Decrease In Total Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Features of prooxidant/antioxidant balance disorders in patients with diabetic nephropathy — carriers of different genotypes of G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene

Objective — to determinate the state of prooxidant‑antioxidant balance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy — carriers of different genotypes of G894T (rs 1799983) polymorphism of eNOS gene. Materials and methods. 126 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) were examined. The control group included 20 healthy individuals. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were divided into two groups depending on the eNOS rs 1799983 gene polymorphism: group I — patients with DN and G/G genotype eNOS G894T gene (n=80); group II — patients with DN and G/T and T/T genotypes eNOS G894T gene (n=46). Results. The distribution of genotypes of the rs1799983 polymorphism of the eNOS gene corresponded to the Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium. Data analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of genotypes and alleles of the studied polymorphism in the group of patients with DN compared with controls, which corresponds to the dominant model of inheritance (odds ratio 0.31 (95% confidence interval 0.09—0.99), p=0.045). There were significant gender differences in the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the studied polymorphism in the group of patients with type 2 DM with DN: women had a significantly lower risk of the G/T polymorphism genotype than men. The study of total antioxidant activity (TAA) revealed significantly lower values of this parameter in patients with G/G genotype of the rs1799983 polymorphism of the eNOS gene compared to carriers of the T allele (G/T+T/T genotypes). In diabetic patients with different genotypes of the rs1799983 polymorphism of the eNOS gene, the levels of total hydroperoxides (THP) did not differ significantly. Homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the T allele of the rs1799983 polymorphism of the eNOS gene had a significant increase in the prooxidant‑antioxidant balance. Conclusions. In patients with DN, the distribution of genotypes of the G894T polymorphism (rs 1799983) of the eNOS gene corresponds to the Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium in all studied groups and does not differ significantly from European populations. In men, the risk of having a heterozygous G/T genotype of the G894T (rs 1799983) polymorphism of the eNOS gene is 3 times higher than in women (according to the dominant model of inheritance, odds ratio 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.20—0.83), p=0.013). In carriers of G/T and T/T genotypes, a significant increase in prooxidant‑antioxidant balance was observed against the background of a decrease in total antioxidant activity, compared with carriers of G/G genotype (p<0.05).

A lupin protein hydrolysate protects the central nervous system from oxidative stress in WD-fed ApoE-/- mice.

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Studies indicate the relationship between oxidative stress and the brain damage caused by a high-fat diet. It is previously found that a lupin protein hydrolysate (LPH) has antioxidant effects on human leukocytes, as well as on the plasma and liver of Western diet (WD)-fed ApoE-/- mice. Additionally, LPH shows anxiolytic effects in these mice. Given the connection between oxidative stress and anxiety, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of LPH on the brain of WD-fed ApoE-/- mice. LPH (100 mg kg-1) or a vehicle is administered daily for 12 weeks. Peptide analysis of LPH identified 101 amino acid sequences (36.33%) with antioxidant motifs. Treatment with LPH palliated the decrease in total antioxidant activity caused by WD ingestion and regulated the nitric oxide synthesis pathway in the brain of the animals. Furthermore, LPH increased cerebral glutathione levels and the activity of catalase and glutathione reductase antioxidant enzymes and reduced the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels, a DNA damage marker. These findings, for the first time, highlight the antioxidant activity of LPH in the brain. This hydrolysate could potentially be used in future nutraceutical therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

The effect of a tyrosyl-D-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginine diacetate (Dalargin) on oxidative stress in patients with severe combined trauma: a prospective clinical study

