Decrease In Salivary Flow Rate Research Articles

Ramadan Fasting in Relation to Salivary Uric Acid and Selective Physical Parameters

Background: Ramadan is the holy month in which all Muslims abstain from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. The impact of Ramadan fasting on the oral cavity and saliva needs more attention because of the important function of saliva in the protection of the mouth. Objective: To determine the impact of Ramadan fasting on salivary uric acid, flow rate, and pH among Iraqi male dental students. Patients and Methods: The subject population consisted of thirty healthy male dental students (College of Dentistry/University of Baghdad) with an age range of 20–23 years who intended to fast the whole of Ramadan (1443 Hijri calendar). Saliva samples were obtained from all dental students one week prior to the start of Ramadan, the last week of Ramadan, and one month after the end of Ramadan. The salivary flow rate was calculated, and the salivary pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Then a saliva sample was analyzed to detect the concentration of uric acid by using the spectrophotometer. Results: The data analysis for this study revealed that the salivary flow rate decreased from baseline to Ramadan and then increased again after one month of Ramadan with significant differences (p<0.05). While salivary uric acid increased continuously with significant differences from baseline to Ramadan and after one month of Ramadan fasting (p<0.05), on the other hand, salivary pH showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the three time periods of the study. Conclusion: Saliva was affected by Ramadan fasting through a decrease in salivary flow rate during fasting and a return to normal salivary flow rate after the end of Ramadan. In addition, uric acid, which acts as a salivary antioxidant, shows an increase during Ramadan fasting.

Dental caries as a health risk for visual acuity in relation to salivary transforming growth factor beta-1 among students aged 8-10 years: A cross-sectional study.

Dental caries and an impairment in visual acuity (VA) may both be caused by a variety of risk factors. Various conditions of the eye can appear as a consequence of overall inflammation and active dental caries. The present study aims to assess dental caries and salivary status by measuring the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and flow rate between visually impaired students compared with students with normal vision. Research was performed employing a cross-sectional comparative study design conducted among representative 653 students aged 8-10 years at primary schools in Al-Diwaniyah governorate using the Snellen E chart for measuring VA status. Partitioning the students according to the degree of VA into normal students with normal VA of 6/9 or better and students with visual impairment of 6/12 or worse was done. Sub-sample of 180 students was recruited randomly from both groups, age and gender-matched participants for salivary analysis, and dental caries assessment measured by decay, missed, filled index, according to the World Health Organization in 2013. Out of 653 students, only 70 students suffer from a decrease in VA. Dental caries was more prevalent in those who had a decrease in VA compared with normal groups. For primary teeth decay, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft), the result was not significant but highly significant for DMFT/dmft. A significant decrease in salivary flow rate and increased salivary TGF-β1 level among visually impaired students was found. According to the current research, the study population that has impaired VA, dental health status has greatly deteriorated.

Evaluation of major salivary glands with ultrasonography in multiple sclerosis patients

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the homogeneity of the major salivary glands in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using ultrasonography (USG), assess DMFT indices, measure resting salivary flow rates, and compare these values with healthy individuals.MethodsIn this study, 20 individuals diagnosed with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) (mean age 36.15 ± 8.51) and 20 systemically healthy individuals (mean age 35.7 ± 9.22) were included. Oral and radiologic examinations were performed in all individuals. The parotid and submandibular salivary glands were examined using USG, and their homogeneity was assessed based on the scoring system recommended by the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) study group. Resting salivary flow rates and DMFT indices were measured, and the obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis.ResultsThe parotid glands exhibited more heterogeneity on USG within the MS patient group than the control group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.015). A statistically significant correlation was observed in total homogeneity values between the patient and control groups (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the MS patient group exhibited higher DMFT indices and lower salivary flow rates than the control group. The difference between the DMFT indices and salivary flow rate between the patient groups was statistically significant (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002 respectively).ConclusionsThe parenchyma of the major salivary glands in MS patients exhibited decreased homogeneity than the healthy controls. Additionally, the MS group showed a decrease in salivary flow rate and an increase in the DMFT index. Autonomic dysfunction and medications used for MS are thought to cause salivary gland hypofunction and dry mouth. It can be interpreted that hyposalivation and motor skill losses in MS patients lead to an increase in DMFT index.

