Information Decryption Research Articles

Metal-to-insulator phase transition of molybdenum oxide for reversible writing and erasing information encryption

Abstract Recent research on structural color manipulation is focusing on integrating phase change material (PCM) in plasmonic structures. Commonly reported PCM integrated plasmonic structures can only achieve information manipulation by switching images between different colors. In this paper, we have reported a theoretical design of reversibly switching colored information between visible and invisible simply using a MoOx based two layered structure. In our design, the MoOx layer can be switched between two phases, i.e., metallic MoO2 and insulating MoO3. The phase transition of MoOx possesses very complicated processes, which makes it advantageous for information encryption. Generally, in the proposed structure with metallic MoO2, various colors can be generated due to the F-P enhanced absorption at wavelengths where construction interference occurs. However, owing to the low loss of insulating MoO3 in visible region, the absorption is low though out the whole visible region. Thus all colors can be erased to white. Therefore, the colored information can be written and erased with our proposed structure by switching MoOx between metallic MoO2 and insulating MoO3. Utilizing the designed structure, we presented two kinds of devices possessing the functions of image ‘writing and erasing’ to verify the possibility of application in information encryption. The proposed image encryption device can be acquired easily by masking and coating processes. We believe our results provides a new way in designing encryption devices.

Photorewriting, Time-Resolved Encryption, and Unclonable Anticounterfeiting with Artificial Intelligence Authentication via a Reversible Photoswitchable System.

In the fields of photolithographic patterning, optical anticounterfeiting, and information encryption, reversible photochromic materials with solid-state fluorescence are emerging as a potential class of systems. A design strategy for reversible photochromic materials has been proposed and synthesized through the introduction of photoactive thiophene groups into the molecular backbone of aryl vinyls, compounds with unique aggregation-induced emission properties, and solid-state reversible photocontrollable fluorescence and color-changing properties. This work develops novel photochromic inks, films, and cellulose hydrogels for enhancing the security of information encryption and anticounterfeiting technologies. They achieve rapid and reversible color change under ultraviolet light irradiation. Dependent upon the rate of color change, higher levels of time-resolved security can be achieved. This feature is important for enhancing the confidentiality of encrypted information and the reliability of security labels. Color-changing cellulose hydrogels, inks, and films consisting of three photochromic fluorescent molecules have quick photoactivity, great photoreversibility and photostability, and good processability, making them ideal for time-delayed anticounterfeiting and smart encryption. Furthermore, specialized algorithms are used to construct convolutional neural networks, and image analysis is performed on these systems, thus solving the current problem of the time-consuming information decryption process. This artificial intelligence method offers new opportunities for enhanced data encryption.

A stimuli-responsive hydrogel for reversible information storage, encryption and decryption

Smart hydrogel materials, known for their sensitivity to external stimuli, exhibit a reversible dynamic response and find applications in diverse fields, particularly in information storage. Despite significant efforts in this domain, developing a hydrogel with high-resolution, repeatable recording, and robust information encryption/decryption capabilities still remains a challenge. In this study, we synthesized a polymer hydrogel, namely polyvinyl alcohol-n-isopropylacrylamide-octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether acrylate hydrogel (PPNS), which features multiple hydrogen bonds through copolymerization, by using N-isopropylacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, and octadecyl polyoxyethylene ether acrylate (SGA15) as raw materials. The PPNS hydrogel demonstrated outstanding high-resolution, repeatable recording capabilities, enabling reversible recording, encryption, and decryption of information using anhydrous ethanol as the inducer. Varying the SGA15 monomer concentration revealed that the PPNS-2% hydrogel, prepared with 2% SGA15, outperformed the other hydrogels in terms of information recording and encryption/decryption when immersed in anhydrous ethanol and deionized water. Furthermore, the PPNS-2% hydrogel exhibited the ability to undergo multiple information cycles while maintaining excellent mechanical properties even after 25 cycles. Notably, ethanol served as a specialized ink for inscribing different patterns on the hydrogel surface for information recording. The recorded information could be erased through water wiping or ethanol volatilization, enabling reversible information recording, encryption, and decryption. Due to their responsive and dynamic nature of PPNS hydrogels are positions them as promising candidates for use as innovative information storage platforms.

