Decrease In Transmittance Research Articles

Assessing Environmental Dynamics and Angular Influence on PV Soiling: Employing ANFIS to Mitigate Power Losses

The performance of solar photovoltaic systems is impacted by dust accumulation, raising maintenance concerns and discouraging wider adoption to accelerate decarbonization pathways. This research investigates the influence of environmental dynamics on dust accumulation based on several locations, considering weather conditions, seasonality, and angular installation variations, over a three-month period. Low-iron glass coupons were employed to collect on-site soiling from four different locations: agricultural, residential, industrial, and desert. The samples collected were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental analysis, spectrophotometry for optical properties, and I–V tracing for efficiency analysis. The data were processed using ANFIS techniques to extract the maximum power point (MPP) and reduce the power losses. The results showed significant differences in the dust properties across the sites, influenced by the topography, weather conditions, and human activity. The measurements revealed a decrease in transmittance of up to 17.98%, resulting in power losses of up to 22.66% after three months. The findings highlight the necessity for tailored maintenance strategies to mitigate the impact of human activities and site-specific factors on performance. This could be employed in developing predictive models providing valuable insights for sustaining solar energy systems.

Analyzing the effectiveness of various coatings to mitigate photovoltaic modules soiling in desert climate

In this work, two different anti-soiling coatings (ASC) and anti-reflection coatings (ARC) were developed and tested under real operating conditions in Doha, Qatar, and compared with uncoated glass (UNC) to identify the best coating properties for mitigating solar photovoltaic (PV) module soiling. Soiling was measured in terms of loss in light transmittance, measured by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and increase in surface coverage area, measured using optical microscopy. The results indicate a decrease in light transmittance and an increase in surface coverage area over time due to dust accumulation. ASC coupons show higher hydrophilicity and, therefore, less soiling. ASC/ARC leads to a higher loss in light transmittance, while UNC results in a higher surface coverage area compared to the other coupons. Over 25 weeks of outdoor exposure and 12 cleaning cycles, analysis of 13,320 light microscopy images revealed mean dust surface coverage areas for ASC, ASC/ARC, and UNC glass coupons of 14.6 %, 13.6 %, and 15.8 %, respectively. Unlike the ASC/ARC and UNC coupons, the ASC recovers to its initial condition immediately after cleaning. Therefore, ASC was found to maintain a cleaner glass surface compared to ASC/ARC and UNC. However, the differences in transmittance loss among the three coupons are not significant. The results were compared to findings from similar studies conducted in Saudi Arabia to evaluate regional differences in coatings performance. For the same coatings, a significant light transmittance loss was measured in Doha (Qatar) compared to Uyaynah (Saudi Arabia). The combination of high humidity and heavy dust in Qatar's extreme conditions reduces the effectiveness of both ASC/ARC and ASC coatings.

Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties of Few-Layer Graphene for Transparent Conducting Electrode: Density Functional Theory Perspective

The challenge in utilizing graphene for transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) is to increase the electronic conductivity without significantly decreasing its transmittance. Forming a few-layer structure is an effective way to modify the electronic properties of graphene. In this paper, we used the density functional theory (DFT) method to study the effect of the number of few-layer graphene (FLG) layers on the electronic conductivity and transmittance. We find that increasing the number of layers leads to an increase in electronic conductivity. On the other hand, a decrease in transmittance was observed when the number of layers was increased. Based on the performance analysis, the optoelectronic properties of FLG with more than three layers were better than those of conventional TCE materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO). The calculated electronic conductivity and transmittance of a 4-layer FLG were 2.23×1019 (1/Ω.m.s) and 95.69%, respectively. This finding can be used as guidance for experimental research in developing graphene-based TCE materials. Keywords: density functional theory, electronic conductivity, few-layer graphene, transmittance

Investigating the Effect of the Yellow Chlorophyll on the Characteristics of Liquid Polyethylene Glycol for Liquid Electrolyte Solar Cells

