Decreased Body Fat Accumulation Research Articles

Decreased body-fat accumulation and increased vasorelaxation to glyceryl trinitrate in middle-aged male rats following six-weeks consumption of coconut milk protein

Decreased body-fat accumulation and increased vasorelaxation to glyceryl trinitrate in middle-aged male rats following six-weeks consumption of coconut milk protein

Dietary supplementation with Korean pine nut oil decreases body fat accumulation and dysregulation of the appetite-suppressing pathway in the hypothalamus of high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESKorean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormone release. However, previous studies have rendered inconsistent results and there is lack of information on whether dietary Korean PNO affects the expression of satiety hormone receptors and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Therefore, our study sought to evaluate the chronic effects of Korean PNO on the long-term regulation of energy balance.MATERIALS/METHODSFive-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with control diets containing 10% kcal fat from Korean PNO or soybean oil (SBO) (PC or SC) or high-fat diets (HFDs) containing 35% kcal fat from lard and 10% kcal fat from Korean PNO or SBO (PHFD or SHFD) for 12 weeks. The expression of gastrointestinal satiety hormone receptors, hypothalamic neuropeptides, and genes related to intestinal lipid absorption and adipose lipid metabolism was then measured.RESULTSThere was no difference in the daily food intake between PNO- and SBO-fed mice; however, the PC and PHFD groups accumulated 30% and 18% less fat compared to SC and SHFD, respectively. Korean PNO-fed mice exhibited higher messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Ghsr (ghrelin receptor) and Agrp (agouti-related peptide) (P < 0.05), which are expressed when energy consumption is low to induce appetite as well as the appetite-suppressing neuropeptides Pomc and Cartpt (P = 0.079 and 0.056, respectively). Korean PNO downregulated jejunal Cd36 and epididymal Lpl mRNA expressions, which could suppress intestinal fatty acid absorption and fat storage in white adipose tissue. Consistent with these findings, Korean PNO-fed mice had higher levels of fecal non-esterified fatty acid excretion. Korean PNO also tended to downregulate jejunal Apoa4 and upregulate epididymal Adrb3 mRNA levels, suggesting that PNO may decrease chylomicron synthesis and induce lipolysis.CONCLUSIONSIn summary, Korean PNO attenuated body fat accumulation, and appeared to prevent HFD-induced dysregulation of the hypothalamic appetite-suppressing pathway.

Diet based on Prosopis laevigata legume seed prevents dyslipidemia development in C57BL/6J mouse

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) burden represents a major challenge for health care systems worldwide. Dyslipidemia is an important factor that triggers the atherogenic process and CVD development. The intake of legume seeds has been associated with a reduced risk of CVDs. Seed flour of Prosopis laevigata is a good source of protein, with high levels of active compounds. In the present work, the dyslipidemia‐prone C57BL/6J mouse was used to evaluate the potential of a diet based on mesquite seed to prevent CVD development, through the reduction of blood lipid levels. The diet based on mesquite seed (D1MS) supported the nutritional requirements of mice for the growing stage as the diet based on casein (D2Cas) and standard chow (D3SC). Mice treated with the diet D1MS (2.33%) had significantly lower visceral fat deposition than mice treated with the diet D2Cas (3.32%) and the diet D3SC (3.48%). Treatment with the diet D1MS decreases significantly the blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol, resulting in a lower atherogenic index than treatments with D2Cas and D3SC diets. The phenolic compound content and specifically the presence of apigenin in the diet D1MS decrease body fat accumulation and atherogenic index in C57BL/6J mouse model, suggesting an important anti‐atherogenic potential of mesquite seed.

Seapolynol attenuates lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐L1 and decreases body fat accumulation in vivo

Seapolynol (SN) is a polyphenol mixture extracted from Ecklonia cava A number studies suggest SN regulates lipid accumulation in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism of SN on fat accumulation in vitro and in vivo has still not fully understood yet. In this study, we evaluated the effects of SN on lipid accumulation in adipocytes, zebrafish, and mice. SN significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in three experimental models by decreasing adipogenic factors. Triglyceride synthetic enzymes such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and GPAT3 were also down‐regulated by SN in 3T3‐L1. In addition, SN inhibited the expression of Krueppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4), KLF5, CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein β (C/EBPβ), C/EBPα, and Protein C‐ets‐2 (ETS2), while SN increase the expression of KLF2 in 3T3‐L1. These genes are associated with the mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), which is correlated with cell cycle. Interestingly, SN repressed the progression of cell cycle through the regulation of cyclin A, cyclinD, and pRb, but not p27. Moreover, SN dramatically decreased fat accumulation in high fat diet induced obese mouse or zebrafish model In conclusion, we showed that SN inhibited lipid accumulation in various models, including adipocyte cell line, mouse, and zebrafish. Our findings suggest that SN inhibits early adipogenic processes by suppressing the MCE stage via cell cycle arrest and its downstream signaling pathways. Our results also indicate SN may be useful in the prevention of obesity.

