Decrease In Sintering Temperature Research Articles

Titanium dioxide bioceramics prepared by 3D printing method and its structure effect on stem cell behavior

3D printing was widely used for the modification of bioceramic structures. Here, Bioactive titanium dioxide (TiO2) ceramics with macropore structures were prepared by controlling the pore size through 3D printing, and further obtained secondary micropores by altering the sintering temperature. The structures and in vitro bioactivity of materials were characterized, and the properties of the ceramics for osteogenic differentiation of rabbits bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were investigated. The results showed that titanium dioxide ceramics could induce apatite formation in SBF, which indicated it is bioactive. All materials exhibited porous structures, which could promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Importantly, the structure with 200 μm pore size significantly promoted the proliferation and adhesion of cells. Furthermore, more secondary micropores formed on the surface of materials with the decreased sintering temperature, which promoted cell proliferation. The pore size of 400 μm significantly upregulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes, including Col I, ALP, Runx2, and OPN. It had the strongest osteogenic ability when sintered at 1100 °C compared to other groups. This implies that the 3D-printed TiO2 ceramics have good osteogenic properties, and the hierarchical structure consisting of macroscopic pores and secondary micropores can control it well.

Achieving high energy storage performance in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3‒based ceramics via Li+ substitution

In the search for dielectric material with high energy storage density, a ceramic system of 0.8Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–0.2K1-xLixTaO3 (NBT-KLT-x, x = 0.1–0.5) is proposed in this work. The addition of Li2CO3 is conducive to the decrease of sintering temperature of ceramics. Moreover, the XRD diffraction data of sintered ceramics indicate that pure perovskite phase showing the pseudo-cubic structure can be achieved when x = 0.1–0.3 while the excessive addition of Li2CO3 leads to the formation of pyrochlore phase. Based on the Rietveld refinement and Raman results, the Li+ doping in the NBT-KLT-x solid solutions (x = 0.1–0.3) can improve the phase content of P4bm, induce the lattice expansion and structural change towards a higher-symmetry phase. TEM observation also demonstrates the reduction in the size of polar nanoregions. With increasing x from 0.1 to 0.5, both the oxygen vacancy concentration and grain size display a tendency to decrease first and then increase. For the x = 0.2 ceramics with the lowest oxygen vacancy concentration and grain size, the largest electrical breakdown strength and lowest polarization hysteresis are achieved, giving an excellent recoverable energy storage density of 4.86 J/cm3 under 32 kV/mm, accompanied by a high efficiency of 90.46 %. Additionally, the recoverable energy density achieves a high level of ∼3.5 J/cm3 and energy storage efficiency is larger than 80 % over 28–160 °C, suggesting the outstanding temperature stability.

High-Modulus Laminated SiC/AZ91 Material with Adjustable Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Based on the Adjustment of the Densities of the Ceramic Layers.

To address the issue of inadequate strength and plasticity in magnesium matrix composites, SiC preforms were prepared using the freeze-casting process. The effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites were studied by controlling the density of SiC preforms through low-temperature sintering. The results indicate that as the sintering temperature decreases, the reaction products in the SiC layer decrease, resulting in lower SiC preform density and increased content of AZ91 alloy filling in the layer. The increased alloy content in the ceramic layer not only inhibits crack initiation but also hinders crack propagation, thereby endowing the SiCp/AZ91 laminated material with excellent compressive strength and compressive strain. At the sintering temperature of 900 °C, the SiCp/AZ91 laminated material exhibits impressive compressive strength and strain values of 623 MPa and 8.77%, respectively, which demonstrates an excellent combination of strength and toughness.

Microstructure and permeability of porous YSZ ceramics with aligned and gradient pore channels fabricated by freeze casting

Porous yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics with aligned and gradient pore channels were fabricated by the unidirectional freezing of aqueous suspensions with distinct solid loadings under different sintering temperatures. The results indicate that the microstructure and response properties could be tailored by adjusting the solid loading and sintering temperature. The pore channel size increased with the increase of solid loading or the decrease of sintering temperature, regardless of microstructure changes in an individual sample. With increasing the solid loading and sintering temperature, the compressive strength (7.18–30.76 MPa) increased owing to the lower porosity of individual samples. The fabricated samples had increasing Darcian and non-Darcian constants along the freezing direction due to the enhanced pore size and open porosity. The Darcian and non-Darcian constants in this paper were in the range of 7.06 × 10−13 to 5.92 × 10−12 m2 and 1.66 × 10−7 to 8.83 × 10−7 m, respectively. These results are of practical value for the fabrication and optimization of porous ceramics in the applications of filters and membrane supports.

