Depopulation Research Articles

A Multi-Level Analysis of Bus Ridership in Buffalo, New York

It is essential to understand how the built environment affects transit ridership to prioritize public transit and make it more appealing, particularly in mid-sized cities on the Rust Belt due to the experience of population decrease and urban sprawl in the U.S. Although many studies have looked at factors that influence ridership, there is still a need for a methodological design that considers both route and environment characteristics for bus ridership. This study examined the daily ridership of 3794 bus stops across 57 routes in the Buffalo area of New York State and used random coefficients models to account for different levels of characteristics (bus stop level, route level, and transportation analysis zone (TAZ) level). The study found that bus frequency and bus stop centrality were positively correlated with ridership, while total route stops had a negative effect. By controlling the impact of bus routes, the study showed that the multi-level design using random coefficients models was more effective than traditional OLS and spatial lag models in quantifying the impact of bus routes and TAZs. These findings provide local policy implications for route design, bus operation, and transit resource allocation.

Impact of climate change on the distribution of insectivorous bats: Implications for small-scale farming in southern Mexico

Bats provide important ecosystem services for agriculture, such as pest control, a function that is particularly relevant for small-scale farmers. However, climate change is causing a decrease in bat populations. To assess the potential impacts of climate change on insectivorous bats and the implications on small-scale farming of indigenous communities in the Chiapas Highlands in southern Mexico we developed a three-step protocol: (1) projecting distribution shifts of insectivorous bats under climate change scenarios using non-dispersal and limited-full dispersal assumptions, (2) using official information to estimate the average economic value of conducting chemical pest control in crops at a state level, (3) surveying small-scale farmers to estimate the local economic value of pest control and determine how bats are perceived by small-scale farmers. Our models project shifts in bat species due to climate change. Given that new suitable climatic areas are also projected, if we assume a limited-full dispersal scenario, bats might not be as at risk by climate change, but shifting their distribution to more suitable habitats will probably affect the dynamic of the ecosystem service they provide. The official estimated value of chemical pest control is $15.15 USD/ha, while the estimated cost resulting from a hybrid survey with small-scale farmers was $47.53 USD/ha. The difference in cost could be related to an overuse of insecticides for pest control or an increase in price due to reduced accessibility. Sixty percent of surveyed farmers perceived a decline in bat populations, 68% were unaware of the benefits that bats provide to their crops, 51% believe that bats are mainly hematophagous, and 10% recognize that people harm or kill bats. A new approach including communicating small-scale farmers in their native languages the benefits that insectivorous bats provide along with a pest management strategy for the efficient use of insecticides needs to be implemented.

Design of portable floating battery platform utilizing solar and wind energy sources

Abstract Overfishing is caused by excessive fishing, resulting in a significant decrease in fish populations. This has a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems, fish availability, and fishermen’s income. Since 2008, the fishing area in the Madura Strait has experienced overfishing. In relation to the many fishing areas in Indonesia that have experienced overfishing, Government Regulation No. 11 of 2023 was issued on controlled and proportional fishing, carried out in measured fishing zones, based on fishing quotas to preserve fish resources and their environment, and equalize national economic growth. From the perspective of a Marine Engineer, one method to implement this government policy is by changing from fuel to batteries on fishing boats, as well as building energy stations throughout the waters of the Madura Strait. Therefore, this research aims to design a floating energy station based on solar panels and wind turbines to cover the needs of four 10 GT fishing boats with a battery capacity of 90 kWh. Based on numerical methods and trial and error according to weather data, the floating energy station uses 135 solar panels of 550 Wp and 16 wind turbines of 2 kW used to charge 300 batteries of 24 Volts, 100Ah. All batteries can be recharged in 8.5 hours.