In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and natural dye were employed to make the liquid electrolyte media for solar cells. To prepare varied amounts of dye, the yellow dye of the flowers was extracted using diluted ethanol via ionized water. To produce a constant concentration of all polymer liquids, 10g of PEG dissolves in 1000 ml of solvents including: (di-water, dilute dye, and concentrated dye) individually. The viscosity of solutions was determined using an Ostwald viscometer at various temperatures. Optical parameters such as transmittance, absorbance, and indirect energy gap were investigated utilizing the ultraviolet spectrum. The results reveal that increasing the temperature causes the viscosity decreases and the solar cell efficiency increases. When the dye concentration is increased, the absorbance and absorption coefficient increase, while the transmittance decreases. After adding the concentrated dye, the energy gap of liquid PEG reduces from 1.4 eV to 0.6 eV. PEG with concentrated dye, on the other hand, is the best sample based on the energy gap value. As a result, four concentrations of PEG liquid were prepared: (0.02, 0.025, and 0.03) w/v concentrations, followed by the addition of the concentration dye in the same quantity for each concentration of PEG liquid. Four prepared liquids were tested for viscosity. The results showed that the viscosity of PEG + concentrated dye decreased as the PEG concentration was increased. When the concentration of PEG solution without dye is increased, the viscosity of PEG liquids increases.

Fabrication of novel MoOx / PVA hydrogel nanocomposite for photochromic smart window

Photochromic smart windows allow for simple manufacturing without the need for additional energy input for adaptive control of sunlight, which will have a huge impact on the comfort of daylight and the development of smart windows. Among them, although molybdenum-based materials have advantages such as low cost and stable coloring, the lack of fast transmission switching capability and liquid phase color changing environment limit its implementation in the field of smart windows. Here, we report a low-cost method to fabricate a novel photochromic hydrogel (MoOx/PVA) by combining molybdenum oxide nanosheets (MoOx, 2 ≤ x ≤ 3) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel. Under ultraviolet light (UV = 360–400 nm) irradiation, the hydrogel achieves rapid color change visible to the naked eye within 10 s, with an exponential decrease in transmittance, reversible switching of transparency between 70 % and 5 %, and retains about 95 % transmittance after 14 cycles. Due to the good biocompatibility of molybdenum oxide, hydrogel can also be used for personal wearable, which can achieve 1.4 °C of cooling when exposed to sunlight for 3 min. Moreover, the photochromic and recovery properties of the large-sized (29.7 cm × 21 cm) MoOx/PVA hydrogel demonstrate its broad prospects for production applications in smart windows. It is believed that this study will open new opportunities for both fabrication and application in photochromic smart windows and intelligent devices.

Tailoring of magnetic phase: Co-doped SiC thin films grown by RF sputtering

In the present work, we investigate the influence of cobalt (Co) doping on the structural and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped silicon carbide (Co-SiC) thin films. The films were fabricated using DC/RF magnetron sputtering technique on Si (100) substrates at a temperature of 1200°C, with varying Co concentrations ranging from 5 to 16 at. (at%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis unveiled the co-existence of CoSi2 and SiC phases in all the thin films. Surface morphological study through atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the densely packed nature of the films. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) study showed that particles are uniformly distributed at the surface of the substrate. According to UV measurements, the films have high transmittance in the visible range, and as Co concentration rises, transmittance decreases. A magnetic phase transition from superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic behavior occurred with Co content surpassing 8 at% in the SiC thin films. Moreover, an increase in coercivity was observed from 38 Oe to 316 Oe as the doping concentration increased from 10 to 16 at%. This study represents an exploration into the induction of ferromagnetism through moderate Co doping in SiC thin films.

Atmospheric continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication with orbital angular momentum multiplexing

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) with the feature of allowing secret messages to be communicated directly over quantum channels has two approaches including discrete variable and continuous variable (CV). Among of them, the CVQSDC system indicates the advantages of high secrecy capacity and low experimental cost. As the number of eigenstates is unbounded, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is an efficient method to increase the secrecy capacity in a CVQSDC system. However, OAM is very vulnerable to atmospheric turbulence, resulting in a phase distortion quantum state. In this work, we propose a CVQSDC protocol with OAM multiplexing, and reveal how the channel parameters, especially transmittance and excess noise, are influenced by atmospheric effects through the simulation experiment. On this basis, the security of the system is further analyzed and the secrecy capacity calculated. The results indicated that the increase in turbulence intensity leads to enhanced crosstalk between the OAM angular modes, which in turn leads to a decrease in the effective transmittance and an increase in the excess noise. Meanwhile, the results also showed that the secrecy capacity decreases with the increase of transmission distance, atmospheric turbulence intensity, and angular mode; in addition, OAM multiplexing can obtain more secrecy capacity compared with a single link.