Improving non-sensitivity of sintering behavior in KNN‐based ceramics via Fe2O3 doping

The non-sensitivity of sintering behavior in piezoceramics is critical to realize the large-scale industrial productions. However, high piezoelectricity in lead-free KNN-based ceramics can usually only be achieved in very narrow sintering temperature regions. Herein, we provide a simple method to broaden the sintering temperature range with decreased sintering temperature sensitivity by adding appropriate sintering aid Fe2O3. Compared with the narrow sintering temperature range (20–30 ℃) of previous KNN-based ceramics, the prepared ceramics exhibit a much wider sintering temperature range (∼100 ℃). The optimal properties (d33 = 370 pC/N, d33* = 447 pm/V, kp = 0.47, TC = 323 ℃) are obtained in the ceramics sintered at Ts = 1040 ℃. Relevant impedance characterization demonstrates the origination (defect-dependent grain growth mechanism) of enhanced electric and sintering properties. It is believed this work can provide a feasible and effective method for widening the sintering temperature and obtaining high piezoelectricity in KNN-based material system at the same time.

Core-shell structure and domain engineering in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based ceramics with enhanced dielectric and energy storage performance

Core–shell structured Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3KTaO3 + x% (in mass) Li2CO3 ceramics were fabricated in this study. Increasing x from 0 to 2 leads to the decrease of sintering temperature from 1 175 °C to 1 020 °C. The limited diffusion of Ta5+ results in chemical heterogeneities and core–shell microstructures. The Ta5+-depleted cores show the nanodomains (∼10 nm), while the Ta5+-rich shells display the polar nanoregions (1–2 nm). From x = 0 to 1, the appearance of cores with nanodomains contributes to the increase of dielectric constant and maximum polarization, while the further addition of Li2CO3 suppresses the dielectric and polarization responses due to the reduced grain sizes and polarization coupling. The enhanced dielectric relaxation and existence of core-shell microstructure with different polarization levels help to optimize the dielectric temperature stability. The x = 2 ceramics exhibit a stable high dielectric constant ∼1 400 over a wide temperature range of 20–520 °C. More encouragingly, the ultrafine grain size and core–shell microstructure in the x = 2 ceramics greatly benefit the improvement of breakdown strength. Combined with the delayed polarization saturation and high ergodicity, a high recoverable energy density of ∼5.07 J/cm3 is obtained under 44 kV/mm, with a high efficiency of ∼85.17%.

Magnocolumbites Mg1–xMxNb2O6−δ (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2; M = Li and Cu) as New Oxygen Ion Conductors: Theoretical Assessment and Experiment

MgNb2O6 with a columbite structure was theoretically predicted as a prospective oxygen ion conductor. This compound was successfully synthesized by the Pechini method. The Li- and Cu-doped samples Mg1–xMxNb2O6−δ (x = 0.1 and 0.2; M = Li and Cu) were prepared in the same way. The columbite structure (Sp.gr. Pbcn) was formed for the samples with x = 0 and x(Cu) = 0.1 and 0.2, while Li-doping led to the formation of two-phase ceramics with Mg1–xLixNb2O6−δ and LiNbO3 components. The lithium and copper doping led to a decreasing sintering temperature by 100–200 °C down to ∼1050 °C. For Mg1–xLixNb2O6−δ (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2), the experiments revealed pure oxygen ion conductivity of σ ∼10–5 Scm–1 at 800 °C, an activation energy Ea,σ of 0.86 eV, and good stability in a wide range of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. For the Cu-doped samples, mixed n-type electronic and oxygen ion (T > 400 °C) conductivity was determined up to 2 × 10–3 Scm–1 at 800 °C with Ea,σ = 0.21 eV at x(Cu) = 0.2.

