was in this sense that the perception workshop was developed based on the concept of Integrated Gestalt Therapy. Teachers of the Communication, Leadership, and Management Skills discipline invited undergraduate medical students to stimulate the five senses. For sensory experiments, 6 stations were used in the classroom. Season 1 - View: Photos from the 'More Medical Programs' and deductive interpretation were posted on the board for observation. Season 2 - Tact: Blindfolded they handled four types of objects with different textures. Season 3 - Movement: two photos of yoga position (medium and high complexity) for imitation. Station 4 - hearing: auditory processing through binaural stimulation with computer-attached headset. Season 5 - nose and taste memory: through spices, leaves and dried fruits, the nostrils were stimulated for identification and recognition. Station 6 - Speech: Voice Lab through Voice Spectrogram Analysis (Praat). Results Faced with activities like this, we can see that students go through a process of breaking paradigms, which significantly influences their way of thinking. This training is part of continuing education through the perspective of the knowledge spiral. With the evolution of the undergraduate years, the student will be able to refine and deepen their reflections in a continuous process. Conclusions This work represents a breakthrough in the field of health education. Humanized professionals, aware of their skills and abilities, with actions aimed at the well-being of the population, in a generalist, critical and reflective manner. Key messages The impact generated on the assisted population have been observed when this new professional profile is inserted in health services. This workshop represents a breakthrough in the field of training health professionals with actions focused on the welfare of the population in a generalist, critical and reflexive manner.

The Study on Nominal Crime and on Punishment against Criminal Attempts in the Korea Copyright Act

최근 대법원 판결에서는 저작권법에 자주 등장하는 가운데점(·)의 의미가 쟁점이 되었다. 즉 가운데점(·)을 ‘AND’ 또는 ‘OR’로 해석할지가 주요 쟁점이 되었고, 해석 여부에 따라 결론이 달라질 수 있었다. 대법원은 사전적 의미를 고려한 문언해석, 해당 조항에 대한 연혁적 해석, 및 죄형법정주의의 원칙에 따라 확장해석 또는 유추해석금지라는 의미로 해석하였다. 저작권법에는 거의 일일이 셀 수조차 없을 정도로 많은 가운데점(·)이 있는데 입법취지를 고려하여 ‘AND’ 또는 ‘OR’를 명확하게 하기 위하여 현행 저작권법을 개정한다는 것은 불가능할 뿐만 아니라 비효율적인 작업이다. 요컨대, 가운데점(·)의 의미에 대한 해석은 입법론적 해결보다는 이와 관련된 법적 분쟁이 발생한 경우에 법원의 판결을 통해 해결하는 것이 훨씬 더 바람직할 것이다. 또한 저작권법 제137조 제1항 제1호에 의한 저작자의 성명사칭죄에 대한 형사처벌에 관한 보호법익에 대하여 인격적 법익과 사회적 보호법익이 상호 충돌할 수 있는데, 최근 법원의 판결은 인격적 법익 보호도 중요하지만 사회적 법익 보호이라는 관점에서 해석하는 성향을 나타내고 있으며, 이는 바람직해 보인다. 이외에도 또한 대상판결은 저작권 위반행위의 미수범에 형사처벌에 관하여 다루고 있다. 현행 저작권법은 미수 행위를 매우 제한적으로 규정하고 있고, 이 규정도 한미 FTA 이행을 위한 개정 저작권법에서 도입된 규정이다. 반면 독일은 미수범에 대하여 매우 적극적으로 규정을 마련하고 있다. 사견이지만, 저작권 침해에 대한 미수 행위에 대하여 형사처벌을 확대하는 것은 저작권 침해에 대한 비친고죄의 확대에 비교할 수 없을 정도로 그 파장이 클 수 있다고 생각한다. 따라서 저작권 위반에 대한 미수 행위를 형사처벌하는 것은 매우 신중한 검토와 논의가 필요하다고 생각한다.This study is on legal terms in the Korea Copyright Act, especially the correct meaning of (·) in the Act, which is an important issue in the case 2017도18230 of the Korea Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decided that its dictionary meaning should be interpreted according to literary interpretation and deductive interpretation, and be interpreted in the meaning of prohibition of extensible and analogical interpretation according to the principle of legality. The Copyright Act has uncounted thousands of (·), and it is almost impossible and ineffective to revise the Act in order to clarify the meaning of (·). The meaning of (·) should be interpreted by the court, when disputes in concerned may occur in the future. Besides, personal gain and social legal benefits as to criminal punishment against a nominal crime in Nr. 1, Section 1, Article 137 of the Korea Copyright Act can be come into conflict, and the Supreme Court has preferably interpreted the meaning of the article as social legal benefits. In addition, another issue in the Supreme Court case is relating to criminal punishment of criminal attempts against copyright infringement. The article concerned has introduced in the revised Act in 2011 for implementation of Korea-US FTA. I think that it is expected to have a huge impact to enlarge criminal punishment against criminal attempts rather than extension of offense indictable without complaint. Therefore, it is deliberately needed to enlarge criminal punishments of criminal attempts against copyright infringement.

