Decrease In Protein Content Research Articles

Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on inflammatory responses induced by Staphylococcus aureus and milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major mastitis-causing pathogen in dairy cows. Dairy cows with mastitis suffer from a decrease in milk yield and protein content. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural product with anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we examined the function and mechanism of CGA with regard to its anti-inflammatory effects and evaluated its protective function in milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were cultured with and without infection by S. aureus and CGA, and extracellular inflammatory cytokines and amino acids in the medium and milk proteins were determined by ELISA. The function of IL-10RA in anti-inflammatory processes and of SF-1 in milk protein synthesis was assessed by gene silencing. The activity of mTORC1, NF-κB, and STAT5 was examined by western blot. S. aureus caused intracellular infection and upregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas uptake of amino acids and milk protein synthesis were suppressed. CGA mitigated the S. aureus-induced inflammatory response and milk protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo. CGA alleviated S. aureus-induced inhibition of mTORC1 and STAT5 and upregulated IL-10 and IL-10RA. In addition, SF-1 was predicted to be a transcription factor of the milk protein-encoding genes α-LA, β-LG, and CSN2. S. aureus downregulated SF-1 and CGA reversed the decline in milk protein synthesis due to SF-1 knockdown. Thus, CGA mitigates the inflammatory response that is induced by S. aureus and protects the uptake of amino acids and milk protein synthesis in BMECs.

The excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and changes in nitrogen content in the Antarctic amphipod Waldeckia obesa and isopod Glyptonotus antarcticus during long-term starvation

Seasonal food availability for benthic feeders in Antarctica can influence the level of excreted metabolites, which may then be a source of N and P for autotrophs. In this study, we examined the effects of starvation of Waldeckia obesa and Glyptonotus antarcticus on the excretion of both N and P, and the chemical composition of their bodies. N-NH4 + dominated in the pool of excreted nitrogen (93% and 77% of inorganic nitrogen, and 76% and 67% of total nitrogen, for W. obesa and G. antarcticus, respectively). Reactive phosphorus dominated in the pool of excreted phosphorus (72% and 65% of total phosphorus for G. antarcticus and W. obesa, respectively). The excretion of N-NH4 + (in µmol N h−1 100 g−1) dropped from 3,687 (W. obesa) and 1,336 (G. antarcticus) in the first day to about 0.6 after 10 days of starvation (for both species). Phosphorus excretion was generally lower than that of nitrogen (on average 0.046 and 0.017 µmol P h−1 100 g−1 for G. antarcticus and W. obesa, respectively), but no clear trend appeared with N as a result of starvation. The greatest decrease in nitrogen and protein content in W. obesa was recorded on the 3rd day of starvation (nitrogen: from 1.30% to 0.93%; protein: 8.15% to 5.80%) and in G. antarcticus on the 5th day of starvation (nitrogen: from 2.22% to 1.43%; protein: from 13.86% to 8.94%). Conclusions: (i) nitrogen and phosphorus compounds released by crustaceans may be a supplementary source of biogenic salts for autotrophs, (ii) nitrates constituting approx. 20% nitrogen may be used by phytoplankton in the period of new production, (iii) starvation reduces the excretion of N and P and the content of nitrogen and protein in crustaceans.

Study of unstimulated salivary flow rate, total protein, albumin concentration and estimated albumin globulin ratio changes in normal adults according to age and gender

Background: Saliva which has a vital role in oral health is a complex fluid provided by salivary glands. Aging causes salivary glands hypofunction that affects the quantity and quality of saliva. Hence in this study flow rate, protein, albumin and albumin globulin ratio of saliva was compared in two age groups, in order to have broader assumption of gender and age-related changes of oral health in normal adults. Material and method: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, conducted on 250 healthy adult volunteers after approval from Kabul University of medical sciences research committee. Before collecting saliva, the informed consent form was signed by them. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in sterile tube by drooling method for five minutes. Flow rate collected for five minutes and calculated on milliliters per minutes. After centrifugation for five minutes at 600rpm salivary total protein, albumin was measured by semi-autoanalyzer. Estimated Albumin globulin ratio was calculated by dividing albumin to estimated globulin concentration. Total protein and albumin were calculated by the biuret and bromocresol green method respectively. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 21. Mann Whitney U test was performed for comparison of variables between age group 18-30 and 31-65 years old. Result: In this study among 250 volunteers there were 128 males and 122 females. The mean age was 32 years old. There were 136 participants in age group 18-30 years and 114 in the age group 31-65 years. Flow rate, total protein concentration was lower in group of 31-65 than 18-30 years. The flow rate was lower in females than males but decrease in protein concentration was not gender dependent. Albumin, albumin globulin ratio increased in age group 31-65 years. Albumin was not gender dependent but the albumin globulin ratio was significantly higher in males than females. Conclusion: Flow rate significantly decreased in the age group 31-65 years and more distinct in women than men so suggestive of increased incidence of caries in women. Increased level of albumin in age group 31-65years is suggestive of increase risk of oral inflammatory diseases in this age group. In addition, as the level of albumin globulin ratio was higher after age 30 and more obvious in male adults so it can be assumed that resistance against oral cavity diseases is much lower in men than women in the age group 31-65years.