Effect of Adolescent Pregnancy on Dental Caries Experience and Selected Salivary Physicochemical Characteristics

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is associated with major health consequences for adolescent pregnant women including medications and oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Pregnancy is a unique state of physical, hormonal, and metabolic changes that can result in an oral cavity imbalance. Changes in salivary components and a decrease in salivary flow rate caused by an increase in progesterone may compromise saliva's protective effects, resulting in dental caries. Objectives: To evaluate dental caries experience in adolescent pregnancy. Method: A sample including 80 pregnant ladies were recruited in this study and categorized into a study group involving 40 primigravida adolescent females aged (15-19)years old and a control group involving 40 primigravida women (20-32) years old who married at age 20 years or more, all of them in the second trimester of pregnancy. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected, salivary flow rate, pH, and dental caries experience were assessed. Saliva samples were analyzed to estimate salivary lactoferrin concentration. Results: The mean (±sd) of decayed surface of the study group was (11.850±0.669) compared to (9.425±1.015) of the control group (p=0.049) and the level of salivary lactoferrin of the study group was (8.071± 0.558) compared to (6.610±0.447) of the control group (p=0.044), while the mean (±sd) of salivary flow rate of the study group was (0.349±0.020) compared to (0.540±0.157) of the control group (p=0.231) and the mean (±sd) salivary pH was (5.935±0.053) ) compared to (5.995±0.153) of the control group (p=0.712). Conclusion: Adolescent pregnancy is linked to increased dental caries experience by altering salivary characteristics, including lactoferrin levels. Received: June, 2023 Accepted: Aug, 2023 Published: Jan..2024

The Effect of Controlled Diabetic and Non-diabetic Saliva on Candida albicans Adherence to Heat Polymerized Acrylic Resin Discs

Background: Oral candidiasis is one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that may occur due to a decrease in salivary flow rate, alterations in the salivary composition, or both. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetic and non-diabetic saliva on Candida albicans adherence to the acrylic resin disc specimens, regardless of saliva volume. Methods: In this case-control study, the population consisted of 26 subjects in 2 groups (13 diabetic patients and 13 non-diabetic patients). In both groups, unstimulated whole saliva was collected. It was investigated for pH, salivary flow rate, and adhesion of C. albicans to polymethylmethacrylate disc. After preparing the polymethylmethacrylate discs, the samples were stored in diabetic saliva, non-diabetic saliva, and distilled water (negative control group) for 60 minutes at 37ºC. Then they were immersed in the yeast suspensions containing C. albicans and stained with gram stain. Yeast cells were counted using a light microscope. Results: The pH of unstimulated whole saliva in diabetic patients was significantly lower than in the control group. There was no significant difference between the flow rates of saliva in the two groups. Findings indicated that the adhesion of C. albicans to resin in diabetic saliva was higher than in non-diabetic saliva. Conclusion: This study showed the same amount of salivary flow rate in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, lower pH, and higher Candida adherence to heat polymerization acrylic resin in the diabetic group.

Assessment of Xerostomia or Hyposalivation among Smokers Using the Modified Schirmer Test in the Saudi Population: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Saliva is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity through its various components. A decrease in Salivary Flow Rate (SFR) has various deleterious effects on the oral tissues. Several factors can alter salivary flow, and one such factor is smoking. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of smoking on salivary flow. Aim: To assess xerostomia and hyposalivation using the Modified Schirmer Test (MST) and the spitting method among smokers and compare the results with non-smokers in the Saudi population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Institutional Diagnostic Clinic at the College of Dentistry, King Khalid University in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia from February 2023 to March 2023. A total of 200 subjects were divided into two groups of 100 each. Group-I consisted of individuals with a smoking habit history for 10 years, while Group-II comprised healthy subjects with no smoking history. All subjects underwent screening for xerostomia and hyposalivation using the spitting method and MST. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean SFRs by the spitting method and MST were calculated, and the means were compared using an unpaired t-test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between the two methods. Results: A statistically significant decrease in SFR was observed in smokers compared to healthy subjects using both methods (p<0.001). There was an excellent correlation between the two estimation methods (p<0.001). The prevalence of xerostomia in Group-I was 45 (45%), and in Group-II, it was 14 (14%), while the prevalence of hyposalivation in Group-I was 73 (73%) and in Group-II, it was 10 (10%). Conclusion: Salivary flow was lower in smokers compared to non-smokers in the Saudi population. There is an excellent correlation between the two assessment methods, and based on the study experience, the MST can be considered a reliable, objective, inexpensive, easy-to-perform, and well-tolerated test for assessing hyposalivation.

Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity in the individuals with obesity and overweight; A meta-analysis.

Weight in individuals can affect the saliva structure, which has an essential role in caries prevention. This meta-analysis aimed to compare individuals with obesity (OB)/overweight (OW) and normal weight (NW) in terms of salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary pH (SpH), salivary buffer capacity (SBC). After electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Open Grey databases) were screened, studies were selected depending on inclusion criteria. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. Mean differences (MD) were used to measure the effect estimates in the comparisons of OB vs NW, OW vs NW, and OB+OW vs NW. Additional analyzes such as subgroup, moderator, sensitivity, and grade were also performed. 24 studies and 2072 participants (SFR: 748 OB, 896 NW, SpH: 137 OB, 166 NW, SBC: 62 OB, 63 NW) were included in the quantitative synthesis. Significantly lower SFR was found in the group with OB compared to NW when saliva was stimulated (MD = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.30, -0.12], P < 0.001), but no significance was obtained when saliva was unstimulated (MD = -0.02, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.06], P = 0.55). No significant difference was found in the group with OB compared to NW in SpH (MD = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.26,0.12], P = 0.48) and SBC (MD = -1.10, 95% CI [-2.29,0.09], P = 0.07). SFR significantly decreases in individuals with OB, notably when saliva is stimulated. Besides, the decrease in SFR is much more prominent in adolescence and adulthood than in childhood. Furthermore, the increase in the severity of OB causes a much greater decrease in SFR. However, regarding SpH and SBC, no significant association exists.

Evaluation of halitosis parameters in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy.

To assess halitosis parameters using OralChroma™ and the correlation with salivary flow, oral hygiene index, radiation dose, and tongue-coating index among irradiated head and neck cancer patients compared to patients without cancer. This cross-sectional study enrolled irradiated and non-irradiated patients divided into two groups. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were measured using a gas chromatograph, and sialometry was performed. The tongue-coating index and simplified oral hygiene index were also assessed. Thirty-eight patients were allocated to each group. Volatile sulfur compound levels were above the thresholds in both groups. Non-irradiated individuals showed higher levels of hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Patients with asialia had an inexpressive tongue-coating index and increased dimethyl sulfide levels. A decrease in salivary flow rate was followed by a significant increase in volatile sulfur compound levels. Higher doses of radiation to the submandibular salivary glands were associated with higher concentrations of sulfide and methyl mercaptan. Head and neck radiotherapy may be important in the development of halitosis. Irradiated patients with asialia presented insignificant lingual biofilm. Consequently, lower levels of volatile sulfur compounds were detected in this group. Asialia, a severe radiation-induced hyposalivation, impacted the levels of DMS (extraoral origin).

How is the Oral Hygiene of Elementary School Students?- Saliva pH, Saliva Volume and Saliva Viscosity

Background: Salivary pH, saliva volume, and saliva viscosity as part of the host affect the health of the oral cavity. High saliva viscosity affects the decrease in salivary flow rate which causes the accumulation of food debris which can eventually lead to plaque and tartar. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of saliva status on the OHI-S index in elementary school children. Methods: This type of research is observational with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted on elementary school students in four elementary schools in Sleman City, Yogyakarta, with a total sample of 100 children. The independent variable is salivary status and the dependent variable is the OHI-S index. Collecting data by examining salivary status and examining OHI-S and analyzing data using Chi-Square. Result: there is an effect between pH, volume, and viscosity of saliva on the OHI-S index in children aged 9-11 years with p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: saliva status affects the oral hygiene of elementary school students.&#x0D;

Salivary Flow Rate Before, During and After Insertion of Complete Denture in Different Age Group: a Comparative study