Effects of (Bi0.5Li0.5)TiO3 addition on microstructures, electrical properties and thermal stability of BiFeO3-BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics

Herein, lead-free 0.7BiFeO3-(0.297-x)BaTiO3-x(Bi0.5Li0.5)TiO3+0.003BiGaO3+0.01MnO2 (abbreviated as BF-BT-xBLT, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0096) ceramics have been prepared by conventional solid-state sintering. The phase structures, microstructures, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, dielectric, and thermal stability of these materials were investigated. The XRD analysis show that rhombohedral and tetragonal phases coexist in the phase structure of BF-BT-xBLT ceramic. As the BLT concentration rises, the grain size first increases to 8.6 μm and then decreases to 6.14 μm. The grain size decreased from 7.68 μm to 5.02 μm with the decrease of sintering temperature. The piezoelectric, ferroelectric and dielectric properties of the ceramic increase first and then decrease as BLT concentration increases. The optimal electrical properties are obtained by adding 0.0012 BLT, piezoelectric constant d33 = 152 pC/N, electromechanical coupling coefficient kp = 0.321, mechanical quality factor Qm = 58.184, remnant polarization Pr = 25.07 μC/cm2, Curie temperature Tc = 485 °C and depolarization temperature Td = 465 °C. The BLT addition concentration may modify the aforementioned BF-BT ceramic structures and properties, while the decrease of sintering temperature from 960 °C to 880 °C causes modest decreases of relative density of BF-BT-0.0072BLT ceramics from 94.73% to 93.56% and d33 from 146 pC/N to 135 pC/N. Enhanced piezoelectric properties of d33 = 135 pC/N, kp = 0.279, and Qm = 63.713 are obtained for BF-BT-0.0072BLT ceramic even at an extremely low sintering temperature of 880 °C. In addition, the d33 of BF-BT-0.0012BLT ceramic reached 392 pC/N at 352 °C by in-situ dynamic d33 testing. This indicates the piezoelectric properties of the piezoelectric ceramic in its actual operating state. The main novelty of this study is the relatively high piezoelectric properties obtained at low sintering temperature and the d33 reaching 392 pC/N at 352 °C. The findings suggest that the ceramic is a viable material for the use of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.

Improved microstructure and high quality factor of Li2Ti0.9(Zn1/3Ta2/3)0.1O3 microwave ceramics with LiF additive for LTCC applications

In this study, LiF was utilized to decrease sintering temperature, improve microstructure, enhance Q×f, and regulate τf of Li2Ti0.9(Zn1/3Ta2/3)0.1O3 (abbreviated as LTZT) ceramics. A complete solid solution together with a phase transition from monoclinic to cubic rock salt structure occurred. The cell volume of LTZT ceramics decreased as the LiF content increased. Relatively dense and uniform microstructures were observed for the ceramics as the LiF content was not less than 2 wt%. The dielectric constant of LTZT ceramics initially increased and then decreased with the increasing LiF content. The FWHM of the Raman band at about 808 cm−1 was closely related to the Q×f value. Notably, the samples with 3 wt% LiF exhibited the highest relative density of 97.4 % and satisfactory microwave dielectric properties of εr = 23.14 ± 0.16, Q×f = 110,090 ± 1100 GHz, and τf = +3.25 ± 1.45 ppm/°C when sintered at 950 °C. Good chemical compatibility with silver indicated the ceramic is a promising candidate in LTCC applications.

