Decrease In Solar Activity Research Articles

SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL METHOD OF INTENSIFICATION AND STABILIZATION OF OIL PRODUCTION IN THE FIELDS OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN

The article discusses research aimed at determining the effectiveness of measures to intensify oil production in the fields of Western Kazakhstan. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were developed for the further application of oil production intensification methods for the conditions of West Kazakhstan fields. The highest oil displacement coefficient (ODC) in the development of high-viscosity oils can be achieved using thermal production methods. To reduce viscosity, in practice, deep warming of the bottom-hole zone of the well is used, which can be carried out by electrothermal treatment of the bottom-hole zone of the formation, steam treatment of wells using downhole solid fuel heat generators, and so on. A combined heating method is proposed that allows heating the well products. Heating is provided by a solar panel all year round. In case of a decrease in solar activity, it automatically switches to a constant electric current. This method differs from others in that the solar panel continuously supplies electricity, reducing the consumption of electrical energy. In addition, the article presents the results of studies of the optimal heating temperature of the bottom-hole formation zone, potential well flow rates at this temperature and oil viscosity. Recommendations are given on the most rational way of heating the bottom-hole zone of wells in the fields of Western Kazakhstan.

Weather and climate and their human impacts and responses during the Thirty Years' War in central Europe

Abstract. The Thirty Years' War, which took place from 1618 to 1648 CE, was an armed military conflict in Europe. It resulted from the culmination of theological differences between advocates of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, as well as a power struggle for European political hegemony. This war brought about extensive devastation to Europe. Based on documentary evidence, this paper characterizes the climate, weather extremes, and economic and socio-political events in central Europe during that time. Natural climate forcing indicates a gradual climate deterioration during the first half of the 17th century, associated with a decrease in solar activity towards the Maunder Minimum and increased volcanic activity. The mean temperatures in central Europe from 1618 to 1648 were significantly colder than the reference period of 1961 to 1990 in winter, autumn, and annually, while precipitation and drought means did not differ significantly from the reference period. Summer temperatures, spring precipitation, and drought also exhibited significantly greater variability. As for weather extremes, particularly late winter, late spring and early autumn frosts, floods, intense rain spells, and droughts affected grain, fruit, and vine grape harvests, as well as the yields of other crops. These weather extremes contributed to various human impacts, such as food shortages (reflecting harvests and grain prices), famines, and epidemics. Ultimately, these events, along with the effects of the war, led to a decline in the population. The results obtained are discussed within the broader European context, taking into account climate, weather extremes, and socio-economic impacts.

Assessment of Outer Space Events on Troposphere and Climate Change over Iraq

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of space weather on the troposphere, where our climate exists. This work is useful to give us an idea of ​​the interaction between solar activity and some meteorological parameters. The sunspot number (SSN) data were extracted from the World Data Center for the production, preservation, and dissemination of the international sunspot number (SILSO), top net solar radiation (TSR) and temperature 2 meters from the ERA5 model of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) from the Climate Data Store with 0.25 grid Resolution, providing a rich source of climate data for researchers. This study was conducted from 2008 to 2021 (solar cycle 24 and the beginning of 25) over Iraq located within latitude (38°N-28°S) and longitude (38°W- 49°E). The results that have been reached were a decrease in solar activity in solar cycle 24, accompanied by an increase in the length of the solar cycles, and there was a direct proportion between TSR and temperature. TSR and temperature had almost similar spatial distribution over Iraq. The northern regions received the least amounts, while from the middle toward the southeast regions, they received the highest amount of TSR and temperature over Iraq. There was a reverse regression between sunspot numbers with TSR and positive regression with temperature, but the correlation was not significant.

English

To better understand the geomagnetic conditions and the particularities of solar cycles 23 and 24, we present analysis from morphological variations of solar and geomagnetic activities parameters IMF-Bz, the interplanetary electric field (E), the proton density (N), Dst (disturbance storm time), Polar cap (PC) indices (PCN and PCS), and geomagnetic activity index aa. The occurrences of the different classes of geomagnetic activity established by Zerbo et al. (2012), through the daily averages of the Aa index are also presented for the period 1996-2019 covering the solar cycle 23 and 24. This investigation reveals: (1) a decrease in solar activity and geomagnetic activity during the last decade; (2) the solar cycle 23 was a magnetically disturbed solar cycle with 41.52% disturbed days versus 72.35% very quiet conditions for the solar cycle 24; (3) the most important numbers of intense and severe storm or magnetic substorm conditions (E, PC index, Dst < -100 nT) are recorded during the solar cycle 23; (4) solar cycle 24 presents similar characteristics as solar cycles 12 and 14 and has also experienced spotless days at its maximum phase; (5) solar cycle 24 experienced low solar activity compared to solar cycle 23. The two solar cycles can be qualified as antagonistic cycles. Key words: Solar cycle, storms, solar activity, geomagnetic activity, antagonist cycle.