Optimization of molar concentrations for enhanced crystallinity and bandgap tuning of ZrO2 thin films via spray pyrolysis for advanced optical applications

In this study, Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thin films were synthesized on glass substrates at 400°C using the Spray Pyrolysis method, due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and precise control. The films were prepared at varying molar concentrations (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 M) and analyzed for their structural, optical, and morphological properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that all films exhibited a tetragonal crystalline structure with a preferred orientation along the (101) plane. The crystallite size, calculated using the Scherrer equation, reached a maximum of 27.26 nm at 0.2 M concentration, indicating improved crystallinity with higher concentration. Optical studies revealed a decrease in transmittance and an increase in absorbance in the visible region as the concentration increased, accompanied by a reduction in the optical band gap from 3.84 to 3.57 eV and an increase in Urbach energy. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed that the films had a dense and smooth morphology, while Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the elemental presence of zirconium and oxygen in the films.

Comparative studies of radio transparency and dielectric characteristics of polymer composites

Aramid-epoxy composites and glass fiber reinforced plastics are widely used in the manufacturing of the fairing design for modern aerospace vehicles due to their excellent mechanical properties combined with radio transparency in wave transfer. In this paper, aramid-epoxy composite and fiberglass were fabricated by the vacuum infusion method for a comparative study on radio transparency and dielectric characteristics. The radio transparency of the studied materials was evaluated by free-space measurements in the frequency range of 1 GHz to 8.5 GHz. According to the radio transparency results, the aramid-epoxy composite undergoes less electromagnetic wave loss than glass fiber reinforced plastic. Modifying the epoxy resin with tricresyl phosphate in aramid-epoxy resin leads to an increase in mechanical properties with a slight decrease in transmittance and a non-significant increase in dielectric characteristics. The dielectric characteristics results have demonstrated low values (ε = 2.87 and tan δ = 0.037) for aramid composites compared to fiberglass.

Real-time microwave transmittance variation of glass fiber composites subjected to laser irradiation

Laser irradiation may have a significant impact on the microwave transmission properties of glass fiber composites. In this study, a two-dimensional microwave transmission transient model of glass fiber composites during the complete laser irradiation process was developed. The numerical results indicate that carbonization during irradiation causes a significant increase in dielectric loss, thus resulting in a decrease in transmittance. After irradiation, the dielectric loss decreased due to the decrease in temperature, which, in turn, led to an increase in transmittance. The increased transmittance after cooling was lower than the original value due to the generation of pyrolytic carbon with a high dielectric loss. The numerical results were verified by conducting an experiment wherein the microwave transmittance of glass fiber composites was measured in real time before, during, and after laser irradiation. In addition, the effects of different laser parameters on the real-time microwave transmittance during laser irradiation were investigated experimentally and numerically. For the same total energy, a laser with a high power density and short irradiation time had a more significant effect on the attenuation of transmittance.

Post-treatment optimization for silver nanowire networks in transparent droplet-based TENG sensors

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) serve as essential components in various devices, including smart windows, thin film heaters, and sensors. Historically, indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have served as the primary TCE material. However, the scarcity of indium in the Earth’s crust and costly vacuum-based deposition processes have prompted researchers to seek alternatives. While silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks have emerged as the leading candidate for TCEs among various alternatives, the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) layer surrounding Ag NWs often leads to substantial contact resistances at the junction areas. Given the diverse characteristics of Ag NWs, including length, diameter, PVP thickness, and deposition methods, the efficacy of a specific post-treatment method on the same Ag NW batch remained unknown. This work collected effective post-treatment methods from existing literature and innovatively developed in-house approaches to optimize the treatment of Ag NW networks. Following post-treatment, the resulting electrodes exhibited a 70 % reduction in sheet resistance, with only a marginal 1 % decrease in optical transmittance. The optical figure of merit (FoM) for the optimized networks showed a remarkable five-fold improvement, rising from 66 to 305. The optimized Ag NW networks were then utilized as current collectors in water droplet-based TENG sensors, showcasing the device's effectiveness in pH and chemical concentration sensing. The fabricated TENG recorded peak Voc and Isc values of 22 V and 370 nA, respectively. Furthermore, we developed a sensor-integrated device capable of gauging the incident droplets’ pH level, signaling acid rain safety. In addition, the droplets activate a large-area Ag NW-based transparent thin film heater. Rapid defogging and defrosting capabilities of the heater was also demonstrated. The device holds the potential to be applied to the side-view mirrors of cars, providing an anti-fogging display for a significantly safer journey.