Microstructure characterization and mechanical properties of in situ synthesized Ti2(Al,Si)C reinforced Al composites

A novel composite with in situ synthesized of Ti 2 (Al,Si)C solid solution reinforced Al matrix was fabricated in Ti 2 AlC-Al-Si material system via one-step solid solution and densification by spark plasma sintering method. The relationship between microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of composites doped with different Si content (1, 2 and 3 wt%) and fabricated at different sintering temperature (580, 570 and 560 °C) were investigated. The optimal sintering temperature of composites with increasing the Si addition was carefully determined. The interface reaction was effectively regulated under different Si additions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS) and nanoindentation test results reveal that Si formed Si C covalent bond in Ti 2 (Al,Si)C solid solution, and with the increase of Si addition, the hardness and elastic modulus of Ti 2 (Al,Si)C increased by 6.75% and 4.23% in the composites prepared by the three optimal processes. The tensile tests show that when the addition of Si was 2 wt% and the sintering temperature was 570 °C, the composites demonstrated an optimal balance of strength and plasticity. The ultimate tensile strength reached 226 MPa with a strain of 14.33%. Moreover, when added to 3 wt% and the sintering temperature decreased to 560 °C, the composite achieved a significant improvement in elongation. The performance are mainly attributed to the strengthening of Ti 2 (Al,Si)C solid solution and the regulation of interface reaction. • In situ synthesized Ti 2 (Al,Si)C solid solution reinforced Al composite is fabricated by spark plasma sintering method. • The reaction phase TiAl 3 is inhibited by the increase of Si addition and decrease of sintering temperature. • With the increase of Si addition, the hardness and elastic modulus of Ti 2 (Al,Si)C increase by 6.75% and 4.23%. • The Al composite with 20 vol% Ti 2 AlC and 3 wt% Si demonstrates a large strain of 16.33%.

Effects of Processing Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanoscaled WC-10Co Cemented Carbide

This work was mainly focused on the processing-parameter-related microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co-0.4VC-0.5Cr3C2 cemented carbide. The samples were prepared via a spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique using nano WC and Co powders and the corresponding inhibitor VC and Cr3C2 powders. The influence of the processing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained cemented carbide was investigated under different ball-milling times and sintering temperatures. The results showed that the grain size of WC decreased with increasing ball-milling time and decreasing sintering temperature and that the specific gravity of ε-Co increased with increasing ball-milling time. The hardness of cemented carbide increased with increasing ball-milling time and decreased with increasing sintering temperature due to the corresponding variation in grain size and the relative density of samples. The transverse fracture strength (TRS) was mainly affected by ball-milling time. The increase in ball-milling time led to decreased TRS values, mainly ascribed to the formation of WC particle agglomeration and the decreased WC-Co eutectic temperature. In addition, temperature changes were found to have little effect on TRS. The samples sintered at 1250 °C with a ball-milling time of 60 h had comprehensive mechanical properties. Their average grain size, relative density, hardness, and TRS were 355.5 nm, 95.79%, 2035.5 kg/mm2, and 2155.99 MPa, respectively.

Low loss and good chemical compatibility with silver electrodes of Cu2+-substituted Ba3Ti4Nb4O21 ceramics realizing low temperature co-fired ceramics technology: Crystal structure, vibration modes and chemical bonds studies

New low loss and low-sintering temperature co-fired Ba3-xCuxTi4Nb4O21 (BCTN, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12) ceramics with 0.60 wt% Li2O-B2O3-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 (LBSCA) glass were prepared by solid-state reaction methodology. This work showed that CuO and LBSCA were effective sintering aid, which improved the densification and decreased sintering temperature. Thus, the excellent microwave dielectric properties of BCTN ceramics (x = 0.08) were obtained after sintering at 925 ℃ with εr ~ 44.18, Q×f ~ 17,860 GHz (@ 5.6 GHz) and τf ~ 94.76 ppm/℃. Q×f value was increased nearly 3-fold compared to pure BTN ceramics (~ 6090 GHz). Based on the P-V-L bond theory, the Ti-O and Nb-O bonds together contributed greatly to εr. The Nb-O bonds was the main factor affecting the internal loss on Q×f. The τf closely related to the oxygen octahedron [Ti1/Nb1O6]. The BCTN ceramics would not react with Ag electrodes, and had great potential to be used in LTCC microwave devices.