Drop of Solar Wind at the End of the 20th Century

AbstractVariations in the solar wind (SW) parameters with scales of several years are an important characteristic of solar activity and the basis for a long‐term space weather forecast. We examine the behavior of interplanetary parameters over 21–24 solar cycles (SCs) on the basis of the OMNI database (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni). Since changes in the parameters can be associated with both changes in the number of different large‐scale types of SW and with variations in the values of these parameters at different phases of the solar cycle and during the transition from one cycle to another, we select the entire study period in accordance with the Catalog of large‐scale SW types for 1976–2019 (see the site http://www.iki.rssi.ru/pub/omni, [Yermolaev, Nikolaeva, et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0010952509020014], which covers the period from 21 to 24 SCs) and in accordance with the phases of the cycles, and average the parameters at selected intervals. In addition to a sharp drop in the number of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and associated sheath types, there is a noticeable drop in the value (by 20%–40%) of plasma parameters and magnetic field in different types of solar wind at the end of the 20th century and a continuation of the fall or persistence at a low level in the 23–24 cycles. Such a drop in the solar wind is apparently associated with a decrease in solar activity and manifests itself in a noticeable decrease in space weather factors.

COVID-19 Pandemic –Milestone in Rediscovering the Rural Life

This study investigates the positive aspects of the impact COVID-19 pandemic has had on rural development, providing several examples from the post-Soviet space. It is predicted that the intensification of dacha recreation phenomenon, which has been significantly influenced by the pandemic, will spatially extend beyond the periurban areas of the largest cities and will create the preconditions for the restoration of abandoned villages, development of rural tourism and preservation of “archaic” living techniques and traditional lifestyle. In an interdisciplinary context, we learn about the increased tendency of city dwellers to own second homes (dacha) in the countryside. Attention is drawn to the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and a decrease in solar activity, along with the decrease in the disinfection capacity of solar UV radiation. The curative proprieties of landscapes are investigated, methods of their valorisation are proposed, and landscape therapy is proposed to be considered during pandemics, some of the most effective activities being open-air walks, with inhalation of negative oxygen ions, phytoncides, terpenes. The growth of uncertainties due to unlimited and uncontrolled human society development is postulated. It is proved that development must consider the unpredicted effects of a catastrophe and use this knowledge to prevent other more devastating events and effects. In this context, the preservation of the primary, although outdated, living techniques is proposed, since they can act as important survival factors in critical mode. It is concluded that COVID-19 pandemic should be perceived as a milestone in the reorientation of geography and ecology towards understanding and advocating for nature preservation to be able to sustain human society in a continuous transformation.

Some Features of the Present-day Transition Period in Solar Activity

Various geophysical indices and their prognostic value were analyzed in (Obridko et al., 2013; Kirov et al., 2013, 2015, 2017; Georgieva et al., 2015, 2018). Two indices have been selected for the analysis (total annual Dst values, and duration of a storm). It is important to note that, unlike the other indices of solar and geophysical activity, the summary Dst index does not show violation of the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule. The analysis of annual mean Dst values reveals a clearly pronounced decrease in activity, at least since the 1980-ies. This allows us to suggest that we are at the descending branch of a secular cycle or on the threshold of a Grand Minimum. The decrease in solar activity is corroborated by the analysis of Forbush effects, solar wind speed, and intensity of the near-Earth magnetic field.

Energetics of X-Class Flares at the Minima of 22, 23, and 24 Solar Cycles

Quite often powerful flares occur during a decrease of solar activity. In this work, we make an attempt to consider X-class flares at the minima of solar activity cycles as a separate group of events. Out of nine X-class flares we selected three such events that occurred at the minima of solar cycles 22–24: SOL1996-07-09T-09:09 (X2.6), SOL2006-12-13T-10:26 (X3.4), and SOL2017-09-06T-11:53 (X9.3); they were well observed by various instruments. All three selected flares are characterized by significant gamma-ray emission, which indicates ion acceleration during the impulsive phase. For the selected events, we estimated the energetics and distribution of the released free energy of the magnetic field between different flare components, including thermal energy and the energy of accelerated electrons and ions. No preferred energy-release channels have been identified for the considered flares at the solar activity minima. It turned out that the amount of magnetic free energy is several times higher than the amount of thermal energy and the energy of accelerated electrons and ions; the possible causes of this imbalance are discussed.