Background: Increase in salivary flow accompanying complete denture insertion is a well-known phenomenon. Complete dentures act as a mechanical stimulant, increasing salivary flow after insertion. This study compares unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates before, during, and after insertion of a complete denture in different age groups.Method: Forty subjects meeting inclusion criteria were selected. Unstimulated saliva was collected first. Stimulation was produced by chewing paraffin wax and collected of saliva in a graduated container. This procedure was carried out before insertion, during insertion, 24 hours after, and 7 days after insertion of complete dentures. The study data were entered, edited, and coded in Microsoft Excel. The unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate was compared at different time intervals.Result: Unstimulated salivary rate was lowest before denture insertion with mean values of 0.27ml/minute. The highest flow rate was recorded during denture insertion (mean values of 0.60 ml/minute). The mean unstimulated salivary flow rate 24 hours after denture insertion was higher than 7 days after denture insertion. The mean stimulated salivary rate was lowest before denture insertion (mean values of 0.59 ml/minute). The highest flow rate was recorded during denture insertion (mean values of 0.93 ml/minute). There was a declining trend in salivary flow rate after denture insertion i.e. 0.86 ml/minute to 0.75ml/min after 24 hours and 7 days of denture insertion. A gradual decrease in salivary flow rate with an increase in age was noted but the association of age with salivary flow rates was not statistically significant.Conclusion: There was an increase in both unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate after insertion of complete denture and age does not affect salivary flow rates before, during (immediately after), 24 hours after, and 7 days after denture insertion.

Saliva pH and Flow Rate in Patients with Periodontal Disease and Associated Cardiovascular Disease.

BackgroundPeriodontal disease, a frequent oral health problem, is connected with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the unstimulated saliva flow rate and saliva pH as markers of the severity of periodontal disease in patients with cardiovascular disease.Material/MethodsA cohort of 155 patients (78 men and 77 women, aged 30–92 years) was included, and a structured questionnaire obtained information about their health status, oral healthcare behaviors, and eating habits. An oral examination was performed to assess periodontal status and presence of dental calculus. The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and salivary pH were measured. An oral hygienization was performed, and 3 months later, salivary flow rate and pH were reevaluated.ResultsA severe form of periodontal disease was found in 22.4% of patients. Disease severity was strongly correlated with low pH values (6.25 in stage IV periodontal disease), lower salivary flow rate (0.28 mL/min), smoking, poor oral hygiene habits and obesity, with no significant differences by sex. We observed a significant increase of pH (up to 6.30±0.17) in patients with severe periodontal disease (P=0.001) and salivary flow rate values (0.29±0.07 mL/min; P=0.014) 3 months after oral hygienization. There was a strong association between the severity of periodontal disease and presence of cardiovascular disease (P=0.001).ConclusionsOur study suggests that the decrease of salivary flow rate and pH level might be associated with the severity of periodontal disease.

The Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin A

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) mean a heterogeneous group of tumors in multiple anatomical sites in the head and neck structures. Radiation therapy(RT) is one of the fundamental treatment options for tumors. Saliva is a clear, mucoserous fluid produced in the mouth which determines the environment of the oral structures. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) can considered to be the major specific protection mechanism in the mouth. Aims of study: To monitor the effects of two techniques of head and neck radiotherapy on salivary flow rate (SFR) and salivary IgA. Materials and method: study included thirty healthy individuals as control group and two patients groups with HNC: the first group consist of 30 patients treated by three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and the second group also consist of the same patient's number but treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) ) at middle Euphrates oncology center/ Najaf-Iraq. Saliva samples were collected before the first session and after the last session of RT. Results: study shows highly significant decrease in SFR in both patients groups after finishing RT. SFR in patients treated by IMRT is significantly higher than SFR in other group treated by 3DCRT. Salivary IgA is significantly reduced after RT, without difference statically in the level of IgA between the two patients group. Conclusion: present study shows that head and neck RT decrease both SFR and salivary IgA, at the same time IMRT technique is better than 3DCRT in maintaining saliva secretion. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin SRP. 2020; 11(1): 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 Web Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=83794 [Access: March 29, 2021]. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 AMA (American Medical Association) Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin SRP. 2020; 11(1): 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 Vancouver/ICMJE Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin SRP. (2020), [cited March 29, 2021]; 11(1): 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 Harvard Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA (2020) Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin SRP, 11 (1), 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 Turabian Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. 2020. Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 Chicago Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. The Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin A. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA. The Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin A. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.1 (2020), 286-291. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37 APA (American Psychological Association) Style MOHAMMED H. ALBURGAIBA, FAWAZ D. AL-ASWAD, AMMAR R. MOHAMMAD RUTHA (2020) Effect of Two Different Techniques of Head and Neck Radiotherapy on Saliva Secretion and Salivary Immunoglobulin Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (1), 286-291. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.37