Effects of (Li-Na)2CO3on The Electrical Properties of Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia/Carbonate Composite Electrolytes

Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia (CSZ) is potential as low-cost electrolytes material for Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). It is fluorite structure widely known as oxygen ion conductors. Addition of carbonate salt into fluorite-based electrolyte is common to overcome low conductivity of CSZ as well as to decrease sintering temperature. Increase of ionic conductivity in the SOFC electrolyte is also influenced by presence of protons (H+), so it is called mixed-ion electrolytes. In this study, the effect of sintering temperature and carbonate content prepared from mixture of Li2CO3and Na2CO3on the relative density, ionic conductivity and microstructure of electrolyte and fuel cell performance was investigated. The sintered CSZ/carbonate samples were examined physically and electrochemically by using SEM, TEM, XRD, and EIS. The unique detail of nanostructure for CSZ/carbonate was investigated by TEM. The XRD is to observed peak associating with CSZ, Li2CO3, and Na2CO3, as well as its crystallinity. Moreover, the electrolyte resistance was measured by EIS so that the proton conductivity and oxygen conductivity of CSZ/carbonate can be calculated. The improvement of low-cost electrolyte material such as CSZ can be realized by providing protons pathway.

Hot Oscillatory Pressing of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Copper Matrix Nanocomposite.

Carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix nanocomposites have great potential in machinery, microelectronics, and other applications. The materials are usually prepared by powder metallurgy processes, in which consolidation is a key step for high performance. To improve the density and mechanical properties, the authors explored the use of hot oscillatory pressing (HOP) to prepare this material. A carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix nanocomposite was synthesized by both HOP and hot pressing (HP) at various temperatures, respectively. The samples prepared by HOP exhibited significantly higher density and hardness than those prepared by HP at the same temperature, and this was because the oscillatory pressure of HOP produced remarkable plastic deformation in copper matrix during sintering. With the decrease of sintering temperature in HOP, the amount of deformation defect increased gradually, playing a key role in the increasing hardness. This work proves experimentally for the first time that HOP can produce much more plastic deformation than HP to promote densification, and that HOP could be a very promising technique for preparing high-performance carbon nanotube reinforced copper matrix nanocomposites.

Microwave dielectric properties of a novel low-temperature sintering H3BO3-added Ca2V2O7 ceramics

H3BO3 was added to Ca2V2O7 ceramics to decrease the sintering temperature by the solid-state reaction. The effects of H3BO3 addition on microstructure, sintering mechanism, and microwave dielectric properties of Ca2V2O7 ceramics were investigated. The results indicated that H3BO3, as a sintering aid, accelerated the mass transportation and facilitated the densification during the sintering process. An appropriate amount of H3BO3 doped Ca2V2O7 resulted in the decrease of sintering temperature along with the promotion of microwave dielectric properties. Moreover, the decline of VO bond energy and the formation of CaV2O6 explained the variation of τf for Ca2V2O7. In particular, Ca2V2O7 + 9 wt% H3BO3 ceramics sintered at 725 °C exhibited good microwave dielectric properties of εr = 10.36, Q×f = 37,565 GHz and τf = −106.56 ppm/°C.

Effect of Ni on the formation mechanism of TiC/Ni composites fabricated by reactive sintering

The TiC/Ni composites with 0 wt%, 55 wt% and 70 wt% Ni contents were fabricated by pressureless reactive sintering to study the effect of Ni on the formation mechanism of composites. The results show that the solid reaction between Ti and graphite is controlled by the diffusion of C through TiC layer, and the morphology of TiC layer is similar to the graphite sheet in sample without Ni. By contrast, graphite would dissolve into Ni in samples with Ni, and Ni particles would form continuous skeleton around Ti particles by solid phase sintering. Meanwhile, Ni diffuses into Ti particles to form NiTi compound. Therefore, graphite and C in Ni skeleton reacts with Ti to form TiC layer on whole surface of NiTi particles, resulted in the similar morphology of TiC layers to original Ti particles. Moreover, Ni plays one key role in the liquid phase sintering of TiC/Ni composites by forming NiTiC eutectic phase. The relative density of TiC/Ni composites are higher than 96%, while the samples without Ni shows no obvious shrinkage. The increase of Ni also contributes to the decrease of sintering temperature by enhancing the solution-precipitation process.