Fabrication of efficient and red-emissive salicylaldehyde Schiff base isomers for multi-scenario information decryption

This work proposes a general strategy for constructing efficient and red-emissive salicylaldehyde Schiff bases with both AIE and stimuli-responsive properties for multi-scenario information decryption.

A thermo-responsive hydrogel for body temperature-induced spontaneous information decryption and self-encryption.

A thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel, exhibiting an interesting phenomenon of an opaque-transparent-opaque transition in the successive processes of heating and cooling, is reported. It is fabricated by means of both the porogenic effect of hydroxypropyl cellulose and the cononsolvency effect of PNIPAM in a mixed solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide and water. After being mildly triggered by body temperature, the hydrogel is used to spontaneously decrypt the quick response code within 4 min and then autonomously encrypts the code again within 10 min at room temperature. The mechanism for the transient transparency of hydrogels during the quenching process has been elucidated.

Dual-Function Platform Based on Postsynthetic Functionalization of a Water-Stable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework: Ratiometric Sensing of Nicotine and Cotinine and Dynamic Anticounterfeiting for Information Encryption.

Nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine are widely used as markers of tobacco smoke abstinence as well as indicators of active smoking levels and the assessment of passive inhalation of tobacco smoke in nonsmokers. Therefore, using an easy-to-prepare sensing platform that can provide a rapid, highly sensitive response for the simultaneous detection of salivary nicotine levels and urinary cotinine levels is especially crucial for helping heavy cigarette smokers quit smoking and protecting public health. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, as a novel class of porous crystalline materials, show immense potential for functional modification and optical sensing. Herein, a new HOF was prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method, and a dual-emitting material Eu(bpy)@HOF-215(1) was obtained by the postsynthetic modification of HOF by lanthanide luminescent complexes, which maintains favorable structural stability and introduces the characteristic emitting of Eu, allowing use as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for salivary nicotine and urinary cotinine, with a limit of detection of nicotine of 0.045 μM in saliva and a limit of detection of cotinine of 0.591 μM in urine. Furthermore, luminescent inks based on HOF-215 have been fabricated based on the photoresponse variations of 1 to NIC and COT, which enables the multilevel encryption and decryption of information, in a dynamic and recyclable process. This work not only synthesizes a novel blue HOF but also provides a representative successful case of a dual-function platform for simultaneous application to ratiometric sensing and dynamic anticounterfeiting.

Multiple-Channel Information Encryption Based on Quantum Dot Absorption Spectra.

Large-capacity information encryption has attracted significant interest in the information age. The diversity and controllability of spectra have positioned them to be widely applied for information encryption. Current spectra-based information encryption methods commonly rely on either spectral alteration induced by external stimuli or the utilization of narrowband channels within spectra. However, these methods encounter a common challenge in attaining both high security and large capacity simultaneously. To address these issues, we propose a multiple-channel information encryption system based on quantum dot (QD) absorption spectra. The diversity of QD absorption spectra and their broadband features ensure that the encrypted spectra can hardly be decrypted without knowing the correct channel matrix. Meanwhile, the large capacity is realized through the combination of multiple QD spectral channels with a theoretical maximum capacity of 24.0 bits in a single spectrum. In order to optimize the performance of our proposed system, the selection principle of the channel matrix is established to achieve the rapid identification of the optimal channel matrix in several milliseconds. The additivity of QD spectral channels and the consistency of QD spectra are also explored to minimize the impact of errors on information decryption. Furthermore, two spectral encryption scenarios of spatial pattern and spectral pattern are applied to demonstrate the feasibility, showcasing their ability to achieve both a high level of security and large capacity. Owing to the advantages offered by QD spectra, the QD spectra-based information system exhibits excellent potential for broader applications in information storage, authentication, and computing.