Pigmentation Lesions and Salivary Flow Rates on Woman Smokers

Smoking habit has many negative effects towardswomen’s systemic and oral health. One of them are decrease of salivary flow rate and an appearance of pigmentation lesion in gingiva. The aim of this research is to obtain data regarding salivary flow rate and pigmentation lession on women smokers.This descriptive research used 50 samples by simple random sampling method. The salivary flow rate data was obtained by spitting method and the pigmentation lesion data was described by visual method. The other data wasobtained through filling the questionnaire. By the findings of this research, it was found that the mean value of salivary flow rate and pigmentation lession of women smokerswho consumed1-8 cigarettes per day for 1-2, 2-5 and &gt; 5 years were 0.4 ml/min &amp; 51,7%, 0.4 ml/min &amp; 100%, 0.4 ml/min &amp; 100%. The mean value of salivary flow rate and pigmentation lession of women smokerswho consumed9-16 cigarettesper day for 1-2, 2-5 and &gt; 5 years were 0.4 ml/min &amp; 100%, 0.4 ml/min &amp; 100%, 0.4 ml/min &amp; 90%. The mean value of salivary flow rate and pigmentation lession of women smokerswho consumed&gt;16 cigarettes per day for 1-2, 2-5 and &gt; 5 years were 0.3 ml/min &amp; 100%, 0.2 ml/min &amp; 100%, 0.2 ml/min &amp; 100%. The conclusion shows that salivary flow rate on women smokers has a lower value compared to normal salivary flow rate or its called oligosialia and most of the subjects have&#x0D; &#x0D;

The Association between Dental Caries and Some Salivary Parameters in Xerostomic Hypertensive Patients

In this comparison study, as saliva from 70 xerostomic hypertensive patients and 30 healthy controls were collected. The caries severity (DMFS), salivary flow rate, colony counts of s.mutans and colony counts of c.albicans were determined. The results showed a significant decrease of salivary flow rate with a higher colony count of both s.mutans and c.albicans in xerostomic hypertensive group as compared with control group, the results revealed that the caries severity (D1-D4) and the saliva flow rate among the included groups in the present study. The results revealed that there is a weak negative relationship between the all caries severity grades D1, D2, D3 and D4 and the flow rate in the study group individuals. The correlation between the caries experience and the S. mutans in the two studied groups is displayed The findings revealed a weak negative relationship between the DS and the S. mutans, however, there was a positive relationship between the MS, FS and DMFS and the S. mutans.

Reduced salivary amylase activity in metabolic syndrome patients with obesity could be improved by treatment with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor

The present study is to investigate the salivary gland function of metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients, as indicated by salivary flow rate, amylase activity, and salivary oxidative stress, by measuring MDA level. One hundred and eighty-one MetS patients from Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital were enrolled onto this study. The metabolic parameters of each patient were collected and evaluated. Unstimulated saliva was also collected for 5min. Salivary gland functions, including salivary flow rate, amylase activity, and salivary MDA levels, were investigated. High levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, blood pressure, and waist circumference in MetS patients did not show a correlation with altered salivary gland function. However, a decrease in salivary flow rate was observed in MetS patients with hyperglycemia. In addition, decreased amylase activity was found in MetS patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 23kg/m2). Salivary amylase activity of MetS patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor was significantly greater than that observed in MetS patients without a DPP-IV inhibitor. Moreover, the salivary amylase activity in MetS patients was found to be independently positively correlated with DPP-IV inhibitor therapy (r = 0.708, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that obesity and hyperglycemia in MetS patients were associated with the impairment of salivary glands. Treatment with a DPP-IV inhibitor was found to exert beneficial effects on the salivary gland. This study demonstrated the impairment of salivary glands of MetS patients and the beneficial effect of DPP-IV inhibitor treatment in the salivary glands.