Physiological status of the BLV-infected cows offspring under dyspeptic manifestations correction

The BLV-infected cows’ offspring are at risk due to a decrease in their viability and productivity indicators. The purpose of the studies is a comparative analysis of hematological parameters and indicators of body weight gain in obtained from immunocompromised cows calves when correcting their clinical status using the composition we have developed (patent No 2646831) and a broadspectrum antibiotic. According to our data, calves from BLV-infected mothers were born with a body weight of 6-7% less than calves from intact cows. With the correction of dyspeptic manifestations in calves by the proposed method, the average daily gain in animals remained at the level with intact ones (630-660 g / day), and when using an antibiotic, it was 300-500 g per day. Hematological studies have shown that with clinical manifestations of dyspepsia in neonatal calves, hypovolemia and pronounced leukocytosis are noted in the blood, the signs of which decrease by the 12th day of life during therapy. The glucose of blood serum in calves with dyspeptic syndrome was slightly reduced on the first day. There was a change in the blood electrolytes ratio, a decrease in total blood protein and albumin content, compared to intact animals. Thus, our studies have shown that when correcting dyspepsia in neonatal calves from immunocompromised cows using the composition we have developed, the body weight gain retained, which was due to the rapid normalization of the homeostasis in animals.

A Pex7 Deficient Mouse Series Correlates Biochemical and Neurobehavioral Markers to Genotype Severity-Implications for the Disease Spectrum of Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1.

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1) is a peroxisome biogenesis disorder caused by defects in PEX7 leading to impairment in plasmalogen (Pls) biosynthesis and phytanic acid (PA) oxidation. Pls deficiency is the main pathogenic factor that determines the severity of RCDP. Severe (classic) RCDP patients have negligible Pls levels, congenital cataracts, skeletal dysplasia, growth and neurodevelopmental deficits, and cerebral hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI. Individuals with milder or nonclassic RCDP have higher Pls levels, better growth and cognitive outcomes. To better understand the pathophysiology of RCDP disorders, we generated an allelic series of Pex7 mice either homozygous for the hypomorphic allele, compound heterozygous for the hypomorphic and null alleles or homozygous for the null allele. Pex7 transcript and protein were almost undetectable in the hypomorphic model, and negligible in the compound heterozygous and null mice. Pex7 deficient mice showed a graded reduction in Pls and increases in C26:0-LPC and PA in plasma and brain according to genotype. Neuropathological evaluation showed significant loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells over time and a decrease in brain myelin basic protein (MBP) content in Pex7 deficient models, with more severe effects correlating with Pex7 genotype. All Pex7 deficient mice exhibited a hyperactive behavior in the open field environment. Brain neurotransmitters analysis of Pex7 deficient mice showed a significant reduction in levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA. Also, a significant correlation was found between brain neurotransmitter levels, the hyperactivity phenotype, Pls level and the severity of Pex7 genotype. In conclusion, our study showed evidence of a genotype-phenotype correlation between the severity of Pex7 deficiency and several clinical and neurobiochemical phenotypes in RCDP1 mouse models. We propose that PA accumulation may underlie the cerebellar atrophy seen in older RCDP1 patients, as even relatively low tissue levels were strongly associated with Purkinje cells loss over time in the murine models. Also, our data demonstrate the interrelation between Pls, brain neurotransmitter deficiencies and the neurobehavioral phenotype, which could be further used as a valuable clinical endpoint for therapeutic interventions. Finally, these models show that incremental increases in Pex7 levels result in dramatic improvements in phenotype.