Vegetation evolution in response to climate change and rapid sea-level rise during 8.2–7.0 cal ka BP: Pollen evidence from the northwest coast of Bohai Bay, north China

To understand vegetation dynamics and their response to climate changes and sea-level rise (SLR) on the northern coast of the Bohai Sea during a marine transgression period (8.2–7.0 cal ka BP), we obtained two sedimentary cores (HG01 and HG02) with high-resolution accelerator mass spectrometry carbon-14 (14C) data from the coastal plain of Bohai Bay in northeastern China. A general warming and wetting trend from 8190 to 7920 cal a BP was indicated by the greater abundance of deciduous broadleaved forest, which showed that the Asian summer monsoon was stronger over this period. The abundance of deciduous broadleaved trees was relatively high, which revealed that the climate was relatively warm and wet and that the Asian summer monsoon was strong, during the periods of 7920–7690 cal a BP and 7230–7020 cal a BP. Broadleaved tree abundance decreased over the intervening period—from 7610 to 7230 cal a BP—suggesting a declining monsoon, and relatively cool, dry climate. The abrupt cooling event from 7460 to 7230 cal a BP may have been a global event, closely related to the decrease in solar activity and rapid SLR before 7460 cal a BP. The results also showed that the large number of halophytes mainly Chenopodiaceae, sharply increased at times, mirroring four SLR fluctuation periods: 7940–7860 cal BP, 7760–7700 cal BP, 7560–7460 cal BP, and 7230–7130 cal BP. SLR in Bohai Bay occurred during warm and wet climate periods, and the phased SLR observed during ~7.9–~7.1 cal ka BP may have been the local manifestation of a global event.

Inter-hemispheric comparison of ionosphere variation at each latitudinal band during quiet geomagnetic condition.

This paper compares the quiet time variation of the Total Electron Content (TEC) over four stations located at high and mid latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres of the African-European longitudes. Five years Global Positioning System (GPS) data, from 2002 to 2006, representing the periods of high to low solar activities were used for the study. Generally, the maximum diurnal values of TEC are observed between 10:00 – 14:00 LT in all the stations during the periods investigated. The minimum values of TEC are observed during the pre-sunrise hours for the two mid latitude stations and around the pre-midnight/post-midnight for the high latitude stations. The maximum values of TEC, however vary with season, latitude and solar activity in all the stations. The values decrease with increase in latitudes and decrease in solar activity. The values range between 10 – 32 and 11 – 50 TECU respectively, for high and mid latitudes for all the years considered. Seasonally, the highest values of TEC are generally observed during the equinoxes in all the stations except at the southern mid latitude station where it can as well be observed in summer, particularly during the Moderate Solar Activity (MSA) and Low Solar Activity (LSA) periods. The lowest values of TEC are observed in winter in all the stations in the southern hemisphere and can be observed in both winter and summer for stations in the northern hemisphere depending on the latitude and solar activity period. TEC variation also exhibits (1) asymmetry in the equinoctial values in all the stations and the magnitude is most pronounced during the period of High Solar Activity (HSA); (2) winter ionosphere anomaly feature, observed only in the northern hemisphere stations; and (3) daytime minimum and nighttime maximum in the diurnal structures of TEC at high latitude in the northern hemisphere during the winter. The nighttime maximum value was observed around 21:00 LT with magnitude that decreases with decrease in solar activity. The annual maximum value of TEC decreases with solar activity at all the stations, with the highest/lowest peak observed in HSA/LSA periods.

Characterisation of flare Soft X-ray distribution with solar magnetic activity

We analyse the 0.1 — 0.8 nm solar soft X-ray flux catalogue from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), managed by NASA/NOAA, between September 1978 and September 2017, in order to investigate the possible role of solar activity and solar cycle epoch on the distribution of soft X-ray peak fluxes. We concentrate our attention on the last three solar cycles because solar activity proxies seem to indicate a decrease in the magnetic activity of our star. We know that flare soft X-ray peak fluxes are characterised by a power-law distribution with an index α ≃ 2 that shows a minor dependence on solar cycle. More in detail, we study the dependence of the power-law parameters during each single solar cycle (cycles 21-24) and during different regimes of solar activity defined using three different proxies: i) Sunspot Number (SSN), ii) Mg II core-to-wing ratio (Mg II Index), and iii) solar radio flux at 10.7 cm or 2800 MHz (F10.7). The power-law estimation analysis is performed in maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) fitting method with goodness-of-fit based on Kolmogorv- Smirnov test. Preliminary results indicate that the power-law index shows a slight decrease as solar activity decreases. This except for the F10.7 proxy. More in-depth statistical analysis is necessary to confirm our findings. A post-publication change was made to this article on 22 Jun 2020 to correct the webpage title to match the pdf.