Lanthanides-based invisible multicolor luminescent hydrogels and films for anti-counterfeiting

Developing high-level luminescent anti-counterfeiting materials with simple preparation and portability is still challenging. Herein, the luminescent anti-counterfeiting hydrogels were acquired via the coordination of 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylic acid (H4BTC) to Tb(NO3)3 and/or Eu(NO3)3 in water. Multicolor luminescence from green to yellow, orange, and red can be easily obtained by controlling the molar ratio of Tb(NO3)3 to Eu(NO3)3. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the coordination between H4BTC and lanthanides. Emission spectra and optical images confirmed that luminescent hydrogels could be functionalized as luminescent inks for painting and writing with the help of a writing brush. Importantly, the information fabricated by hydrogels cannot be seen under daylight and can only be seen under UV light. Noteworthy, multicolor luminescence can be designed to encode information in multiple ways, resulting in increasing the complexity of information decryption. It can prevent the tampering and forging of information effectively. Moreover, the inks have good stability and adhesion. And the H4BTC-Ln hydrogels can be dried to powders for storage and recovered to hydrogels by adding water. Meanwhile, the multicolor luminescent films were easily prepared by dispersing the corresponding powders of H4BTC-Ln into polyacrylamide (PAAm) matrix. The acquired films have high transmittance as well as good luminescent properties and excellent mechanical properties. They were applied as luminescent anti-counterfeiting labels. This work provides a simple and convenient method for preparing high-level lanthanides-based luminescent anti-counterfeiting materials.

Automated Simulation Encryption Nanodevices

This article implements the method of automated simulation and design of new non-radiating nanoelectronic encryption modules. Currently, cryptographic equipment is practically not protected from electromagnetic attacks and information decryption, as it is created according to outdated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor microtechnology. To increase the error-free operation of encryption devices, the article uses a system of automated design of nanodevices based on quantum cellular automata using majoritarian principles of their operation. Automated simulation proved that the consuption of the nanodevices developed in the work does not exceed 3,8´10-23 J. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with the nanodevices developed in the article are completely protected from electromagnetic attacks. The results of automated modeling and verification using a computer design system QCADesigne fully confirmed the effectiveness of introducing single-electron nanodevices into encryption devices of unmanned systems. The proposed logic takes advantage of low power consumption quantum-dot cellular automata together with complicated clocking circuits as a paradigm of nanotechnology advances in encryption engineering.

JUSTIFICATION OF DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The analysis of information about the conducted cyber-threats makes it possible to identify modern information security problems when transmitted through unprotected communication channels. When conducting such an analysis, various components of the methods of implementing cyber threats are considered, but in this paper, it is proposed to pay attention to the motivational component of the emergence of threats and the existing effective tools for countering them. Such a comprehensive approach will make it possible to predict various modes of cyberattacks that cybercriminals can use against certain systems and to prepare the necessary digital security systems for the implementation of future threats. The influence of the exponential growth of the capacities of computing devices on the growth of the possibilities of implementing attacks by cybercriminals on cryptographic algorithms was also revealed. In this regard, the work considered the possibilities of increasing the level of resistance to such interventions, which are ensured by the NIST requirements for stability and security in the conditions of the post-quantum period. To determine the level of security of data transmission over an insecure network with privacy, integrity and authentication, a comparative analysis of the capabilities of information transmission protocols was conducted. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of a scheme of security and stability of protocols and algorithms that made it to the finals of the NIST competition. To ensure the integrity and authenticity of users when establishing communication sessions with websites, it is recommended to use TLS protocols. A scheme of the process of authenticated encryption and verification of the authenticity of an encrypted message transmitted using a TLS connection has been developed. The process diagram of authentication encryption and decryption of information when establishing a communication session in TLS protocols has been developed. A comparative analysis of different versions of TLS protocols was carried out.