Optical properties of NiO films: Effect of nitrogen-doping, substrate temperature and band gap estimation using machine learning

In this study, nickel oxide (NiO) thin films were synthesized on glass substrates using RF magnetron sputtering with varying nitrogen (N) doping ratio and substrate temperatures to explore modifications in their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The films were prepared using a high-purity NiO target under controlled sputtering conditions. Structural analysis by X-ray diffraction revealed an improvement in crystallinity in the (200) direction with increasing N ratio. In contrast, higher N ratio led to the suppression of (111) and (220) peaks, indicating a significant influence of N on the crystal structure and orientation. The films’ thickness and morphology, examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, showed uniform and homogeneous growth with smooth surface topologies. Optical properties, assessed by UV–Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, demonstrated a decrease in transmittance and a redshift in the absorption edge with increased N doping, corresponding to a narrowing of the energy bandgap from 3.7 eV to 3.45 eV. This bandgap reduction is attributed to N incorporation substituting oxygen sites, introducing defect states within the band structure. Additionally, the impact of substrate temperature on film growth enhanced crystallinity and orientation along the (111) plane at higher temperatures, with a simultaneous reduction in film thickness due to increased adatom mobility and potential thermal decomposition. The evaluation of Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) and Ridge Regression (RR) models revealed their effectiveness in predicting band gap values for thin films at varying substrate temperatures and thicknesses. While RR excelled in predicting a band gap of 3.6 eV for a film with a substrate temperature of 24 °C and a thickness of 112.7 nm, KRR outperformed in predicting a band gap of 3.65 eV for a film with a substrate temperature of 24 °C and a thickness of 107 nm. These findings elucidate the dual influence of N doping and substrate temperature on enhancing the functional properties of NiO thin films, promising for applications in optoelectronic devices and gas sensors.

Sustainable energy synergy for historic building: Conservation retrofit solution of hygrothermal control

Historic buildings require groundbreaking retrofit technology to prevent damage to the exterior appearance of the exterior. This paper presents a retrofit technology to increase the energy efficiency of old historic buildings that were heavily exposed to hygrothermal conditions. The study employed an innovative interior finishing material composed of diatomaceous earth and microencapsulated phase change materials to achieve a trade-off between performance improvement and heritage conservation. Based on previous studies, an optimal formulation was identified through evaluation. The developed retrofit technology displays crack resistance, high latent heat capacity, and remarkable moisture stability. Our analysis revealed that the application of this retrofit solution would effectively reduce moisture levels and mitigate condensation risks without compromising the building’s historical integrity. The retrofit technology yielded a reduction in cooling and heating energy consumption by over 10% while concurrently addressing moisture stability through a decrease in the thermal transmittance of the exterior walls. By utilizing passive technologies and the unique properties of diatomaceous earth, our pioneering research on the sustainable preservation of historic buildings has laid the foundation for widespread retrofit adoption in heritage conservation.

Investigation of structural, optical, electrical, thermoelectric and optoelectronic properties of undoped ZnO, Sb-doped ZnO and Sb–B co-doped ZnO thin films