INTRODUCTION: Severe combined trauma remains the leading cause of mortality and disability of the workable population. Under damaging factor influence, a whole cascade of pathological processes is triggered, leading to development of multiple organ failure. OBJECTIVE: Exploration of the effects synthetic analogue of tyrosyl-D-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginine diacetate (Dalargin) on the dynamics of oxidative stress markers in patients with severe polytrauma and the development of organ dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 104 patients with severe combined trauma were included in study. There were 38 patients in the Dalargin group and 66 patients in the control group. Patients from main group received Dalargin in the form of a constant infusion through a syringe dispenser at the dose of 10 mcg/kg/hour at first 12 hours of hospitalization and 5 mcg/kg/hour up to 72 hours from the moment of admission. The control group received standard treatment. Indicators of oxidative stress were evaluated at the time of admission (0 days), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days from the therapy onset. RESULTS: In the main group, there was a significant decrease in oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde from the first day of treatment (p < 0.05), normalization of stable nitric oxide metabolites at day 10, and a decrease in total antioxidant activity below normal throughout the observation period. Mortality was comparable in both groups (p > 0.05), but the length of hospital stay was lower in surviving patients in the Dalargin group (p < 0.05). The development of organ dysfunction (acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury) was less frequent in the Dalargine group (p < 0.05), but infectious complications (pneumonia, meningitis, wound suppuration) were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Dalargin leads to a decrease of oxidative stress markers and normalization of endothelial function indicators, which contributes to a decrease of organ dysfunction frequency.

Effect of Copper sulphate pollution and its antidote penicillamine on serum and brain tissues markers of albino rats

seventy albino rats were divided into seven equal groups each containing 10 rats (G1:control received distilled water) ; (G2: 0.1 LD50 of CuSO4) ; (G3: 0.2 LD50 of CuSO4) ; (G4: 0.4 LD50 of CuSO4) ; (G5: 0.1 LD50 of CuSO4 +100mg/kg/day of penicillamine) ; (G6: LD50 of CuSO4.+100 mg/kg/day of penicillamine) and (G7: LD50 of CuSO4+ 100 mg /kg/day of penicillamine) for 30 days and at the end of the experiment all rats were sacrificed and blood samples and brain tissues were collected for biochemical assaying of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Serum Cu level, serum tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress marker Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAC). also, DNA determination of relative gene expression of cerebral Adenosine monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase (AmpK), Protein Kinase (AKT), Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), Cytochrome c oxidase (Cyto co ), and Glucose -6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD). Results: The result showed that administration of copper sulphate with different levels induced a significant increase in fasting blood glucose level, lipid peroxidation marker MDA, serum copper level, and serum tyrosinase activity, and a significant decrease in TAC. Moreover, copper sulphate administration elicited a significant downregulation ( AmpK, AKT, PI3K, Cytochrome c oxidase, G6PD).it could be approved that penicillamine could abolish the negative impact of copper sulphate on neural tissues and serum enzymes. Conclusion: D-penicillamine can reduce neurotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by copper pollution.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION WITH CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGE IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Relevance. The study is relevant due to the increase in the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) with age, as well as the presence of common developmental mechanism with aging processes, that is a violation of antioxidant protection. Given the changes in the antioxidant state with age, studying their relationship with biological age (BA) may be useful in this category of patients.
 Objective: to study changes in antioxidant status in AH patients of various age categories and their relationship with calendar age (CA) and BA, calculated using two outpatient methods.
 Materials and methods. The study included 96 patients with an average age of 50.8 ± 14.3 years (53.1% of women), who were divided into 2 groups: the main group (n=71) – patients with AH degrees 1-2 stages 1-2 with low and moderate cardiovascular risk, controls (n=25) – healthy patients randomized by age and sex. Patients of the main group were divided into subgroups depending on age: 25-44 years (n=21), 45-59 years (n=25) and over 60 years (n=25). Markers of antioxidant protection: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were determined in all patients. BA was calculated using the method of A. G. Gorelkin and B. B. Pinkhasov (BA1) and V.P. Voitenko’s method (BA2 ).
 Results. Patients of the main group had higher BA1 (p=0.024), BV2 (p=0.004), greater weight (p=0.010), body mass index (p=0.008), waist circumference (p=0.003). Also, there were tendencies towards an increase in TAC and a decrease in TAA in AH patients, compared with controls, although the differences were not significant. Correlation was found between CA and TAC (r=0.422; p=0.032) in the controls, and in the main group there was an association between CA and TAA (r=-0.357; p=0.003), the strength of which increased in young patients (r=-0.412; p=0.037). When comparing the levels of antioxidant state markers in AH patients depending on CA and BA, there was no significant difference in TAC levels, while TAA levels were the lowest in the group of patients aged 25-44 (p<0.05). After grouping patients depending on BA, there was an even more noticeable decrease in TAA in patients over 60 years old compared to controls.
 Conclusions. The associations between CA and the level of TAC in the controls and TAA in the main group were demonstrated. The relationship of these parameters with BA was observed only in patients with AH, which may indicate the effectiveness of BA evaluating using the methods of A. G. Gorelkin, B. B. Pinkhasov, and V. P. Voitenko for assessing the aging rate in AH patients. In young and elderly patients, the determination of TAA levels may be of greater diagnostic value than the determination of TAC. The nature of TAA changes in AH patients of the middle age, is different from patients of young and old age, which requires further study, taking into account other possible factors.