Cyclic variations in the main components of the solar large-scale magnetic field

ABSTRACT We consider variations of the dipole and quadrupole components of the solar large-scale magnetic field. Both axial and equatorial dipoles exhibit a systematic decrease during the past four cycles, in accordance with the general decrease of solar activity. The transition of the pole of a dipole from the polar region to the midlatitudes occurs rather quickly, so that the longitude of the pole changes little. With time, however, this inclined dipole region shifts to larger longitudes, which suggests an acceleration of dipole rotation. The mean rotation rate exceeds the Carrington velocity by 0.6 per cent. The behaviour of a quadrupole differs dramatically. Its decrease over the last four cycles was much smaller than that of the dipole moment. The ratio of the quadrupole and dipole moments has increased for four cycles more than twice, in contrast to sunspot numbers, which displayed a twofold decrease for the same time interval. Regarding quadrupole rotation, the mean longitude of the poles of one sign decreased by 600° over four cycles, which suggests that the mean rotation rate was lower than the Carrington velocity by 0.28 per cent. We do not, however, see any conclusive evidence that, in the period under discussion, a mode of quadrupole symmetry was excited in the Sun along with the dipole mode.

Анализ и прогноз исходов ретинопатии у недоношенных детей, рожденных в различные сезоны солнечной активности

Purpose: Analysis and prognostic outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) depending on the solar activity at birth time and gestational age. Material and methods. 229 case histories of premature babies born within 2017-2019 were randomly selected. They were split into two groups: group I – children with ROP (1, 2 and 3 degree) and group II – without any ROP (pre retinopathy). The disease outcome was taken into account in the children with ROP: laser coagulation (LC) and spontaneous regression. Also, all children were split according to the seasons of birth: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Results. The seasonal differences in retinopathy outcomes were observed: in children born in spring and summer, the percentage of spontaneous regression was much lower and was 15% in spring, 13.2% in summer, 29% in autumn and 29.6% in winter. The percentage of performed LC on the contrary was 21.7%-28.3% in spring and summer period and 9.7%-14.8% in autumn and winter. Conclusion. A mathematical model is constructed for predicting the outcome of retinopathy of prematurity, determining the probability of spontaneous regression of the disease based on such independent variables as the level of insolation and the gestational age of the child. According to the obtained formula, the probability of spontaneous regression of retinopathy increases with an increase in gestational age and a decrease in solar activity at birth time. On the contrary, the probability of need for laser coagulation increases with a decrease in gestational age and an increase in the insolation intensity.

Validation of the IRI 2016, IRI-Plas 2017 and NeQuick 2 models over the West Pacific regions using the SSN and F10.7 solar indices as proxy

This paper investigates the validation of the performance of the latest versions of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI 2016), the IRI extended to the plasmasphere (IRI-Plas 2017) and NeQuick 2 models in the estimation of the variation of the Total Electron Content (TEC) over the West Pacific regions during the 2015–2017 years. This has been performed employing the GPS-derived TEC data obtained from stations located at Observation Rock, OBSR (geog 46.90°N, 238.18°W, Geom. 52.46°N), Husband, HUSB (44.12°N, 238.15°W, Geom. 49.73°N). It has been revealed that both the GPS-derived VTEC and modelled (IRI 2016, IRI-Plas 2017 and NeQuick 2 VTEC) variations attain their minima at about 13:00 UT (05:00 LT) and maxima at about 20:00 UT (12:00 LT). Moreover, because of the enhancement of photo-ionization process in the region as a result of exposure of the ionosphere for direct radiation in the summer months, large measured VTEC values are seen in the June solstice months during 2015–2017. It has also been shown that, because of the variation of the Sunspot number (SSN) and solar radio flux 10.7 cm (F10.7), the VTEC variations for both the GPS-derived and models show decrease at transition from 2015 to 2017, with some exceptions observed in the June solstice months. In addition, the root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) between the GPS-derived and modelled diurnal VTEC variations are generally less than 0.5TECU in using both the SSN and F10.7 indices. This shows that all the three models are good in TEC estimation with the IRI-Plas 2017 and NeQuick 2 perform the best on most of the hours, in comparison with the IRI 2016 model with IRI2001 option, especially in using the F10.7 index when the solar activity increases. However, when the solar activity decreases, utilizing the SSN for all the three models (especially for the IRI-Plas 2017 and NeQuick 2) shows the better performance. Moreover, during the geomagnetic storm condition, both the IRI 2016 and IRI-Plas 2017 models with the storm option “on” do not adequately reflect to the sharp increase or decrease of the GPS-derived VTEC values.