­A defense of analogy inference as sui generis

Accounts of analogical inference are usually categorized into four broad groups: abductive, deductive, inductive and sui generis. The purpose of this paper is to defend a sui generis model of analogical inference. It focuses on the sui generis account, as developed by Juthe [2005, 2009, 2015, 2016] and Botting’s [2017] criticism of it. This paper uses the pragmadialectical theory of argumentation as the methodological framework for analyzing and reconstructing argumentation. The paper has two main points. First, that Juthe’s arguments against a deductive interpretation of prima facie analogy argumentation remain unaffected by Botting’s criticism, which means that many of the reasons against deductive reformulation of analogy argumentation still stand. The additional argument, which Botting himself brings up, that a deductive interpretation cannot account for the cumulative effect of analogies, just provides further reason to reject deductivism. The second main point of this paper is that an inductive interpretation of analogical inference also fails. There are constitutional differences between inductive and analogical inference that cannot be bridged. The result is a firm defense of the sui generis view of analogical inference.

We Don't Have a Lot of Healthy Options: Food Environment Perceptions of First-Year, Minority College Students Attending a Food Desert Campus.

First-year college students are at particular risk of dietary maladaptation during their transition to adulthood. A college environment that facilitates consistent access to nutritious food is critical to ensuring dietary adequacy among students. The objective of the study was to examine perceptions of the campus food environment and its influence on the eating choices of first-year students attending a minority-serving university located in a food desert. Focus group interviews with twenty-one first-year students were conducted from November 2016 to January 2017. Students participated in 1 of 5 focus groups. Most interviewees identified as being of Hispanic/Latino or Asian/Pacific Islander origin. A grounded theory approach was applied for inductive identification of relevant concepts and deductive interpretation of patterns and relationships among themes. Themes related to the perceived food environment included adequacy (i.e., variety and quality), acceptability (i.e., familiarity and preferences), affordability, and accessibility (i.e., convenience and accommodation). Subjective norms and processes of decisional balance and agency were themes characterizing interpersonal and personal factors affecting students’ eating choices. The perceived environment appeared to closely interact with subjective norms to inform internal processes of decision-making and agency around the eating choices of first-year students attending a minority-serving university campus located in a food desert.

Latino/Hispanic Participation in Community Nutrition Research: An Interplay of Decisional Balance, Cultural Competency, and Formative Work

BackgroundLatinos/Hispanics are among the populations at high risk of nutrition disparities. Adequate participation of this group in community nutrition research is necessary to better understand such disparities and propose sensible solutions. ObjectiveTo identify factors influencing participation and strategies to effectively reach Latinos/Hispanics for community nutrition research. DesignIn-depth interviews with experienced community nutrition researchers across the United States, conducted from February to June 2013. Participants/settingNine academics, including four registered dietitian nutritionists with extensive experience in community nutrition research with Latino/Hispanic groups, were interviewed in person (n=3) or via telephone/Skype (n=6). Main outcome measuresPerceived participation barriers, facilitators, and structural factors affecting Latino/Hispanic participation were explored. Successful and unsuccessful recruitment strategies to reaching this group were identified. AnalysisA Grounded Theory approach was applied for inductive identification of relevant concepts and deductive interpretation of patterns and relationships among themes. ResultsFormative work, cultural competency, and decisional balance emerged as the three interdependent factors influencing participation of Latinos/Hispanics in community nutrition research. Several approaches to influence participation were reported to be operationalized at the interpersonal, community and settings, and systems levels of influence. Trust, time, and tailoring were central concepts, postulated to moderate the relationship between the main themes and influence the effectiveness of recruitment tactics. ConclusionsExperienced community nutrition researchers identified actions ascribed to formative work as the bedrock of successful reach of Latinos/Hispanics. A robust formative work plan is necessary to achieving a functional level of trust, time, and tailoring tactics, which appear to critically influence participation.