Kinetics, thresholds, and a comparison of mechanisms underlying systemic infection by Listeria monocytogenes

Studies on the system-scale pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes infection have classically focused on its ability to colonize in the intestines following an exposure event. However, despite this, many of the most dangerous complications arising from L. monocytogenes infection are observed days, weeks, or months after exposure, resulting indirectly from bacteria escaping this intestinal colonization hub and invading other organs. Over time, findings of various individual phenomena observed during systemic infection have accumulated, including a shift away from the principal route of intestinal dissemination, delays in bacterial colonization of the central nervous system, differing bacterial flux rates across organs, and multi-stability of bacterial population levels. To further our quantitative understanding of foodborne bacterial infection dynamics, a compartmental model of systemic infection which synthesizes these findings is proposed. Under parameterization to infection in BALB/c mice, the model is used to show a substantial decrease in bacterial populations resulting from dissemination through the mesenteric lymph nodes, as compared to the portal vein, when controlling for the number of bacteria passing through each route. Due to the compartmental nature of this model, we anticipate that this result may be paralleled in other microbes which make use of these pathways to escape the intestinal environment. Additionally, we predict thresholds for intestinal dissemination along each of these routes which must be surpassed to induce systemic infection and describe how these thresholds change over time. Supplementarily, logistic curves are fitted to synthetic data as a means of robustly quantifying the dose–response relationship beyond the intestinal barrier.

COLCHICUM SOBOLIFERUM, MARSILEA QUADRIFOLIA AND TRAPA NATANS VAR. NATANS IN THE DANUBE DELTA BIOSPHERE RESERVE

Rare plant species are more sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances, their effects causing a decrease in populations and the fragmentation of their habitats. Their unclear population structure often impedes conservation planning. The purpose of the study is to update the distribution and population size, identify habitat preferences, investigate limiting factors, and assess the current conservation status of three threatened taxa – Colchicum soboliferum, Marsilea quadrifolia, and Trapa natans var. natans from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDBR). The study took place between 2019-2023. The study results showed that the taxa are rare in DDBR, and they have affinities to specific plant communities. C. soboliferum occurs frequently in Artemisio santonici-Juncetum maritimi and Agrostio maeoticae-Scirpoidetum holoschoeni subass. aperetosum maritimae, M. quadrifolia is mainly found in Typhetum angustifoliae and Artemisio santonici-Juncetum maritimi, while Trapa natans var. natans, is found in Trapo-Nymphoidetum association. The threats to the three species are overgrazing and soil compaction for C. soboliferum; water pollution, invasion of Elodea nuttallii and habitat change due to trampling for M. quadrifolia; wetland drainage, boating and silting for Trapa natans var. natans. Therefore, for all three species, changing the conservation status to endangered, protecting and restoring the actual habitats, and transplanting individuals to safer areas with similar habitats are part of the conservation plan within the DDBR area.

Normalization of the Constant score in the Spanish population

BackgroundNormal Constant score values for healthy shoulders can vary between regions and change over the years as life expectancy increases and physical condition improves. Spain’s population is one of the healthiest and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world, which could be reflected in its normal Constant score values. The purpose of this study is finding the normal Constant score values in the Spanish population. MethodsCross-sectional study completed between 2023-2024, including subjects older than 18 years of age without any previous or ongoing shoulder condition. Constant score was taken for both shoulders of every subject. A stratified analysis of total and subtotal scores was performed, grouping subjects by age and sex. ResultsA total of 505 subjects and 1010 shoulders were included, with a mean age of 52.3 ± 18.6 years and men/women ratio of 39.6%/60.4%. Five groups were formed according to age: 18-30 years-old (18.4%), 31-45 years-old (16.4%), 46-60 years-old (29.8%), 61-75 years-old (23.7%), and over 75 years-old (11.7%). Each of these groups were divided in two groups according to sex, making a total of 10 groups. Mean Constant score was 88.9 ± 10.9, the group of men between 18-30 years-old having the highest mean score (99.2 ± 3.0) and the group of women over 75 years-old having the lowest mean score (75.3 ± 8.8). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between total score and age (r = -.47, p < .001). Total score was also significantly lower in the women (84.5 ± 8.2 vs 92.6 ± 8.5, p < .001). The decrease in mobility (r = -.45, p < .001) and strength (r = -.40, p < .001), and the difference in strength between the men and the women (10.6 ± 3.8 vs 6.0 ± 2.0, p < .001) were the main underlying causes of the difference in total Constant score between groups. ConclusionNormal values of the Spanish version of the Constant score in healthy shoulders of the Spanish population decrease with age and are lower in women, the main differences being found in shoulder mobility and strength. Global scores found in this population are higher than those previously published for English, American, and Swiss populations.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals S100A8/A9hi neutrophils-induced endothelial cell death and lymphocyte infiltration after ischemic stroke