Variation of the TEC at a dip equatorial station, Trivandrum and a mid latitude station, Hanle during the descending phase of the solar cycle 24 (2014–2016)

Morphological variations in the Total Electron Content (TEC) of the ionosphere at a dip equatorial station, Trivandrum (8.47°N, 76.91° E) and a mid latitude station, Hanle (32.78° N, 78.95° E) during the period 2014–2016 is studied using the GPS TEC measurements from the InSWIM (Indian Network for Space Weather Impact Monitoring) network of stations. The variation of the TEC at Hanle, which is located in the same longitude sector as that of Trivandrum, is presented here for the first time. At Hanle, the TEC peaks at local noontime while its peak appears with a delay (1600 LT) at Trivandrum. The minima in the TEC at both stations appear during the early morning hours. Nighttime enhancements in the TEC are seen at Trivandrum during the equinoctial months while at Hanle they appear in the summer months. The TEC at both the stations exhibit semi-annual anomaly and equinoctial asymmetry. However, the winter anomaly is seen only at Trivandrum. The TEC at both Trivandrum and Hanle is seen to display strong solar activity dependence with the average TEC decreasing as solar activity decreases. We surmise that the observed diurnal/seasonal/annual variations in the TEC at the dip equatorial station, Trivandrum is controlled by the processes induced by electrodynamics while the TEC variations at the mid latitude station, Hanle is mostly affected by the neutral dynamical processes. The morphological comparison between the TEC at Trivandrum derived from the IRI 2012 model and GPS TEC measurements shows only a qualitative agreement. The IRI 2012 model is found to overly underestimate the daytime as well as nighttime TEC at the dip equatorial station, Trivandrum while it is well in agreement with the TEC measurements at the mid latitude station, Hanle.

About trend assessment of maximum annual values of snow load on the ground in Krasnodar Krai

Paper addresses maximum annual values of snow load on the ground at plain and mountainous regions of Krasnodar Krai, which served as a basis for establishing snow loads on buildings in SNKK 20-303-2002 "Loads and Actions. Snow Loads and Wind Actions". Given the fact that average annual temperature has increased by two degrees in Kuban region during last 30 years of observations it is important to estimate the influence of this shift on the values of snow loads and the possibility of future changes of snow loads. The research employs time series of snow-measuring observations during 1946–1999 for mountain regions and 1946-2012 for plain regions. Inversion criterion was used for assessing the significance of the linear trend of maximum annual values of snow load. Assessment was made for 20 meteorological stations in plain part of the region and for 3 snow courses in mountainous areas of West Caucasus at heights of 500 to 2000 m, including mountain cluster of the 2014 Winter Olympics Games Venues. It was established that in all cases with the level of statistical certainty 0.95 trend is absent. In the foreseeable future during next several decades snow loads in Krasnodar Krai may be assumed to remain stable, if characteristics of climate will not change under the influence of anticipated decrease of solar activity.

Ionospheric Scintillation Activity Over Ilorin, Nigeria

AbstractScintillation of radio waves in the L‐band frequency is a regular occurrence at the equatorial and auroral regions at night most especially during high solar activity periods. Scintillation is caused by plasma density irregularities, and this could cause loss of lock of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals leading to impairment of the applications that rely on this system. A study on the occurrence of scintillation activity over Ilorin (latitude = 8.48°N, longitude = 4.67°W, and geomagnetic latitude = 1.89°S), Nigeria was done using S4 index data from NovAtel GPStation‐2 receiver (2009–2012) and NovAtel GPStation‐6 receiver (August 2013 to December 2016) which are both located at this station. The solar maximum period of the solar cycle 24 is located well within the period of this investigation; hence, this study provides opportunity to see the occurrence pattern of scintillation during different seasons as well as the pattern from low solar activity to solar maximum. The results obtained showed that scintillation occurs between 21:00 LT and 04:00 LT at the peak of the occurrence in 2014. The time window of occurrence decreases with decrease in solar activity. Similarly, scintillation activity was observed to be more regular during high solar activity and it has two peaks of occurrence in March and October. A solar activity trend was observed in scintillation occurrence; scintillation activity increases with increase in the level of solar activity.