Modified chitosan as a multi-functional material in eco-friendly formulation for anti-counterfeit applications

Renewable resources and waste materials can be used as viable raw materials to prepare security formulations devoid of volatile organic compounds and would essentially offer environmental protection. Therefore, chitosan (deacetylated chitin), which is a marine waste material is modified through simultaneous N-conjugation with pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde (PCA) as an aggregation caused quenching fluorophore and fluorene-2-carboxaldehyde (FCA) to obtain a smart fluorescent chitosan-based Schiff base (FCSSB). The covalent attachment could immobilize pyrene onto the chitosan, and the subsequent diluting effect of the biopolymer framework could hinder the aggregation of pyrene and, thereby, the self-quenching of fluorescence. The modified FCSSB could serve as a multi-functional material; both as a binder and a fluorophore in an eco-friendly formulation using aqueous acetic acid as the mild solvent and glycerol as the viscosity regulator. The formulation is used as a security ink to obtain single/multilayer coating/s and further prints using flexography technique. The prints that appeared invisible in daylight exhibited a blue fluorescence under 370 nm UV illumination. Moreover, the ink film presented good rub resistance and colour stability after different cycles of UV exposure. Therefore, FCSSB formulation can be readily utilized as a security ink for information decryption and could also be processed into products of diverse forms, including ink pads, coatings, printed patterns, and films. This simple, but effective approach provides additional impetus to real-life applications of biopolymers from natural/waste materials in anti-counterfeiting.

Chameleon-inspired design of dynamic patterns based on femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer

Chameleon can display variable body color/patterns under environmental stimulation via bioelectricity-controlled three layers of pigment cells and photonic crystals in the chameleon's skin. Inspired by color variation of chameleon, numerous “smart skins” have been achieved successfully, which possess great potential for optical information record and security. However, it remains challenging to produce full color dynamic fluorescent patterns with higher precision and flexibility to improve information capacity and anti-counterfeiting property. In this work, the micro-sized full color dynamic fluorescent patterns were successfully achieved by multiple transferring different colored quantum dots (QDs) from the carrier substrates to the receiving substrate via femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer (FsLIFT) technology using the chameleon skin as a prototype. The ability to dynamically display by facilely controlling the excitations is demonstrated, ensuring the information transformation function as chameleon skin. The resulting dynamic fluorescent patterns provide dual biomimetic of chameleon skin morphology and function. To illustrate the promising practical applications, flexible information encryption and information decryption relying on portable devices based on the fabricated dynamic fluorescent patterns have been achieved. It is anticipated that this bioinspired strategy is universal and promising for fabricating on-demand fluorescent dynamic patterns.

Dual Lewis Acid- and Base-Responsive Terpyridine-Based Hydrogel: Programmable and Spatiotemporal Regulation of Fluorescence for Chemical-Based Information Security.

A huge amount of data inundated in our daily life; there is an ever-increasing need to develop a new strategy of information encryption-decryption-erasing. Herein, a polymeric DCTpy/PAM hydrogel has been fabricated to store information via controllable Eu3+/Zn2+ ionoprinting for hierarchical and multidimensional information decryption. Eu3+ and Zn2+ have a competition and dynamic interaction toward DCTpy under NH3 stimuli in the polymeric DCTpy/PAM hydrogel network. The Eu(III)/Zn(II)@DCTpy/PAM hydrogel exhibits light red fluorescence of Eu3+ due to the antenna effect. Upon the addition of NH3, dissociation of the Eu3+-DCTpy complex takes place, and the Zn(II)/DCTpy/NH3 complex is formed with both ICT (intramolecular charge-transfer) and PET (photo-induced electron-transfer) process characteristics that exhibits yellow emission color. Subsequently, HCl can quench the fluorescence of the resulting hydrogel. By integrating transparency, adhesiveness, and programmable stimuli responsiveness of the hydrogel blocks in to one system, complex, multistage, and time-controlled information storage-encryption-decryption-erasing in sequence with multidimensions is illustrated via the molecule diffusion method. This work provides a novel and representative strategy in fabricating information encryption-decryption-erasing materials with high capacity and complexity by a simple terpyridine-based hydrogel.