Pure ZnO (Zinc oxide), 1 % Sb (antimony) doped ZnO (Zn0.99Sb0.01O), and 1 % Sb–1% B (boron) co-doped ZnO (Zn0.98Sb0.01B0.01O) solutions were prepared using the sol-gel method. These solutions were deposited as thin films on glass and Si (silicon) substrates via dip coating and spraying methods. In this study, doping ZnO with low amounts of Sb and B provided the conversion of the n-type semiconductor ZnO into a p-type semiconductor. The produced thin films were pure and had wurtzite ZnO polycrystalline structure. The nanodot morphology of ZnO turned into a mixture of nanodot and nanorod structures with only Sb doping. Moreover, the band gap energy of ZnO decreased from 3.26 eV to 3.24 eV with Sb doping and to 3.23 eV with Sb and B co-doping, accompanied by a decrease in optical transmittance depending on film thickness. All samples exhibited diode characteristics. According to the created Au/ZnO–Zn0.99Sb0.01O – Zn0.98Sb0.01B0.01O/Si diodes, it was understood that the ideality factor, barrier height, and serial resistance of ZnO material decreased with doping. Especially, the ideality factor, barrier height, and serial resistance of the ZnO sample decreased from 4.95, 6.80 eV, and 1.42 × 105Ω to 4.35, 6.25 eV, and 2.60 × 103Ω, respectively, with Sb and B co-doping. The photovoltaic performance of 1 % Sb-doped thin film increased 100 times compared to pure ZnO, reaching the efficiency from 0.006 to 0.600. However, the most suitable material for use as a photodiode was found to be the 1 % Sb–1% B co-doped sample. While the leakage current of this sample is around −8.0 × 10−5 A at −3 V under 100 mW/cm2 light, it is 9.5 × 10−8 A at −3 V in the dark. Furthermore, the 1 % Sb-doped thin film exhibited the best performance as a thermoelectric material at 600 K, achieving a figure of merit (ZT) of 0.00052. Overall, co-doping with Sb and B enhanced the optical, electrical, and structural (more homogeneous and less surface roughness) properties of ZnO, while improving its optoelectronic functionality such as photodiode. On the other hand, thermoelectric and solar cell properties of ZnO were enhanced with only 1 % Sb doping. A hybrid energy system containing thermoelectric and solar cells was produced cheaply and simply for wide application areas with this study. Moreover, with such a low doping amount, p-type material production was achieved, and important physical properties of the ZnO material were improved.

Combined effects of substrate temperature and post annealing temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties of Sb-doped SnO2 films

Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) films have received extensive attention as transparent conductive films, but there is still a lack of in-depth and systematic study on combined effects of substrate temperature (Ts) and annealing temperature (Ta) on their transparent conductive properties. In this study, ATO films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering at RT∼400 ℃ and subsequently annealed at 200–1000 ℃. The results show that the conductive properties of the films enhance (with a decrease in resistivity from 1.15×10-1 to 2.15×10-3 Ω•cm) and the average visible-light transmittance (TVis) decreases (90.16 → 38.24%) with increase of Ts. With the increase of Ta, the conductive properties of the films prepared at different Ts tend to first enhance and then degrade, and the TVis basically shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. After annealing at 600 ℃, the films prepared at RT and 100 ℃ can achieve better comprehensive properties (resistivity of 2.50×10-3 and 1.64×10-3 Ω•cm, carrier concentration of 3.35×1020 and 4.93×1020 cm-3, mobility of 7.73 and 7.76 cm2/V•s, sheet resistance of 84 and 55 Ω/sq., and TVis of 86.63 and 79.50%). In order to explore the intrinsic mechanism of the optical and electrical performance of ATO films changing with Ts and Ta, the preferred orientation, crystallinity, and stress state of the films were analyzed by XRD, and their surface morphology was observed by SEM. Meanwhile, the chemical states of Sn, O and Sb as well as Sb content in the films were analyzed by XPS, and their lattice vibration modes of the film were studied by Raman spectra. Finally, the process-structure-properties correlations were established for the ATO films.

Thermal insulation performance of non-load-bearing light gauge slotted steel stud walls

Light gauge steel stud walls have been widely used in buildings as load-bearing members. But if used as non-load-bearing walls, more rows of perforations can be placed on stud webs and then the thermal bridge effect can be reduced. Experiments on six non-load-bearing light gauge slotted steel stud walls were conducted using a calibrated hot box. The temperatures of the steel studs and gypsum plasterboard were monitored for subsequent analysis of thermal bridging. The effects of parameters (number of rows of perforations, stud web height, and the ratio of window area to wall area) on the insulating capacity of the wall were identified and analyzed. Thermal transmittance decreases by 18.5% and 29.6% for specimens with 3 and 7 rows of perforations in comparison with the specimen without perforations, while it decreases by 29.8% and 42.7% respectively for 150 mm and 200 mm thick walls compared with that of the 100 mm thick wall. However, thermal transmittance increases obviously for the wall with a window opening relative to the wall without a window opening, reaching 14.7% in this test since more studs are placed around the window opening. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the wall was developed and validated against experimental results, and then was used for parametric studies. A general method of calculating the thermal transmittance of the light gauge slotted steel stud wall was suggested based on the experiment and the FE model results, which can consider influences of wall thickness, web perforations, window openings, and thermal properties of materials.