The importance of GLP-1 and PYY in resistant starch's effect on body fat in mice.

Resistant starch (RS) is a dietary fermentable fiber that decreases body fat accumulation, and stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in rodents. GLP-1 and PYY are gut-secreted hormones with antiobesity effect. Thus, blocking the signals of increased GLP-1 and PYY may also block the effect of dietary RS on body fat. In a 10-week study, C57BL/6J and GLP-1 receptor null (GLP-1R KO) mice were fed control or 30% RS diet, and received daily intraperitoneal injection of either saline or PYY receptor antagonist (BIIE0246, 20 μg/kg body weight). Dietary RS significantly decreased body fat accumulation only in wild-type mice that has saline injection, but not in GLP-1R KO mice. PYY receptor antagonist diminished RS action on body fat in wild-type mice, but did not interfere with GLP-1R KO mice response to RS. Regardless of genotype and injection received, all RS-fed mice had increased cumulative food intake, cecal fermentation, and mRNA expression of proglucagon and PYY. Thus, our results suggest that increased GLP-1 and PYY is important in RS effects on body fat accumulation.

大麦β-グルカンの機能性について

Barley have a component of soluble fiber called β-glucan which have β-(1→3) and β-(1→4)-linkages. Studies on the physiological functions of barley have been rapidly increasing in terms of the cholesterol-lowering effect, serum glucose and insulin normalization including the second meal effects, decreased body fat accumulation, and appetite control. It has been scientifically proven that the soluble dietary fiber in barley, β-glucan, might reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that daily intakes of 3 g or more of soluble fiber (β-glucan) in barley may reduce the risk of heart disease by its ability to lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) supported the following health claim for barley β-glucan: 1) maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations, 2) reduction of post-prandial glycemic responses, and 3) digestive function (normal stool frequency). Recent clinical studies have suggested that the consumption of barley and its products might reduce many risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, namely diabetes and dyslipidemia. In our inter vention study in Japanese men and women, the consumption of high β-glucan barley reduced waist circumstaznce and visceral fat area. This review presents recent information about the health function of barley β-glucan.

Abstract 466: Stigmasterol Accumulation in ABCG8 Knockout Mice Does Not Account for Xenosterol Toxicity

Xenosterol accumulation mice deficient in sterolin function leads to significant toxicity, with infertility, decreased body fat accumulation, macrothrombocytopenia, cardiac fibrosis and premature death1, 2. The predominant xenosterols are phytosterols derived from the diet and are a mixture of sitosterol (typically 70%), campesterol (~20%) and stigmasterol (~5-10%). Although sitosterol has been shown to have some biological effect in tissue culture, only stigmasterol has been shown to have a potent biological effect, by activating the transcriptional factor, Lxr3. To delineate whether all of the toxic biological effects were mediated by stigmasterol accumulation, we designed a diet that was supplemented with highly enriched stigmasterol (&gt;80% purity) and fed this to Abcg8 knockout mice. Stigmasterol accumulation in the plasma and tissues was comparable to the levels observed in mice fed a mixed phytosterol-enriched diet that had been shown to result in toxicity. Over a 12-week period, both male and female Abcg8 knockout mice gained normal amounts of weight, body fat, showed no disturbances in tail-cuff measured blood pressure, and plasma analyses showed no abnormalities of platelet counts or volumes, blood glucose, plasma cholesterol, despite accumulation of stigmasterol in the plasma and tissues. Fertility testing showed no abnormalities. Gene expression analyses of livers did not show any consistent patterns, although Lxr target genes were not up-regulated. These data do not support the concept that stigmasterol accumulation, at levels of 5-10mg/dL in plasma, account for the xenosterol-mediated toxicity observed. 1. McDaniel, A.L., H.M. Alger, J.K. Sawyer, K.L. Kelley, N.D. Kock, J.M. Brown, R.E. Temel, and L.L. Rudel, Phytosterol feeding causes toxicity in ABCG5/G8 knockout mice. Am J Pathol, 2013. 182(4): p. 1131-8. 2. Solca, C., G.S. Tint, and S.B. Patel, Dietary xenosterols lead to infertility and loss of abdominal adipose tissue in sterolin-deficient mice. J Lipid Res, 2013. 54(2): p. 397-409. 3. Yang, C., L. Yu, W. Li, F. Xu, J.C. Cohen, and H.H. Hobbs, Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols. J. Clin. Invest., 2004. 114(6): p. 813-22.