Effectiveness of treatment regimens for cows with seous mastitis using zinc chelate complex

The article presents the therapeutic efficacy of Biozinc in the treatment of cattle with serous mastitis. The authors revealed a decrease in the number of somatic cells in milk in the experimental group of cows to 170 thousand, which corresponds to the milk from a healthy animal. Cows in the experimental group showed a positive trend in milk quality. Five cows had watery milk. Positive changes in milk quality were evident 12 hours after the first injection in the form of a reduction in flake secretion from the affected quarters. Milk was watery in all cows of the experimental group by the third day, without flakes and white color. The authors note a positive trend during disease treatment by the end of the first day of treatment in both test groups. Complete recovery was noted in ten animals, which was 100%, in the experimental group, which were treated with Biozinc. Complete recovery occurred after 3.00±0.15 days. The therapeutic efficacy was 100%. In the control group, seven cows (70%) recovered. A hematological examination revealed a 15.52 g/l (18.1 %) increase in hemoglobin level in the experimental group of animals and a 0.88 x 1012/l (P<0.05) increase in erythrocyte count. Through serum biochemical studies, the authors found that cows with serous mastitis showed changes in such parameters as protein, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT). Cows in the experimental group showed a 21.5% (P<0.01) decrease in protein content after treatment. The values of ASAT in the control group decreased by 35.2%, and in the experimental group - by 42.6%. The values of ALAT also tended to decrease by 38.7% in the control group and by 48.6% in the experimental group (P<0.001).

Dopamine receptor DRD1 expression (mRNA, protein level) in peripheral blood lymphocytes and prognosis of antipsychotic therapy

Introduction. There is a problem in predicting the efficacy and safety of antipsychotic therapy. Dopamine receptor D1 is one of the targets of antipsychotics. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are the research object of neurotransmission receptors.The objective was to study DRD1 gene expression (mRNA, protein level) in PBL as a possible biomarker of olanzapine and haloperidol therapy prognosis.Methods and Materials. Sample: 106 patients diagnosed with schizophrenic spectrum disorder. Study design: prospective longitudinal follow-up with drug administration by randomization. Assessment of mental status and development of Parkinsonism: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Simpson-Agnus Scale (SAS), respectively. PBL was study material. DRD1 mRNA level was determined by real-time PCR. DRD1 protein concentration in PBL was measured by enzyme immunoassay.Results. Haloperidol (but not olanzapine) treatment for 28 days, leads to DRD1 protein concentration decrease in PBL in a manner dependent on its initial level. DRD1 mRNA level in PBL remained unchanged during the treatment. Patients with effective therapy by olanzapine had lower DRD1 mRNA levels. Side effects of the therapy (Parkinsonism, weight gain) were not associated with studied DRD1 parameters.Conclusions. Haloperidol treatment leads to a decrease of DRD1 protein concentration in PBL, which depends on the initial protein level. Effective olanzapine therapy is associated with reduced DRD1 mRNA level in PBL before the treatment.

Role of pectin characteristics in orange juice stabilization: Effect of high-pressure processing in combination with centrifugation pretreatments

“High-pressure processing (HPP) plus” combined technologies are applied to overcome the limitation of single HPP and to produce juices with more stable quality during storage. This research explored the potential of HPP in combination with centrifugation to produce cloud stable orange juice during refrigerated storage. The results indicated that HPP combined processing technology significantly improved the cloud stability of orange juice, which was related to removed large particles, reduced viscosity, decreased protein contents, and inactivated pectin methylesterase activity induced by centrifugation (P < 0.05). Besides, chelator solubilized pectin (CSP) decreased but water solubilized pectin (WSP) maintained in the juice after centrifugation. During storage, the conversion of pectin fraction from WSP to CSP, resulting in sedimentation appeared in centrifugation treated orange juice when stored for 28 days. In general, pectin characteristics changes and pectin fractions conversion were the main driving forces affecting cloud stability of orange juice pasteurized by HPP in combination with centrifugation and during chilled storage.

Exploration of relationship between postoperative serum caveolin-1 contents and delayed healing of tibial fracture patients