Changes in the Lipid Peroxidation-Antioxidant Protection System in Women with Ovarian Hyperandrogenism at Different Periods of Reproductive Age.

We studied changes in LPO processes and antioxidant protection system in women with ovarian hyperandrogenism at various periods of reproductive age 18-45 years. An age-related decrease in total antioxidant activity and accumulation of secondary LPO products, ketodiens and coupled trienes, were found; these changes were accompanied by an increase in the level of superoxide dismutase and a decrease in the concentrations of reduced glutathione, α-tocopherol, and retinol. Women of early reproductive age (18-35 years) with hyperandrogenism were characterized by increased content of oxidized glutathione accompanied by a decrease in the level of α-tocopherol and retinol in comparison with the control group. In women of late reproductive age (35-45 years) with hyperandrogenism, increased superoxide dismutase activity in comparison with the control group was revealed.

Storage Stability of Spray Dried Nigella Sativa (Ranunculaceae Family) Instant Beverage Powder: Effect of Carrier Agents on the Physicochemical, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Properties

The study assessed the effect of carrier agent’s maltodextrin and gum Arabic on the storage stability of spray dried Nigella sativa powder packed in low-density polyethylene bags and stored at maximum 4°C for up to 12 months. At 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months intervals the samples were assessed for changes in caffeine content, moisture content, water activity, colour, solubility capacity, bulk density, and antioxidants activity as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). After 12 months storage, a 61-68% loss in TPC and TFC was observed and anti-oxidant activity had reduced by 70%-72%. Overall, water activity and moisture content increased with a decrease in total antioxidant activity, accompanied by a significant decrease in caffeine content. No significant changes were observed in solubility capacity and bulk density of N. sativa powder.

Lipid status and oxidative stress in menopausal women with obstructive apnea syndrome

to assess lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system parameters in peri - and postmenopausal women with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). 37 perimenopausal women and 43 postmenopausal ones were examined. OSAS diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and the polysomnography results. In perimenopause, the main group consisted of 18 women, in postmenopausal women - 17. All comparison groups are comparable by age and body mass index. Lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system parameters by spectrophotometric methods were determined. Non - parametric criteria were used to analyze the group differences for the independent samples. The increase of total cholesterol (TC) and low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were observed in perimenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control. The increase of TC, triacylglycerol (TG), LDL-C, very - low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels and decrease of high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-D) level were found in postmenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control. Accumulation of ketodienes and conjugated trienes in perimenopausal women with OSAS and thiobarbituric acid reactants with a decrease of total antioxidant activity of blood serum in postmenopausal women with OSAS as compared to control was observed. Moreover, postmenopausal women with OSAS have a higher lipid peroxidation substrates and diene conjugates levels with a lower α-tocopherol level and total antioxidant activity compared with perimenopausal patients.The integral indicator of oxidative stress assessment indicates an imbalance in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in menopausal women with OSAS. The results obtained indicate a violation of lipid metabolism and the development of oxidative stress in patients with OSAS. This is most pronounced in the postmenopause due to the aggravation of the pathological condition.

Flavanols protect the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae against heating and freezing/thawing injury.

The aim of the study was to check whether two flavanols ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (+)-catechin) can ameliorate oxidative stress (OS) accompanying and contributing to the lethal effects of heating (50°C) and freezing-thawing on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The flavanols studied increased yeast survival during heating and freezing-thawing, estimated by the colony forming assay. They improved also such indices of OS as increased production of reactive oxygen species, decrease of total antioxidant activity of yeast cell extracts and increase in the level of protein carbonyls. Amelioration of OS by flavanols increases the survival of the yeast subjected to high temperature and freezing-thawing. Flavanols may be considered as means of enhancing yeast survival under extreme temperature conditions and probably in other conditions involving OS.