Saliva changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients after injection of Botulinum neurotoxin type A

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are compromised by poor oral condition due to oropharyngeal bradykinesia, dysphagia, and the side effects of treatment. Intrasalivary gland injections of Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BNT-A) have been known to treat sialorrhea effectively in these patients. However, the decreased amount of saliva reduces self-cleaning ability that deteriorates oral hygiene and increases dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the oral microflora and saliva in patients with PD treated for sialorrhea by means of sonography-controlled BNT-A injections into the bilateral parotid and submandibular glands. Altogether, 38 persons participated in the study: 12 PD patients who were injected with BNT-A for treatment of sialorrhea and passed salivary tests before and 1 month after the injections; and 13 PD patients and 13 healthy subjects who were not injected with BNT-A and passed salivary tests once. The condition of oral health was measured by the amount of saliva, salivary flow rate, and salivary composition. A good outcome with a significant decrease in salivary flow rate occurred at 1-month follow-up in the BNT-A-treated group while no significant change was found in salivary composition. BNT-A treatment did not change the Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva but there was statistically significant increase in levels of Lactobacilli. BNT-A injections can effectively treat sialorrhea while considering the change of oral microflora, and the patients should be under dentists’ care more frequently. EudraCT clinical trial number: 2015-000682-30.

Alteration in salivary properties and taste perception in OSMF.

Objective:To assess and compare the salivary flow rate (SFR), pH and taste perception among oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and apparently healthy subjects.Materials and Methods:Ninety subjects (45 OSMF + 45 controls) were enrolled in the study for estimating and analogizing the SFR, pH, and taste perception executing modified Schirmer, pH, and taste strips. The SFR, pH, and taste perception were evaluated and compared between 14 Stage I and 31 Stage II OSMF subjects. The entered data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software.Results:A statistically significant decrease in SFR among OSMF group (23.4 mm at 3rd min) and hypogeusia to salty (62.2%), and dysgeusia to sour taste (40%) when compared to apparently healthy subjects (30.7 mm at 3rd min) was noted. Statistical significance (P < 0.05%) inferring hyposalivation in Stage II OSMF (24.1 mm at 3rd min) juxtaposing with Stage I OSMF (31.4 mm at 3rd min). Statistically significant hypogeusia to salty (n = 23) and sweet (n = 16) and dysgeusia (n = 14) to sour among Stage II OSMF when differentiated with Stage I OSMF. The mean pH among the OSMF and control groups demonstrated no statistical significance.Conclusion:The findings from the study demonstrated marked decrease of SFR and taste perception to salty and sour among Stage II OSMF when compared to Stage I OSMF subjects.

Assessment of Salivary Flow Rate and pH Among Areca Nut Chewers and Oral Submucous Fibrosis Subjects: A Comparative Study.

Background:To assess and compare the salivary flow rate (SFR) and salivary pH among areca nut chewers, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients and apparently healthy individuals.Methods:A comparative study was conducted to assess and compare the SFR and pH among 135 outpatients (45 areca nut chewers + 45 OSMF + 45 control) at The Oxford Dental College and Research Hospital, Bangalore, India. Subjects were interviewed using structural proforma and Modified Schirmer strips and pH paper were implemented for assessing SFR and pH respectively. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS ver. 21.0 software.Results:A statistically significant increase in SFR (35.7 mm at 3rd minutes) among areca nut group and a decrease in SFR among OSMF group (23.4 mm at 3rd minutes) when compared to apparently healthy subjects (30.7 mm at 3rd minutes). The mean pH among areca nut, OSMF and control groups was 6.76, 6.82, and 6.74 respectively with no statistical significance.Conclusions:The observation and findings of the study clearly showed hypersalivation among areca nut group and hyposalivation among OSMF group, with no significant change in salivary pH when compared to healthy subjects.