Menggagas Tafsir Ayat Hukum Dalam Kerangka Fiqh Al-Ikhtilaf

Opinion differences in the interpretation of verses regarding jurisprudence might create an impression that there is a disharmony among the teachings of the Qur'an. In fact, verse 82 of Surah An-Nisa emphasize that there is no contradiction in the Qur'an. However, jurisprudence studies do not accommodate this issue. The differences are perceived only as problems of furukiyah. This difference indeed emerges on the fundamental issues of Islamic teaching. Unfortunately, interpretation studies do not address this issue either as its orientation focuses more on the discovery of meaning. Therefore, this paper offers a theoretical framework of fiqh al-ikhtilaf in order for the interpretation not to see differences in jurisprudence verses as a contradiction but see it as a form of diversities (al-ta'addud al-tanawwu'). By combining deductive interpretation and critical analysis method, this paper studies the philosophical basis in the interpretation of jurisprudence verses. The philosophical foundations include basic assumptions, paradigms, and theoretical framework. Furthermore, using a philosophical approach, this study concludes that the theoretical framework of fiqh al-iktilaf is appropriate to address the differences in the interpretation of the jurisprudence verses.

Categorías y autoconciencia en Kant de Pedro Stepanenko

<p class='p1'>Esta discusión pretende, por un lado, resaltar el valor heurístico de la interpretación de la deducción trascendental que propone Pedro Stepanenko en este libro y, por otro, cuestionar la precisión de algunas de sus conclusiones.</p>

Islamic Legal Maxims in al-Tafseerat al-Ahmdiah and Their Significance

The Holy Quran is the basic original and fundamental source of Islamic Shariah. The tradition of interpretation and explanation of Holy Quran, inference and deduction of various issues is still alive which were initiated at Prophet's Era. Amongst the methods of interpretation, very important one is juridical and Hukmi that deals with rules and regulations of juridical issues. A renowned and leading intellectual of subcontinent Mulla Jevon wrote a Tafsir Al-Tafsirat al-Ahmdiah following these principles. While writing Tafsir, He discussed Legal Maxims (Al-Qawaid Al-Fiqhiyyah) along side juridical principles and brought to limelight various issues of Shariah. He opted for various methods of jurisprudence while explaining different issues. He explained the difference between Shafi and Hanfi School of Thought preferring Hanfi School of thought with Legal arguments. In This research article nine legal maxims of Islamic Jurisprudence are discussed which were used during writing Tafsir Al-Tafsirat al-Ahmdiah

The Comprehensibility Theorem and the Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

Problem-solving software that is not-necessarily infallible is central to AI. Such software whose correctness and incorrectness properties are deducible by agents is an issue at the foundations of AI. The Comprehensibility Theorem, which appeared in a journal for specialists in formal mathematical logic, might provide a limitation concerning this issue and might be applicable to any agents, regardless of whether the agents are artificial or natural. The present article, aimed at researchers interested in the foundations of AI, addresses many questions related to that theorem, including differences between it and results of Godel and Turing that have sometimes played key roles in Minds and Machines articles. This study also suggests that--if one is willing to assume a thesis due to Donald Knuth--the Comprehensibility Theorem is the first mathematical theorem implying the impossibility of any AI agent or natural agent--including a not-necessarily infallible human agent--satisfying a rigorous and deductive interpretation of the self-comprehensibility challenge. Some have pointed out the difficulty of self-comprehensibility, even according to presumably a less rigorous interpretation. This includes Socrates, who considered it to be among the most important of intellectual tasks. Self-comprehensibility in some form might be essential for a kind of self-reflection useful for self-improvement that might enable some agents to increase their success. We use the methods of applied mathematics, rather than philosophy, although some topics considered could be of interest to philosophers.