INTERRELATION OF PLATINUM ELECTRODE OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL IN THE BLOOD PLASMA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS COEFFICIENT IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE POISONING BY CAUTERANT AGENTS

The relationship between the platinum electrode open circuit potential (OCP) in the blood plasma as an integral indicator of the balance of oxidation-reduction processes in the body with an oxidative stress coefficient (K) reflecting the balance of the lipid peroxidation and state of antioxidant system (LPO/AOS) in patients with acute poisoning by cauterant agents was investigated. The platinum electrode OCP in the blood plasma was measured using an original electrochemical technique. The oxidative stress coefficient was determined from the ratio of the malondialdehyde level to the total antioxidant activity of blood serum. The shift of the value of the platinum electrode OCP in blood plasma during the first 5-7 days towards the positive potential region coincided with the intensification of LPO processes and the decrease in total antioxidant activity of the blood serum. Sharp shift in the value of the platinum electrode OCP to the region of positive values (more than 25 mV) in patients with acute poisoning with cauterant agents coincides with the worsening of their condition. The data obtained during the monitoring of the platinum electrode OCP in blood plasma in patients with acute poisoning by cauterant agents allow to make a conclusion about the diagnostic capabilities of this technique for assessing the patient’s severity and correcting his treatment.

NUTRACEUTICAL VALUE OF EDIBLE FLOWERS UPON COLD STORAGE

The attraction and quality of edible flowers correlates with their high perishability. Few studies have evaluated whether edible flowers decay faster than they lose their nutraceutical value. In this experiment, ascorbic acid was negatively affected by cold storage in all the edible flowers investigated, whereas phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content were affected only in some cases. No decrease in total antioxidant activity was detected in any of the edible flowers at the end of their shelf life. Our dataset highlights that (i) the selection of edible flowers with low moisture content is key in ensuring a longer shelf life, and (ii) more effort should focus on preventing water loss in edible flowers.

Destabilization of ROS metabolism in tomato roots as a phytotoxic effect of meta-tyrosine

meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr) is a non-protein amino acid produced in both plants and animals. Primary mode of action of this phenylalanine analog is its incorporation into protein structure leading to formation of aberrant molecules. An increased level of m-Tyr in animal cells is detected under oxidative stress and during age-related processes characterized by overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to link m-Tyr physiological action to disturbances in ROS metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings roots. Treatment of tomato seedlings with m-Tyr (50 or 250 μM) for 24–72 h led to inhibition of root growth without a lethal effect. Toxicity of m-Tyr after 72 h was connected with an increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration in roots and ROS leakage into the surrounding medium. On the contrary, membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation in roots were the same as for the control. This was accompanied by a decrease in total antioxidant activity and an increased accumulation of phenolic compounds. Catalase (CAT) activity declined in roots exposed to 50 μM m-Tyr after 24 h while after 72 h activity of this enzyme was inhibited in both treated and non-treated samples. Activities of different superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms were similar in m-Tyr stressed roots and in the control. Prolonged culture resulted in decrease of transcript level of genes coding CAT and SOD with the exception of FeSOD. Moreover, m-Tyr increased the level of protein carbonyl groups indicating induction of oxidative stress as a non-direct mode of action.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПЕРЕКИСНОГО ОКИСЛЕНИЯ ЛИПИДОВ И АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ У МУЖЧИН БОЛЬНЫХ САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 1-ГО ТИПА

The aim of study is to assess lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in men with diabetes mellitus type 1. The objective of this study was to identify features of the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense system in men of reproductive age with diabetes mellitus type 1. 22 men with diabetes mellitus type 1 (the average age of 27.1 ± 7.38years) and30 healthy men of the same age (control group) (the average age of 28.0 ± 4.3 years) were involved in the study. The main and control groups were formed on the principle of copy - pair. Standard clinical examination methods were used: history taking, physical examination and consultation of specialists to identify complications of diabetes. To determine the indicators of the system of free-radical lipid oxidation and activity of antioxidant protection, the spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used. In men with diabetes mellitus 1 type, there is increase in the level of active products reacting with thiobarbituric acid compared to the same indicator in the control group. The level of antioxidant protection in men with diabetes mellitus 1 type unlike the control was characterized by decrease in total antioxidant activity. However, stability of processes of superoxide dismutase activity and the glutathione system in comparison with control is observed against the backdrop of intensity increase of oxidative processes. Activation of lipid peroxidation is observed in men with diabetes mellitus type 1.