Abstract 667: Ergosterol or Brassicasterol Accumulations in ABCG8 Knockout Mice Do Not Account for Xenosterol Toxicity

Xenosterol accumulation mice deficient in sterolin function leads to significant toxicity, with infertility, decreased body fat accumulation, macrothrombocytopenia, cardiac fibrosis and premature death1,2. Although sitosterol has been shown to have some biological effect in tissue culture, only stigmasterol has been shown to have a potent biological effect, by activating the transcriptional factor, Lxr3. In patients with sitosterolemia, feeding shell-fish sterols led to accumulation of shell-fish sterols in their plasma4, suggesting any xenosterol could accumulate, if fed, to mammals deficient in Abcg5 or Abcg8. Fungi do not utilize cholesterol, but instead use ergosterol as the primary membrane sterol. To delineate whether ergosterol could accumulate in Abcg8 knockout mice, and lead to toxicity, we designed a diet that was supplemented with highly enriched ergosterol (&gt;98% purity) and fed this to Abcg8 knockout mice. Over a 12-week period, both male and female Abcg8 knockout mice fed an ergosterol-enriched diet gained normal amounts of weight, body fat, showed no disturbances in tail-cuff measured blood pressure, and showed no abnormalities of platelet counts or volumes, blood glucose, or plasma cholesterol. Fertility testing showed no abnormalities. Dramatically, analyses of plasma from these mice showed no accumulation of ergosterol, but a dramatic increase in plasma brassicasterol, with levels reaching 80mg/dL in plasma. Gene expression analyses of livers did not show any consistent patterns, although Lxr target genes were not up-regulated. These data do not support the concept that brassicasterol accumulation, at levels of 80mg/dL in plasma, account for the xenosterol-mediated toxicity observed. Additionally, the intestine shows powerful 1st pass detoxification of ergosterol by converting it to brassicaterol by using (presumably) dehydrocholesterol Δ7 reductase enzyme and highlights the importance of intermediary metabolism enzymes as part of the defense against xenosterols. 1. McDaniel, A.L.et al Am J Pathol, 2013. 182(4): p. 1131-8. 2. Solca, C. et al J Lipid Res, 2013. 54(2): p. 397-409. 3. Yang, C.et al J. Clin. Invest., 2004. 114(6): p. 813-22. 4. Gregg, R.E.et al J. Clin. Invest., 1986. 77(6): p. 1864-72.

D-Psicose increases energy expenditure and decreases body fat accumulation in rats fed a high-sucrose diet

We investigated the anti-obesity effects of d-psicose by increasing energy expenditure in rats pair-fed the high-sucrose diet (HSD). Wistar rats were divided into two dietary groups: HSD containing 5% cellulose (C) and 5% d-psicose (P). The C dietary group was further subdivided into two groups: rats fed the C diet ad libitum (C-AD) and pair-fed the C diet along with those in the P group (C-PF). Resting energy expenditure during darkness and lipoprotein lipase activity in the soleus muscle were significantly higher in the P group than in the C-PF group. Serum levels of glucose, leptin and adiponectin; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the liver and perirenal adipose tissue; and body fat accumulation were all significantly lower in the P group than in the C-PF group. The anti-obesity effects of D-psicose could be induced not only by suppressing lipogenic enzyme activity but also by increasing EE in rats.