Dual functional phosphate-ester BODIPY regulation achieved stable CsPbBr3 nanocrystals for optical anti-counterfeiting

A proton-free phosphate-ester BDPPO was used as a substitute for commonly used oleic acid ligands for the enhanced binding of ligands onto the surface of CsPbBr3 to synthesize stable CsPbBr3 for encryption and decryption of information.

Sophisticated yet Convenient Information Encryption/Decryption Based on Synergistically Time-/Temperature-Resolved Photonic Inks.

Exploring high-safety but convenient encryption and decryption technologies to combat threats of information leakage is urgently needed but remains a great challenge. Here, a synergistically time- and temperature-resolved information coding/decoding solution based on functional photonic inks is demonstrated. Encrypted messages can be stored into multiple channels with dynamic-color patterns, and information decryption is only enabled at appointed temperature and time points. Notably, the ink can be easily processed into quick-response codes and multipixel plates. With high transparency and responsive color variations controlled by ink compositions and ambient temperatures, advanced 3D stacking multichannel coding and Morse coding techniques can be applied for multi-information storage, complex anticounterfeiting, and information interference. This study paves an avenue for the design and development of dynamic photonic inks and complex encryption technologies for high-end anticounterfeiting applications.

Charge transfer materials fabricated by supramolecular strategy with a broad emission spectrum for realizing information encryption

Novel charge transfer (CT) materials with a broad emission spectrum have been successfully developed in aqueous phase based on supramolecular self-assembly between different electron donors and electron acceptors. For electron donor BrAc (dimethylacridine-based derivative) with excellent self-aggregation property, it can co-aggregate with various electron acceptors to form nanoaggregates in water, leading to the multicolor CT emission with long luminescence lifetime. The emission colors cover from deep blue (425 nm) to orange (550 nm) region with lifetimes in the range of 61.2 ns–605.1 ns. As for the analogous donor (QaAc), which self-aggregation ability was poor, water-soluble pillar[5]arene (WP5) can be introduced to promote the aggregation to induce the similar CT emission. Moreover, reversible control of the CT emission and lifetime of BrAc-3TPYMB can be easily achieved via alternating addition of trifluoroacetic acid and triethylamine. Meanwhile, the donor–acceptor complex with white light emission can be conveniently constructed by incorporating three different acceptor molecules (3TMB, 3TPYMB, and TRZF2) with appropriate ratios. In addition, benefiting from the strong CT emission when donor and acceptor are close enough, thermal writing of quick response code and further information decryption has been successfully realized.

MicroRNA expression profiles in extracellular vesicles and intracellular of AURKA inhibitor-induced senescent neuroblastoma cells.

BackgroundTherapy-induced senescence plays an important role in the clinical treatment of tumors, which is positively correlated with the treatment response. However, senescent cells reshape tumor microenvironment and increase the risk of cancer recurrence. Regarded as hormones to regulate cell-to-cell communication, microRNA (miRNA) is highly sensitive to environmental stress. To understand the response of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, miRNAs in chemotherapy-induced senescent cells and their secreted extracellular vehicles (EVs) were detected and the miRNA profiles were analyzed, hoping to provide some thoughts for the evaluation of chemotherapy effect in clinical tumor treatment.MethodsNeuroblastoma cell line IMR32 was treated with low concentration of aurora kinase A (AURKA) inhibitor MLN8237 to establish a cell senescence model. RNAs were extracted from senescent cells and extracellular vesicles, and miRNA spectrum was investigated by small RNA deep sequencing.ResultsThirteen miRNAs including miR-378b and miR-206 were significantly increased, whereas 32 miRNAs including miR-205-5p, miR-378d, and miR-378f were significantly decreased in the senescence cell group. In senescent cells secreted extracellular vesicles, there were 48 of up-regulated miRNAs including miR-205-5p and 9 of down-regulated miRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed miRNAs in senescent cells may potentially regulate many common target genes which belong to the metabolic signaling pathway and transcriptional misregulation in cancer.ConclusionsThe expression profiles of miRNA in senescent neuroblastoma cells and extracellular vesicles were altered, and the differentially expressed miRNAs were mostly involved in cellular metabolic pathways. The information decryption can provide reference for clinical interpretation of the phenomenon of therapy-induced senescence.