Capsicum leaf protein-based bionanocomposite films for packaging application: Effect of corn starch content on film properties

The addition of corn starch (CS) enhances the interfacial adhesion of the film-forming liquids (FFLs), weakening the internal relative molecular motion. As a result, the rheological properties and zeta potential values of the FFLs were affected. A tight spatial network structure between capsicum leaf protein (CLP), lignocellulose nanocrystals (LNCs) and CS can be formed through intermolecular entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. The crystallinity, thermal degradation temperature, tensile strength and water contact angle of the protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) increased with increasing CS addition. This is due to the transformation of the secondary space structure of the CLP inside the PBBFs and the increase in cohesion. However, the excessive addition of CS forms aggregated clusters on the surface of PBBFs, which increases the surface roughness of PBBFs and causes more light scattering. Therefore, the brightness and yellowness values of the PBBFs increase, and the transmittance decreases.

Probing Effect of 6MeV Electron Beam Irradiation on Haemoglobin Protein Using Spectroscopic Techniques.

In this work, we study the effect of 6MeV electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical properties of lyophilized Human Haemoglobin A (HbA). Electron beams generated from Race Track Microtron accelerator with energy 6MeV were used to irradiate HbA at fluences of 5 × 1014 e-/cm2 and 10 × 1014 e-/cm2. Pristine and electron beam irradiated HbA were characterized using UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. The interfacial tension of the aqueous solutions of HbA are also analysed by pendant drop method. Absorbance intensity, % transmittance and interfacial tension decrease with fluence. The peak position of the Soret band (λsoret = 404nm) remains unaffected by the fluences. FTIR spectroscopy confirms the changes in the secondary structure of the haemoglobin. In the amide band I, the percentage of α-helix reduced from 8% to 1%, and an increase in β-sheet (19% to 29%) and β helix (6.3% to 15%) is observed. Interfacial tension decreases from 46.0mN/m and 44.0mN/m with increase in irradiation dose. These finding provides realistic guideline for biological cells exposure to electron beam radiation doses.

Mg doping effect on the properties of SnO2 thin films synthesized by dip-coating method

Undoped and Mg doped SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates using dip-coating method for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis of the films revealed a tetragonal rutile phase. A decrease in crystallite size is observed as the Mg doping increases. The transmittance spectrum exhibits a decrease in transmittance from 87% to 62% as the Mg content is increased. The optical band gap narrows from 3.97 eV to 3.93 eV with the increasing of Mg content. MEB showed an increase of grain sizes with increase in Mg concentration. The RMS roughness increases with Mg doping content. FTIR showd O–Sn–O, Sn–OH, Mg–O, and OH–Mg–OH vibration modes. PL spectra indicated that the incorporation of more Mg2+ into the lattice of SnO2 creates additional oxygen vacancies, leading to an increase in the PL emission intensity in the films. A transition from n-type to p-type conduction was observed at 9 wt% Mg doping.

Preparation and Study of Structural and Optical Properties of PbS:Cu Nanostructured Thin Films

Thin films of lead sulfide (PbS) and various Cu mixing ratios (30%, 50%, and 70%) are used in this work. were made using the (PLD) method on glass substrates at a wavelength of 1064 nm and 600 mj of laser energy. X-ray diffraction experiments were used to determine the structural measurements for pure PbS, and other mixes present thin films demonstrated a face-centered-cubic structure. and discovered that the average grain size was 17.74 nm; this grew to 20.54 nm after combining with 30% Cd, 20.54 nm after mixing with 50% Cd, and 23.15 nm after mixing with 70% Cd. The optical characteristics of PbS thin films measured between 300 and 1100 nm in wavelength. For PbS thin films, the optical transmittance and transparency decrease as the o mixing ratio increases.The absorption coefficient rises as the mixing ratio does. When the mixing ratio is increased, the band gap for pure PbS thin film is 2.43, rises to 3.03, and thereafter falls to 2.01 and 1.5.