Neuron-specific Deletion of a Single Copy of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Gene Reduces Fat Accumulation during Aging

Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and leptin signaling have been proposed to play an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. In order to specifically address the role of neuronal IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling for energy expenditure and metabolism we used conditional mutagenesis. Deletion of one copy of the IGF-1R specifically in post-mitotic neurons (nIGF-1R(+/-) ) does not result in growth retardation or skeletal abnormalities. Interestingly, male nIGF-1R(+/-) mice accumulate less fat mass during aging accompanied with decreased leptin levels compared to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, male nIGF-1R(+/-) mice present with increased locomotor activity and energy expenditure. In contrast, female nIGF-1R(+/-) mice remained nearly unaffected. Circadian pattern of locomotor activity and energy expenditure as well as food and water intake did not change. Consistent with increased locomotor activity, the respiratory quotient was shifted to increased fat oxidation in nIGF-1R(+/-) mice. Surprisingly, serum IGF-1 and IGF-1 binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) concentrations were decreased in nIGF-1R(+/-) mice despite the presence of normal pituitaries suggesting a functional feedback mechanism via neuronal IGF-1Rs, which regulate serum IGF-1 levels. Thus, we show that neuron-specific IGF-1R deletion in male mice decreases body fat accumulation and increases energy expenditure during aging.

Dietary Whey Protein Decreases Food Intake and Body Fat in Rats

We investigated the effects of dietary whey protein on food intake, body fat, and body weight gain in rats. Adult (11-12 week) male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three dietary treatment groups for a 10-week study: control. Whey protein (HP-W), or high-protein content control (HP-S). Albumin was used as the basic protein source for all three diets. HP-W and HP-S diets contained an additional 24% (wt/wt) whey or isoflavone-free soy protein, respectively. Food intake, body weight, body fat, respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin were measured during and/or at the end of the study. The results showed that body fat and body weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) at the end of study in rats fed HP-W or HP-S vs. control diet. The cumulative food intake measured over the 10-week study period was lower in the HP-W vs. control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Further, HP-W fed rats exhibited lower N(2) free RQ values than did control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Plasma concentrations of total GLP-1 were higher in HP-W and HP-S vs. control group (P < 0.05), whereas plasma CCK, PYY, and leptin did not differ among the three groups. In conclusion, although dietary HP-W and HP-S each decrease body fat accumulation and body weight gain, the mechanism(s) involved appear to be different. HP-S fed rats exhibit increased fat oxidation, whereas HP-W fed rats show decreased food intake and increased fat oxidation, which may contribute to the effects of whey protein on body fat.

Possible contributions of lipoproteins and cholesterol to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2

Low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia as well as lowering of LDL cholesterol with statins increase the risk of T2DM. We discuss the recent findings on the effects of lipoproteins and cholesterol on the function and survival of pancreatic β-cells as well as on obesity and insulin sensitivity of muscle and liver. LDL inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and proliferation of β-cells by LDL-receptor dependent and independent mechanisms, respectively. ApoA-I and HDL stimulate insulin secretion by interaction with ABCA1, ABCG1 or SR-BI and also inhibit apoptosis of β-cells. Mice with targeted knockouts of ABCA1 or ABCG1 in β-cells show reduced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. ABCG1 contributes to the enrichment of insulin secretory granules with cholesterol, which is needed for their formation and trafficking to the plasma membrane whereas ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from the plasma membrane appears to be important for their subsequent exocytosis. In mice, overexpression of apoA-I decreases body fat accumulation and increases insulin sensitivity of muscle and liver by inducing the phosphorylation of AMP kinase. LDL, HDL and cholesterol regulate the function and survival of β-cells. HDL also exerts antiobesity and insulin-sensitizing effects. Thus dyslipidemias may not only be consequences but also contributors to the pathogenesis and hence targets for prevention of T2DM.

大麦の生理作用と健康強調表示の現況

Although barley has traditionally been one of the most important food grains, the intake in Japan has been decreasing during the last forty years. Barley provides many essential nutrients (carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals) and functional components (dietary fiber and polyphenol). Studies on the health benefits of barley have been rapidly increasing in terms of the cholesterol-lowering effect, serum glucose and insulin normalization, decreased body fat accumulation, and blood pressure reduction. It has been scientifically proven that the soluble dietary fiber in barley, β-glucan, might reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is inferred that two principal mechanisms may contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effects of barley and β-glucan: 1) reduction of cholesterol and bile acid absorption from the small intestine, 2) inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Barley and β-glucan have therefore been approved as a potential health benefit against the risk of CVD in the United States and Sweden. Recent clinical studies have suggested that the consumption of barley and its products might reduce many risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, namely diabetes, hypertension and dislipidemia. This review presents information that will hopefully increase the awareness of professionals and consumers for the health benefits of barley.