Linking senile dementia to type 2 diabetes: role of oxidative stress markers, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α

Diabetes is considered an independent risk factor for cognitive impairments.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive disorder of elderly outpatients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in releationto oxidative stress markers and some inflammatory markersMethodology: Two hundred and twelve participants were classified into four groups according to their fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score. Control subjects were 118 subjects, diabetic group without dementia was 54 subjects, diabetic group with dementia was 26 subjects and 14 subjects of dementia without diabetes. Body mass index and waist/hip ratio were measured. Blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant activity (TAC), and some inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured.Results: Diabetic patients have significant increases in FBG, HbA1c, MDA with a significant decrease in TAC compared to control group. In all groups of patients, the levels of CRP, and TNF-α were significantly higher as compared to control group. The highest level of inflammatory markers was detected in diabetic group with dementia. MMSE score was negatively correlated with HbA1c levels and TNF-α and HbA1c levels were positively correlated with all inflammatory markers. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, MDA,CRP, Hb1c, TNF-a, and FBG were the most predictive risk factors for dementiaConclusions: These results suggest that a decrease in anti-oxidant levels and an increase in anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers might be involved in the pathophysiology of cognitive disorder associated with T2DM.

Effect of sub acute exposure of nano Zinc particles on oxidative stress parameters in rats

BACKGROUND: Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important essential elements in the body of animals and plants. Zinc plays a significant role in the structure of more than 300 different proteins and in many life supporting biochemical and metabolic processes such as cellular respiration and protection against free radicals. Nanoparticles of zinc are the new form of Zinc used in cosmetic and personal care products and also in livestock feed and food packaging. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of several sizes and doses of Zinc nanoparticles on antioxidant defense system in rat compared to controls. METHODS: Zinc nanoparticles (10, 20 and 30 nm) at 3 doses (3, 10 and 100 mg/kg bw) were administrated orally for 28 days among 9 experimental groups (n=5). 2 control groups were treated orally with ZnCl2 (100 mg/kg bw) and normal salin (n=5). After 28 days, the rat decapitated and serum was separated from blood samples. The ferric reducing ability of Plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes in serum samples were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress and compared with control group. RESULTS: This survey showed that zinc nanoparticles cause induction of GPx and SOD activity (P < 0.05) and also increased the level of TBARS (P < 0.05). This assay also showed zinc nanoparticles cause significant decrease in total antioxidant activity of plasma (FRAP) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nano Zinc induced oxidative stress in a dose dependent manner in large sizes, while their effects depend on the level of ionization in small sizes.

Alterations in Tear Biochemistry Associated with Postanesthetic Chronic Dry Eye Syndrome.

Perioperative dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common ocular complication of long-term general anesthesia. Chronic DES can lead to permanent damage to the cornea and disturbance of visual function, up to total loss of vision. Here, a relationship between the duration of general anesthesia and the risk of chronic DES in patients was demonstrated. Using an experimental model of perioperative corneal abrasions in rabbits, it was found that introduction of animals to 3-h general anesthesia resulted in clinically significant chronic damage to the cornea in 50% of cases. The development of the complication was not associated with irreversible or long-term impairment of tear secretion, but it was accompanied by a decrease in tear film stability and growth of the total protein content as well as decrease in total antioxidant activity of the tear induced by low molecular weight antioxidants. In addition, anesthesia-induced changes in activity of tear antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and enzymes providing homeostasis of reduced glutathione (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase) were observed. All these alterations were protracted (up to 1-2 weeks) and therefore might account for transition of the perioperative DES into the chronic form. These findings can be useful in the development of novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of chronic forms of DES in the postanesthetic period.