To explore relationship between postoperative serum caveolin-1 contents after open reduction and internal fixation and delayed healing of tibial fracture patients. From April 2018 to June 2020, 134 tibial fracture patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation were included, and divided into delayed healing group and normal healing group according to fracture healing condition. Contents of serum caveolin-1 protein before operation, 1, 4, 8, 12 weeks after operation between two groups were compared. Influencing factors of delayed healing was analyzed by Logistic regression model, and predictive value of serum caveolin-1 protein on delayed healing was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve. Fracture healing was evaluated at 4 months after fracture, 93 patients healed well and 41 patients delayed heal. At 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, content of serum caveolin-1 protein in delayed healing group was lower than that of normal healing group(P<0.05). There were statistical difference in smoking, diabetes, open fracture and Gutlio Ⅲ fracture between delayed healing group and normal healing group(P<0.05). Smoking, diabetes, open fracture, Gustlio Ⅲ fracture, decrease of serum caveolin-1 protein at 4 and 8 weeks after operation were risk factor of delayed healing by Logistic analysis(P<0.05). By ROC curve analysis, content of serum caveolin-1 protein had predictive value for delayed fracture, the best cut-off values were 12.45 ng/ml and 12.52 ng/ml respectively, corresponding sensitivity were 45.34%, 43.90%, and specificity were 80.65% and 87.10% (P<0.05). Decrease of serum caveolin-1 protein content at 4 and 8 weeks after open reduction and internal fixation for tibia fracture patients were related with delayed healing. Detection of serum caveolin-1 protein content at 4 and 8 weeks after operation has predictive value for delayed healing.

Effect of pollution with crude oil and used motor oils on the concentration of protein and carbohydrates in safflower and flax plants

This study was conducted to clarify the effect of soil pollution with crude oil, car, and generator used oil on the concentration of protein and carbohydrates in Carthamus tinctorius and Linum usitatissimum plants as the soil was treated with crude oil and used oils for car engines and generators at three concentration for each , which are(1, 2, 3)%. The results showed that the treatment of safflower and flax plants with used motor oil and crude oil at concentrations (3)%, respectively, led to a significant decrease in protein concentration in the shoots of the two plants, reaching (0.503, 0.175) mg/g dry weight, respectively. Then, treating the two plants with crude oil at the concentration (3)% led to a significant decrease in the carbohydrate concentration in the shoots of the two plants, reaching (1.110) and (1.100) mg/g dry weight, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment, which amounted to (3.805, 3.860) mg/g. Dry weight, while we note that crude oil was significantly more effective, as it led to a decrease in the protein concentration in the two plants, reaching (0.565) mg/g dry weight, and no significant differences were observed between the effect of oil and oils for engines of generators and cars.

The Denaturant- and Mutation-Induced Disassembly of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Hexameric Hfq Y55W Mutant.

Although oligomeric proteins are predominant in cells, their folding is poorly studied at present. This work is focused on the denaturant- and mutation-induced disassembly of the hexameric mutant Y55W of the Qβ host factor (Hfq) from mesophilic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pae). Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we show that the dissociation of Hfq Y55W occurs either under the effect of GuHCl or during the pre-denaturing transition, when the protein concentration is decreased, with both events proceeding through the accumulation of stable intermediate states. With an extremely low pH of 1.4, a low ionic strength, and decreasing protein concentration, the accumulated trimers and dimers turn into monomers. Also, we report on the structural features of monomeric Hfq resulting from a triple mutation (D9A/V43R/Y55W) within the inter-subunit surface of the protein. This globular and rigidly packed monomer displays a high thermostability and an oligomer-like content of the secondary structure, although its urea resistance is much lower.

Effects of Weak Acids on the Microbiological, Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus membras).

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) pickled in vinegar is a common product in the Nordic countries. Other weak acids are used to cook and preserve fish in other food cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of weak acids to produce safe and nutritious pickled fish products with varying sensory properties. The influence of acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and tartaric acids on the preservability and quality of pickled and marinated Baltic herring was studied by measuring microbiological quality, pH, chemical composition, and lipid oxidation and by sensory profiling. Pickling with these acids with pH levels of 3.7–4.2 resulted in pickled Baltic herring products with high microbiological quality. The results of the chemical analysis of the samples indicated that pickling and storage on marinade influenced the chemical composition of fish. The most significant changes in chemical composition were the increase in moisture and decrease in protein content of the samples during storage. Fat content decreased during the storage period in acetic acid and malic acid samples. All tested acids inhibited lipid oxidation for one month, but at three and four month time points, the content of oxidation products increased except in the samples pickled with tartaric acid. The highest oxidation level was observed in the case of citric acid and the lowest with tartaric acid. The results indicate that replacing acetic acid with other weak acids frequently used in the food industry results in pickled and marinated fish products with novel and milder sensory profiles.