For Treasury Charity Starts at Home: Treasury's New Interpretation of the Fiduciary Income Tax Charitable Deduction

This Article challenges Treasury’s recent regulations narrowly interpreting the fiduciary income tax charitable deduction under IRC § 642(c). Treasury’s new interpretation highlights a fundamental tension in the federal tax system, which involves identifying transactions that are abusive versus transactions that take advantage of congressionally sanctioned tax incentives that were designed to further important public policies like charitable giving. For almost forty years, IRC § 642(c) had been liberally construed by Treasury, which was consistent with the legislative history and principles of statutory construction traditionally applicable to charitable deductions. Treasury’s new restriction on income ordering rules in charitable trusts overrides the legal norms historically applicable to charitable deductions and is contrary to the legislative history, case law interpreting charitable deductions and Subchapter J of the Internal Revenue Code. If left unchallenged, this new interpretation has the potential to erode congressionally sanctioned tax incentives, charitable and otherwise, which is cause for great concern. This Article examines the history of charitable deductions in the United States and the case law that has liberally construed the deductions for almost a century. The Article also examines the statutory framework of Subchapter J of the Internal Revenue Code and concludes that Treasury’s justification for its new interpretation of the deduction is without merit and that the regulations should be invalidated if challenged.

Analyticity and Syntheticity of the Apperception Principle of Kant: The Problem of Interpretation of Transcendental Deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason (1)

Analyticity and Syntheticity of the Apperception Principle of Kant: The Problem of Interpretation of Transcendental Deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason (1)

Arab Stars, Assyrian Dogs and Greek 'Angels': How Islamic is Muslim Dream Interpretation?

There is strong Islamic authority from Qurʾān and Sunna supporting the significance of true dreams as divine messages. Consequently, it is not surprising to find that Muslims of all social strata have taken their own and others’ dreams seriously and sought to have them interpreted. Types of interpretation may be divided into two main categories: inspirational interpretation undertaken by religious figures claiming extraordinary God-given insight (foremost among them the Prophet and, in later times, Sufi shaykhs) and deductive interpretation requiring the mastery of knowledge of symbolic images seen by the dreamer. Muslim writers compiled numerous books to offer guidance for the deductive interpreter of dreams, the earliest extant work being that of Ibn Qutayba (d. 889). After a theoretical introduction to the subject, the keys to dreams often, but not always, begin with lists of the meanings of religious symbols, notably of God, the prophets, angels, the Qurʾān, and move on to dreams of natural phenomena, humans and animals. The majority of these works draw on material of a recognizably Islamic character, but many also appear to have a considerable heritage that may prove to be derived from ancient Near Eastern dream lore passed on through Jewish, Christian and Persian tradition. A number also draw on the inheritance of the Hellenistic schools, especially the famous dream manual of Artemidorus. This article is concerned with the deductive category of dream interpretation, as represented by the dream symbolism of Muslim dream-books in Arabic, and asks to what extent Muslim authors were able to reconcile it with an Islamic ethical outlook.

Amartya Sen's entitlement approach: empirical statement or conceptual framework?

In this article, the theoretical and methodological status of Amartya Sen's entitlement approach is discussed. The point of departure for the discussion is Caf Dowlah's criticism in this issue of the International Journal of Social Welfare of Sen's analysis of the 1974 famine in Bangladesh. In his article, Dowlah criticises Sen for not giving a full empirical account of the socio-political situation, primarily the widespread corrup-tion in Bangladesh at the time of the famine in question. In my view, even if this criticism is correct, it is not strictly essential to the factual and normative status of Sen's entitlement approach. I argue further that Dowlah's reading of Sen in this context implies an empiricist standpoint that is in general alien to Sen's entitlement approach. I contest the normative claim that by neglecting to give substantial treatment to the wide-spread corruption in Bangladesh Sen had trivialised the con-ditions of the population, and offer an alternative hypothesis; namely, that factual accounts of corruption, however relevant, seldom fulfil the requirements of methodological rigour char-acteristic of the discipline of economics with its deductive models. The article examines the formal, legalistic focus of the entitlement approach and discusses its consequences. The article takes up the problems of validation and falsification in relation to an empiricist interpretation, and a deductive ration-alist interpretation, respectively, of the entitlement approach. The conclusion is that both interpretations have distinct problems. The empiricist interpretation must contend with the problem of what constitutes the empirical basis of inductive generalisa-tion; the deductive interpretation must contend with the problem that the universal applicability of nomenclatures is more defini-tional than explanatory.