Mechanism study of the Mn‐substituted magnesium borate: Decreased sintering temperature and improved dielectric property

AbstractThe influence of manganese substitution on the sintering and dielectric properties of Mg3B2O6 (MBO) was studied, and the detailed mechanism of variation was discussed using density functional theory calculations. The characterization method involved a network analyser, differential–thermal analyses, thermomechanical analyses, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Manganese substitution formed a two‐phase system (MBO and Mg2B2O5), improved the dielectric property, densified the microstructure, lowered the activation energy, decreased the crystallite size, modified the band structure property, and strengthened the covalency of MgO6 octahedron. The 7% mole substitution of manganese to magnesium improved the dielectric properties of MBO to 7.06 for εr and 61 100 GHz at 15 GHz for Q × f, −54.8 ppm/°C for τf. The intrinsic densification temperature decreased from 1350 to 1175°C with 97.7% relative density.

A novel transparent ceramics from a slip-cast and vacuum sintered alumina/amorphous alumina nanocomposite powder

This study aimed to obtain high-density green pieces from α-alumina/amorphous alumina core-shell nanocomposite powder. This nanocomposite was initially obtained in the form of a pellet with high-green density using the slip-casting process. Then, it was sintered by a pressureless sintering method under vacuum conditions. The effects of slurry parameters, such as dispersant content, solid loading, and agglomeration for viscosity and green density, are investigated for optimizing the slip-casting conditions. The green sample with a density of 63% was obtained by using α-alumina/amorphous alumina core-shell nanocomposite powder after 13 h of wet milling and casting at 70% solid loading, 5 wt% Dolapix, and pH = 10.5. The sintered sample showed a relative density of 99.5% and a transmission of 72% in the IR region at 1300 °C under a vacuum condition. The application of the amorphous phase in the initial powder, as a shell, led to the sintering-aid of this phase and decreased sintering temperature. The slip-casting method also resulted in high-green density and consequently high-final density using pressureless sintering.

Proteic sol–gel synthesis of Gd-doped ceria: a comprehensive structural, chemical, microstructural and electrical analysis

Gd-doped ceria (Ce1−xGdxO2-δ; x = 0, 0.1 and 0.2) is one of the best ceramic electrolytes for application in solid oxide electrochemical devices. This work reports an innovative and environmentally friendly route known as “proteic sol–gel synthesis” using gelatin for their preparation. Materials are characterized via thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed method allows to produce pure phase nanosized powders at 400 °C that exhibit excellent sinterability at 1350 °C. Significant differences are found in the bulk at lower temperatures, with estimated defect association enthalpies of 0.45 and 0.56 eV for the compositions containing 10 and 20 mol% Gd, respectively, leading to an increased bulk conductivity in the first case. In contrast, identical grain boundary Schottky barrier height values of around 0.2 V are a possible result of the relatively low sintering temperature, decreasing the extent of the acceptor dopant segregation to the grain boundaries due to insufficient cation mobility. This leads to similar specific grain boundary characteristics in both doped compositions. Overall, this work provides a rational understanding of a novel route for the synthesis of CGO ceramics with competitive performance and decreased sintering temperature.

Effects of sintering temperature on ac conductivity, permittivity, and permeability of manganese doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

This paper reports on the effects of magnetic and electric properties of a non-stoichiometric composition of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles doped with manganese content at the weight percent 0.25. Its toroid and disc-shaped samples were sintered at two different temperatures 750 °C and 1050 °C. The studied results show the dependence of the permittivity and permeability on the microstructural features, particularly crystallite/grain size that change with the sintering temperature. The anomalous behavior of ac conductivity is marked outside a hump region with a decreased sintering temperature. A rightward shift of the characteristic frequency in the absorption of electric modulus is observed with the increased sintering temperature. Similarly, a rightward shift of the resonance frequency in the spectra of the imaginary part of the magnetic modulus is marked with the increased sintering temperature. The higher magnitude of the imaginary part of the electric modulus at the characteristic frequency is expected to dissipate as eddy current loss. Similarly, the higher magnitude of the imaginary part of the magnetic modulus at the resonance frequency is assumed to dissipate as a residual loss. Both of them are selectable by the sintering temperature. This behavior may make this material suitable to be used in thermoelectric and thermomagnetic sensors/switches.