Cooking effect on the physicochemical and antioxidant activity of spaghetti added with colored corn flour

AbstractBackgroundThe consumption of fortified food products is a growing trend because of the awareness of consumers about the importance of following a healthy diet. Therefore, the addition of functional compounds in a food matrix such as spaghetti could bring nutritional benefits to the consumer.ResultsSpaghetti pasta was prepared using a mixture of 60% semolina and 40% colored corn flour (CCF), such as blue, red, and yellow corn. Control pasta (P‐SC) was prepared using 100% semolina. The cooking quality, physicochemical, antioxidant, pasting, and color properties of the pasta were evaluated considering the addition of CCF and cooking effect. Chemical composition showed a decrease in protein content and an increase in fiber content due to the addition of CCF into the mixture. Cooked weight, water absorption, cooking loss (CL), thickness, and color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) were affected by the addition of CCF compared to the P‐SC. However, cooking did not affect a* values, while it increased b*. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity such as 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrilhidrazilo (DPPH), 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), increased due to the addition of CCF to the pasta. A reduction in antioxidant activity was observed after cooking, mainly in the TPC. The pasting temperature of the raw pasta was not affected by CCF, but peak viscosity, breakdown, setback and final viscosity were affected both by the addition of CCF to the pasta and by cooking.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that pasta added with 40% CCF maintains the quality properties and antioxidant activity, even after the cooking process.

The impact of different drying methods on antioxidant activity, polyphenols, vitamin C and rehydration characteristics of Kiwifruit

Kiwifruits were dried with convection drying, microwave drying and hybrid drying methods (hot air + microwave). Effect of different drying treatments-convection drying (CD), microwave drying (MD) and hybrid drying (HD) on physicochemical, nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of kiwifruits were investigated. The hybrid drying technique significantly reduced drying time and increased drying rate as compared to other drying methods. Hybrid dried kiwifruit slices showed the best texture attributes (low hardness, low shrinkage), better color (L*, a*, b*) and were rated best in sensory evaluation. High retention of bio-active compounds and reduced browning was also found in HD kiwifruit slices. Correlation analysis results showed significant positive correlation of phenols with antioxidant capacity. Drying methods significantly (p < 0.05) reduced protein and fat content of dried kiwi slices. However, a predominant decrease in protein and fat content was recorded in individual drying methods (Convection drying and Microwave drying). Hence, HD could be a more promising technique for development of dried kiwifruit slices.

POWR1 is a domestication gene pleiotropically regulating seed quality and yield in soybean

Seed protein, oil content and yield are highly correlated agronomically important traits that essentially account for the economic value of soybean. The underlying molecular mechanisms and selection of these correlated seed traits during soybean domestication are, however, less known. Here, we demonstrate that a CCT gene, POWR1, underlies a large-effect protein/oil QTL. A causative TE insertion truncates its CCT domain and substantially increases seed oil content, weight, and yield while decreasing protein content. POWR1 pleiotropically controls these traits likely through regulating seed nutrient transport and lipid metabolism genes. POWR1 is also a domestication gene. We hypothesize that the TE insertion allele is exclusively fixed in cultivated soybean due to selection for larger seeds during domestication, which significantly contributes to shaping soybean with increased yield/seed weight/oil but reduced protein content. This study provides insights into soybean domestication and is significant in improving seed quality and yield in soybean and other crop species.

Tryptophan front-face fluorescence and functional properties of whey: A preliminary study

This study investigated the potential of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy to predict the functional properties of whey. Whey has a commercial interest due to its excellent nutritional value and versatile functional properties. However, its attributes depend dramatically on heat treatment, which may alter its suitability for different food applications. Tryptophan front-face fluorescence of whey and its functional properties, i.e., foaming, gel-forming, and emulsifying properties, were evaluated after milk heat treatment (at 80 °C with seven holding times) to detect correlations between tryptophan fluorescence and functional parameters and generate predictive models. Whey samples were obtained by isoelectric precipitation of caseins from reconstituted skim milk powder enriched with whey protein isolate. As expected, heat treatments induced an increase in whey protein denaturation, as well as a decrease in total whey protein concentration and tryptophan fluorescence intensity. Gel-forming and emulsifying properties of whey significantly correlated with the maximum intensity of tryptophan (P < 0.001). Concerning foaming properties, only the foam stability index revealed a weak correlation with tryptophan maximum intensity (P < 0.05). Consequently, models presented strong significances (P < 0.001). Specifically, using only tryptophan fluorescence allowed successful prediction of emulsifying properties but was not enough for foaming and gel forming properties.