Productivity of dairy cows and quality of milk-raw material with different cosmophysic activity

The results of studies on the relationship between cosmophysical activity and animal productivity (the rhythm of milk yield of cows and the chemical composition of milk, the biochemical composition of raw milk) are presented. It was found that during the phase of growth of the activity of the Sun and the increase in the values of the Wolf index (sunspot) in the first half of the 24-year eleven-year cycle of solar activity, the average value of Wolf (sunspot) numbers varied from 0 to 100. For 2-3 years, at the lower peak of solar activity, and 2-3 years - at the top peak of activity, minimal and unreliable correlation relationships were observed. The most stable connections occur in the middle of an upswing or a decrease in solar activity. An increase in the relationship between the studied indicators was observed when the animals achieved maximum productivity. With an increase in milk yield from 7500 kg to 8500 kg, and further to 10,000 kg, the correlation coefficient was + 0.37, + 0.52 and + 0.64, respectively. The maximum influence of solar activity Wolf (sunspot) numbers) on the average productivity of one animal in the household is manifested at the peak of solar activity growth. It has been established that during the years of the rise of solar activity with low absolute values of Wolf (sunspot) numbers, low yields are more likely, and in high solar activity years, higher dairy values (record) are more likely. It was noted that all the components of milk decreased on days of increasing solar activity. The correlation coefficients for protein and milk fat content with Wolf (sunspot) numbers were r = -0.34 and r = -0.22, P 0.95. Correlation analysis revealed a reliable correlation of bacterial contamination and the number of somatic cells r = +0.28 and r = +0.31 (at P 0.95), respectively, with the Wolf (sunspot) numbers. In the collection milk, the negative correlation by fat content r = -0.12, density r = -0.18, acidity r = -0.17, protein content r = -0.19, sugar content r = -0.14, minerals r = -0.17 was observed with an increase in solar activity.

Empirical model of long‐time variations of galactic cosmic ray particle fluxes

AbstractThe galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particle flux model has been developed by using the experimental data obtained during the solar cycles 21–24. The model calculates fluxes of GCR particles (with charge z from 1 to 28 and energy E from 80 up to 105 MeV/nucleon) in the interplanetary space (ecliptic plane) as a function of solar activity (sunspot number) and the heliocentric distance. GCR proton fluxes computed by the model for the case of a possible decrease in solar activity during solar cycles 25 and 26 are discussed.

NEW TREND IN RESEARCH ON THE STUDY OF PRODUCTIVE OF ANIMALS IN CONNECTION WITH VARIOUS COSMOPHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Brief results of research at the Department of Zootechnics of the PFUR in more than 30 years are reported on the relationship between cosmophysical activity and animal productivity (the rhythm of milk yield of cows and the chemical composition of milk, the biochemical composition of cows' blood). It is established that in even and odd 11-year solar cycles, animals react differently to cosmophysical activity. In even cycles, the increase in solar activity contributes to the growth of milk yields. In odd cycles, increasing solar activity reduces milk yield. The data of scientific observations, covering the periods of even and odd cycles, should be grouped and analyzed separately by cycles. Within 2-3 years, at the lowest peak of solar activity, and 2-3 years - at the top peak of activity (with the change of magnetic poles on the Sun) minimal and unreliable correlations are noted. The strongest correlation was noted in the middle of the rise or decrease in solar activity. The rhythm of milk yield was noted regard-less of the lactation phase of cows. Approximately 1/3 of the time, milk yield increased, 1/3 - decreased and 1/3 - remained at the same level, with fluctuations, with periods from 2.7; 3.3; up to 5.5 days. With an increase in milk yield during 31.0% of lactation days, the content of fat and protein in milk decreased, respectively, 25.8 and 25.4% of the time. With a decrease in milk yield during 33.7% of lactation days, the fat and protein content did not change, respectively, 49.8 and 48.1% days. The most pronounced interval of rhythmicity of the concentration of fat and protein in milk from 2 to 2.5 days with an average value of 2.2 days was established. In addition rhythm 2.8; 3.4; 4.4; 8; 32; 41,1 and 72 days was marked. Approxi-mately with the same cycles in the milk, sugar concentrations, density and acidity were changed.