Resveratrol for prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in growing brain and its consequences on survival of neurons

Prenatal-stress-induced neuronal damage in offspring is multifactorial, including oxidative damage in the developing brain. Resveratrol is known to exert its neuroprotective potentials by upregulating several antioxidant systems. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced hippocampal damage and oxidative damage in neonate rat brains. Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another set of rats received resveratrol during the entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included several antioxidant studies directly from rat brain homogenate on the 40th postnatal day and hippocampal neuronal assay on the 21st postnatal day. Early as well as late gestational stress resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products and decrease in total antioxidant activity and nitric oxide levels in rat brain homogenate. The neurons of the dentate gyrus were severely affected in early and late gestational stress, and only the neurons of the CA3 region were adversely affected in late gestational stress. Administration of resveratrol reversed the prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage and neurons of dentate gyrus but not the CA3 hippocampal neurons. These results show the neuroprotective abilities of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in neonatal rat brain.

INVESTIGATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY THIOPHANE INVOLUTIONAL CHORIORETINAL DEGENERATION IN RATS OXYS

The method of spontaneous and induced luminol -dependent chemiluminescence in homogenates of rat retinas OXYS registered increase in the generation of free radicals against decrease in total antioxidant activity. With the ultra-microscopic and quantitative analysis revealed degenerative retinal neurons rats OXYS: the percentage increase in neurosensory cells with pyknosis of nuclei, hyperchromatic piknomorfnyh associative neurons and ganglion n eurons that have been modified on a light and dark type. Thiophane, limiting free radical reactions in the retina and protects retinal neurons from damage.

Contribution of MEK1/ERK1/2/iNOS Pathway to Oxidative Stress and Decreased Caspase-3 Activity in Endotoxemic Rats

Oxidative stress and apoptosis are the states that can contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis. In this study we aimed to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway plays a role in oxidative stress and apoptosis in endotoxemic rats. Systemic total antioxidant, SOD, GPx, and GR activities as markers of oxidative stress, and tissue caspase-3 enzyme activity as a marker of apoptosis were measured in sera and thoracic aortae of male Wistar rats sacrificed 4 h after being treated with saline (vehicle) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg, i.p.). A decrease in total antioxidant activity and caspase-3, SOD, GPx, and GR enzyme activities was occured by LPS. These changes caused by LPS were prevented when a selective iNOS inhibitor, 1,3-PBIT (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by MEK1, U0126 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) were given 1 h after administration of LPS. Our results suggest that decreased activity of MEK1/ERK1/2/iNOS pathway prevents oxidative stress by increasing systemic antioxidant enzyme activities and restores decreased caspase-3 activity in thoracic aorta in endotoxemic rat.

Garlic provides protection to mice heart against isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage: Role of nitric oxide

Garlic has been widely recognized as a cardioprotective agent. However, the molecular mechanism of its cardioprotective effects is not well established. Here we hypothesized that aqueous garlic homogenate may mediate cardioprotection via nitric oxide (NO). Mice were fed with saline and aqueous garlic homogenate (250 and 500mgkg−1day−1 orally) for 30days. In another set of experiment, mice were pre-treated with saline, aqueous garlic homogenate (AGH) (250mgkg−1day−1 for 30days), and AGH (30days) along with L-NAME (20mgkg−1day−1 i.p. for last 7days) before inducing acute myocardial infarction by isoproterenol (s.c. injection of isoproterenol 150mgkg−1day−1 for 2days) and sacrificed after 48h. Dose dependent increase in serum NO level was observed after garlic 250 and 500mgkg−1 dose feeding. While no change in serum SGPT and SGOT level, a significant decrease in serum LDH level was observed after garlic feeding. Garlic-induced NO formation was further confirmed in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Administration of isoproterenol caused a significant decrease in endogenous antioxidants i.e., myocardial catalase, GSH and GPx activity, and mitochondrial enzyme activities like citrate synthase and β hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase. All those deleterious cardiac changes induced by isoproterenol were significantly attenuated by garlic homogenate. However this beneficial effect of garlic was blunted when garlic was administered with L-NAME, a nonspecific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Further, a significant increase in myocardial TBARS and decrease in total antioxidant activity was observed in L-NAME treated group compared to isoproterenol treated group. Administration of L-NAME in mice from control group lowered serum and cardiac NO levels without any change of oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence that garlic homogenate is protective in myocardial infarction via NO-signaling pathway in mice.