Superchilling of poultry meat for improved storage stability

Superchilling, a new concept of extending shelf life of fresh food products without freezing, has been confined mainly to seafoods and scanty work has been documented on poultry meat. Hence, poultry breast fillets were aerobically packaged and stored under superchilling (-2+0.5°C) condition for its storage stability as compared to frozen (-20+1°C) fillets. During storage period of 20 days, there was significant decrease in protein and fat content of both superchilled and frozen samples with an improvement in moisture in superchilled samples. The overall pH was significantly low in superchilled fillets at the end of storage. The water holding capacity of superchilled fillet was significantly higher with lower drip loss whereas extract release volume and water activity decreased duringstorage. The thiobarbituric acid and tyrosine values in both the samples increased significantly from day 10 onwards. The superchilled meat had significantly higher total plate count and psychrophilic count throughout the study. There was significant reduction in Lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) score as well as significant increase in the redness (Hunter a* value) score of superchilled breast fillet as compared to frozen fillets. The hardness and shear force values were significantly higher in frozen fillets than that of superchilled fillets suggesting the beneficial effect of superchilling in extending the shelf life upto 20 days under aerobic packaging conditions without adverse effect on its quality

From formic acid to single-cell protein: genome-scale revealing the metabolic network of Paracoccus communis MA5

With the increase in population growth and environmental pollution, the daily protein supply is facing great challenges. Single-cell protein (SCP) produced by microorganism fermentation is a good alternative for substituting plant- and animal-derived proteins. In this study, Paracoccus communis MA5 isolated from soil previously demonstrated an excellent ability to synthesize SCP directly from sodium formate. To investigate the central metabolic network of formic acid assimilation and protein synthesis, genome-scale analyses were performed. Genomic analysis showed that complete tetrahydrofolate cycle-, serine cycle-, glycolytic pathway-, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle- and nitrogen metabolism-relevant genes were annotated in the genome. These pathways play key roles in the conversion of formic acid into proteins. Transcriptional analysis showed that sodium formate stress could stimulate the metabolic pathway in response to environmental stress, but weaken the sulfur metabolic pathway to inhibit amino acid synthesis, resulting in a decrease in protein content (30% vs 44%). However, under culture conditions with ammonium sulfate, metabolic pathways associated with protein synthesis were accelerated, causing an increase in protein content (53% vs 44%); while the tetrahydrofolate cycle associated with formic acid assimilation was inhibited, causing a 62.5% decrease in growth rate (OD600: 0.21 vs 0.56). These results provide evidence of protein synthesis from sodium formate in strain MA5 at the gene level and lay a theoretical foundation for the optimization of fermentation systems using formic acid as a carbon source.Graphical

IMPACT OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE ROGOR ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FRESHWATER CATFISH Clarias magur (HAMILTON, 1822)

Pesticides are not only dangerous to the environment, but also hazardous to a person's health. Studies on pesticides have clearly established their link to cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, ADHD, birth defects and many more. Rogor is one of the organophosphates extensively used in agricultural practice. It is highly soluble in water for which it can easily enter into the nearby water sources and affect aquatic organisms. In the present study we have planned to observe the effects of rogor in some biochemical parameters in freshwater cat fish Clarias magur. Based on the LC50, we used two sub-lethal concentrations of Rogor - 1/5th (i.e; 13 mg/L) and 1/10th (i.e; 6.5mg/L) in our experiment. After 7 consecutive days of treatment, we have observed a dose dependent decrease in protein, glycogen and lipid content in both liver and muscle of the treated fishes. The amount of protein, glycogen and lipid was decreases with the increasing concentration of the rogor and the results were significant at 0.1 (P&lt;0.1). The amount of blood glucose and total blood cholesterol was also decreases with increasing concentration of rogor.

Interrelating EPS, soluble microbial products and metal solubility in a methanogenic consortium stressed by nickel and cobalt

The relationships between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial product production, metal solubility, and methanogenic activity were investigated. The individual, and joint, toxic effects of nickel and cobalt on methanogenic consortia fed with glucose as model substrate were studied using biomethane potential assays. Cobalt was found to be less toxic to methanogens than nickel at each concentration tested, and the combined effects of Ni and Co on methane production in the bimetal experiment was higher than the sum of the effects of each metal alone. The protein content of EPS, and extracellular soluble protein fractions, decreased with increasing concentrations of total metals. Meanwhile, no significant change in response to metal stress was apparent for carbohydrate content of EPS or extracellular soluble carbohydrate. Decreasing protein content of EPS was accompanied by reduced methanogenic activity and an increase in the soluble metal fraction. The strong associations observed between these variables could be due to the critical role of EPS in protecting microbial cells against nickel and cobalt stress, possibly by capturing metal cations through their functional groups, thus reducing metal availability to the microbial cells in the methanogenic consortia underpinning the anaerobic digestion process.