Pseudomembranous Type of Oral Candidiasis is Associated with Decreased Salivary Flow Rate and Secretory Immunoglobulin A Levels.

Saliva plays an important role in maintaining microbial homeostasis in the oral cavity, while salivary gland hypofunction predisposes the oral mucosa to pathologic alteration and increases the risk for oral candidiasis. This study sought to determine the salivary flow rate (SFR) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and evaluate their relationship with the determinants of oral candidiasis. Sixty HIV-positive (30 with and 30 without oral candidiasis) and 30 healthy HIV-negative individuals were enrolled. Cotton pellet was weighed pre- and post-saliva collection for the assessment of SFR, while SIgA levels were estimated by commercial ELISA (Diametra, Italy) kit. The mean ± SD, SFR and SIgA levels in HIV-positive individuals with candidiasis, without candidiasis and HIV-negative controls were 0.396 ± 0.290, 0.546 ± 0.355 and 0.534 ± 0.214 ml/min and 115.891 ± 37.621, 136.024 ± 51.075 and 149.418 ± 31.765 µg/ml, respectively. A positive correlation between low CD4 counts (indicator of immunodeficiency) and SIgA was observed in HIV-positive individuals with candidiasis (r = 0.373, p = 0.045). We also report here for the first time the significant decrease in SFR and SIgA levels in individuals presenting with pseudomembranous type of oral candidiasis and Candida albicans infection.

이산화탄소 레이저를 이용한 모설의 치료

모설(hairy tongue)은 혀의 사상유두(filiform papillae)가 과도하게 신장되어 발생하는 질환이다. 임상적으로 혀의 배면후방 1/3 부위에 주로 발생하며, 혀의 측면과 첨부에 생기는 경우는 드물다. 섭취하는 음식물과 색소유발 박테리아 등에 따라 백색에서 갈색, 검은색까지 다양한 색의 착색을 보인다. 대부분 증상이 없지만, 환자들은 주로 심미적인 문제로 병원을 찾으며, 드물게 오심, 구취, 미각이상, 불쾌한 느낌 등을 유발할 수 있다. 정확한 병인은 알려져 있지 않지만, 구강위생 관리 소홀, 구강 내 세균총의 변화, 감염, 방사선치료, 항생제, 면역 억제제 등의 사용, 과도한 음주, 흡연, 타액분비 감소 등이 소인으로 작용할 수 있다. 임상 소견이 매우 전형적이므로 육안으로도 진단이 충분히 가능하며, 생검은 필요하지 않다. 모설의 치료는 기본적인 유발요인들을 찾아서 제거해 주며, tongue cleaner 등을 이용해 혀를 부드럽게 닦아주도록 교육하고, 일부 경우에 있어서는 keratolytic agent를 사용하기도 한다. 모설 치료에 외과적 술식을 사용하는 경우는 드물지만, 유발 요인 제거 등의 다양한 치료법을 적용하였음에도 불구하고 장기간 호전이 없는 모설 환자에서, 이산화탄소 레이저(Carbondioxide laser, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> laser)를 적용하여 효과적으로 치료한 증례를 보고하고자 한다. Hairy tongue is a disease caused by hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the tongue dorsum. Clinically, it occurs on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue dorsum and is rarely observed on the lateral and tip of the tongue. Several types of colored pigmentation from white to brown and black appear depending on the ingested food and the existing pigmentation inducing bacteria. Although clinically asymptomatic, patients will visit the clinic for esthetic problems and at rare intervals experience nausea, halitosis, dysgeusia and unpleasant sensation. The exact etiology is yet not known but causes such as inappropriate oral hygiene control, a shift in oral bacterium, infection, radiotherapy, use of antibacterial drugs or immunosuppressants, excessive smoking or alcohol drinking and decrease of salivary flow rate may be a factor of the disease. Clinical symptoms are quite typical and diagnosis may be made simply by observation, not necessarily biopsy. Treatment of hairy tongue is done by eliminating the etiology factors, brushing the tongue gently with a tongue cleaner and in some cases using keratolytic agent. Although it is rare to treat hairy tongue surgically, we will introduce a case successfully treated using carbondioxide laser(<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> laser), after no sufficient improvement had been made by conservative treatment.