Dietary Resistant Starch Increases Hypothalamic POMC Expression in Rats

Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable dietary fiber. Inclusion of RS in the diet causes decreased body fat accumulation and altered gut hormone profile. This study investigates the effect of feeding RS on the neuropeptide messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and whether vagal afferent nerves are involved. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with capsaicin to destroy unmyelinated small vagal afferent nerve fibers. The cholecystokinin (CCK) food suppression test was performed to validate the effectiveness of the capsaicin treatment. Then, capsaicin-treated rats and vehicle-treated rats were subdivided into a control diet or a RS diet group, and fed the corresponding diet for 65 days. At the end of study, body fat, food intake, plasma peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) gene expressions were measured. RS-fed rats had decreased body fat, increased POMC expression in the hypothalamic ARC, and elevated plasma PYY and GLP-1 in both the capsaicin and vehicle-treated rats. Hypothalamic NPY and AgRP gene expressions were not changed by RS or capsaicin. Therefore, destruction of the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves did not alter the response to RS in rats. These findings suggest that dietary RS might reduce body fat through increasing the hypothalamic POMC expression and vagal afferent nerves are not involved in this process. This is the first study to show that dietary RS can alter hypothalamic POMC expression.

Effects of Long‐Term Feeding of D‐psicose on Gene Expressions of Rat Liver and Skeletal Muscle

Previous studies have shown that dietary D-psicose decrease body fat accumulation and increase liver glycogen in consequence of serum glucose decline and serum insulin elevation. To evaluate in detail we measured gene expression of liver and skeletal muscle in rats after long-term feeding of D-psicose. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Each group except for the control group was fed a diet of 5% D-fructose, D-psicose, or psico-rare sugar (1:1 mixture of D-fructose and D-psicose) for 3-8 weeks. Within 7weeks of D-psicose intake showed no significant change to diurnal variation in plasma glucose and insulin levels. Lower plasma insulin levels and higher liver glycogen contents were observed in the psicose group than in the other groups after 8 weeks feeding of experimental diet. In the liver, GLUT2 and glucokinase mRNA expression markedly increased in the psicose group than in the other groups. No significant changes in GLUT4 and LKB1 expression of gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Theses results suggest that improvements of serum and liver component by dietary D-psicose were partly influenced by alteration of hepatic gene expressions. Therefore these changes of serum and liver component require at least 8weeks feeding of D-psicose.

Digestion and assimilation features of dietary DAG in the rat small intestine.

Several recent studies have demonstrated that dietary DAG oil rich in 1,3-species suppresses the postprandial increase of serum TAG level and decreases body fat accumulation, compared with TAG oil. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DAG, we investigated the metabolic features of DAG in the small intestine with regard to the digestion pathway in the lumen and the TAG-synthesis pathway in the mucosa. When intraduodenally infused as an emulsion, TAG was digested to 1,2-DAG, 2-MAG, and FFA, whereas 1,3-DAG was digested to 1(3)-MAG and FFA. When assessed by the incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid in lipids, the mucosal TAG-synthesis was significantly reduced by DAG infusion compared with TAG infusion. However, the mucosal 1,3-DAG synthesis was remarkably increased in the DAG-infused rats. The total amount of mucosal 1,3-DAG was also increased (4.5-fold) after DAG infusion compared with that after TAG infusion. Next, we examined the synthesis pathway of 1,3-DAG. In cultures of the everted intestinal sacs, 1,3-DAG production required the presence of 1-MAG, suggesting that the 1,3-DAG synthesis was due to acylation of 1(3)-MAG in the DAG-infused rats. Furthermore, measurements of DAG acyltransferase activity indicated that 1,3-DAG was little utilized in TAG synthesis. These findings suggest that features of 1,3-DAG digestion and assimilation in the intestine may be responsible for the reduction of the postprandial serum TAG level by dietary DAG.

Effect of triacylglycerols containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids on body fat accumulation in rats.

Effect of triacylglycerols containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids (TML) on body fat accumulation was studied in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed an experimental diet containing 25% soybean oil or TML for 6 weeks. The food intake for 6 weeks did not significantly differ between the two diet groups. However, the perirenal and mesenteric adipose tissue weight and carcass fat content were significantly lower in the TML diet group than in the soybean oil diet group. The epididymal adipose tissue weight and liver triacylglycerol content did not significantly differ between the two diet groups. The digestibility of dietary fat did not significantly differ between the two diet groups. These results suggest that an intake of TML decreases body fat accumulation compared to an intake of soybean oil in rats.