Simultaneous Realization of Dynamic and Hybrid Multiplexed Holography via Light‐Activated Chiral Superstructures

AbstractAs a well‐recognized technology for optical data encoding and extracting, holography has faced an ever‐growing pursuit in the miniaturization, multifunctionality, and tunability for today's abundant information. Despite infusive achievements in metahologram, simultaneous realization of dynamic tunability and high‐dimensional multiplexing is critical yet lagging behind, which becomes one bottleneck for this emerging frontier. Here, an innovative solution is proposed by integrating the limited penetration depth of light in chiral liquid crystals and their intrinsic stimuli‐responsive characteristics. Based on a photoactive chiral dopant and the asymmetric photopatterning boundary confined self‐organization, light‐activated spectrally tunable, polarization‐ and direction‐dependent holograms are created simultaneously. As a promising example for information technology, an encrypted signal light is demonstrated, where the wavelength, propagation direction, helicity of light, and reaction duration serve as customized keys for information decryption. This work extends the construction of soft hierarchical superstructures and offers a satisfactory and open‐ended scheme for the intelligent holography, inspiring advanced display, security, and communication.

Lanthanides-based security inks with reversible luminescent switching and self-healing properties for advanced anti-counterfeiting

The development of advanced luminescent anti-counterfeiting materials with self-healing ability is still a challenging task. Herein, the security inks with reversible luminescent switching and self-healing properties were easily prepared by doping lanthanides complexes into self-healable poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonicacid) (PAMPSA) matrix. The security inks exhibited reversible luminescent “on–off” switching in response to “base-acid” vapors, it allowed themselves as good candidates for realizing reversible information decryption and encryption. The confidential information fabricated by security inks could not be identified under daylight and/or UV light, which could only be recognized after the treatment with NH3 vapor in the presence of UV light. Importantly, the information can be further encrypted and decrypted by HCl vapor and NH3 vapor, respectively, it can avoid the second leakage of confidential information as well as realize the repeated reading of confidential information. The rational designed multiple encryption strategies were also demonstrated to further improve anti-counterfeiting level. Remarkably, the security inks exhibited good self-healing ability to extend their service life and ensure durability, which is very important for their practical applications. In addition, the obtained inks exhibited excellent stability against UV irradiation, humidity, organic solvents, heating, and rubbing. The inks also exhibited good stability in ambient conditions and can be written on various substrates. The above results indicated that the as-prepared security inks have tremendous potential applications in advanced anti-counterfeiting.

STREAM ENCRYPTION METHOD BASED ON THE CHAOTIC BROWNIAN MOTION MODEL OF MOLECULES

In terms of cryptanalysis resistance, chaos-based encryption methods, along with other methods, have recently become popular. As an XOR cipher, pseudo-random numbers generated by chaotic processes are typically used in such methods. In this study, the collision points in the process based on the chaotic movement of molecules with collisions are used to calculate pseudo-random numbers. In the process of encryption and decryption of information with XOR cipher, pseudo-random numbers are calculated according to the same rule. The use of XOR cipher generated on the basis of complex movement trajectories of molecules in cryptographic conversion processes significantly increases the duration of the suggested method to perform cryptanalysis.