Stroke is a major global cause of death and disability, with ischemic stroke being the most common type. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, allowing immune cells to infiltrate and worsening neuroinflammation. This study uses single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to examine the transcriptional changes in neutrophils, endothelial cells, and T cells during ischemic stroke. Our findings indicate a significant increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration, along with a notable decrease in endothelial cell populations, demonstrating severe BBB disruption. Differential gene expression analysis shows that endothelial cells lose important characteristics post-stroke, while lymphocytes activate cytotoxic pathways that may lead to neuronal damage. Additionally, we reveal the contrasting roles of CXCR2 and CXCR4 in neutrophil movement and identify neutrophil-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key drivers of endothelial cell apoptosis. Notably, the S100A8/A9 inhibitor paquinimod significantly protects neurons and reduces lymphocyte infiltration, suggesting that targeting S100A8/A9 could be a promising therapeutic strategy for reducing neurological deficits after ischemic stroke. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of the complex interactions between immune cells and the BBB in ischemic stroke, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at maintaining brain integrity and improving patient outcomes.

Nickel Dynamics Switches the Selectivity of CO2 Hydrogenation

AbstractThe Reverse Water Gas‐Shift reaction (CO2+H2 CO+H2O) allows to balance syn‐gas under industrial conditions. Nickel has been suggested as a potential catalyst but the temperature required is too high, more than 800 °C, limiting practical implementation but when lowering the temperature methanation occurs. Simulations via Density Functional Theory on well‐defined surfaces have systematically failed to reproduce these experimental results. But under reaction conditions, Ni surfaces are not static and DFT models coupled to microkinetics show that low temperatures (high CO coverages) drive the generation of Ni adatoms that are the active sites for methanation. At higher temperatures, the adatom population decreases, and the selectivity towards CO increases. Thus the mechanism behind the selectivity switch is driven by the dynamics induced by reaction intermediates. Our work contributes to the inclusion of dynamic aspects of materials under reaction conditions in the understanding of complex catalytic behaviour.

Nickel Dynamics Switches the Selectivity of CO2 Hydrogenation.

The Reverse Water Gas-Shift reaction (CO2+H2 CO+H2O) allows to balance syn-gas under industrial conditions. Nickel has been suggested as a potential catalyst but the temperature required is too high, more than 800 °C, limiting practical implementation but when lowering the temperature methanation occurs. Simulations via Density Functional Theory on well-defined surfaces have systematically failed to reproduce these experimental results. But under reaction conditions, Ni surfaces are not static and DFT models coupled to microkinetics show that low temperatures (high CO coverages) drive the generation of Ni adatoms that are the active sites for methanation. At higher temperatures, the adatom population decreases, and the selectivity towards CO increases. Thus the mechanism behind the selectivity switch is driven by the dynamics induced by reaction intermediates. Our work contributes to the inclusion of dynamic aspects of materials under reaction conditions in the understanding of complex catalytic behaviour.

EPCO-26. LONGITUDINAL SINGLE-CELL ANALYSES IDENTIFY DRIVERS OF GENETIC, EPIGENOMIC, AND CELLULAR EVOLUTION IN IDH-MUTANT GLIOMA

Abstract Despite standard treatment, IDH-mutant gliomas inevitably recur. Previous studies suggest that therapeutic resistance may result from a combination of intratumoral cellular heterogeneity, epigenetic evolution, and acquired genetic alterations. However, how these multilayered molecular features interact to influence the evolutionary paths of IDH-mutant gliomas remains incompletely understood. To chart this evolution, 75 glioma samples were longitudinally collected from 35 patients (n = 13 oligodendroglioma, n = 22 astrocytoma) and profiled using single nucleus RNA sequencing, ATAC sequencing, and bulk DNA sequencing. Analysis of 331,016 nuclei (snRNA) revealed eight tumor microenvironment cell types and five pan-IDH-mutant malignant cellular states. The malignant states were distributed along a cellular hierarchy of stem-like populations (neural progenitor cell-like, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell-like, and undifferentiated) and more differentiated populations (mesenchymal-like and astrocyte-like) with cycling cells enriched in the stem-like populations. Joint open chromatin accessibility data (snATAC) was available for a subset of malignant cells (71,088 nuclei) and state-specific differentially accessible peaks supported that these states are epigenetically encoded. Across both subtypes, higher tumor grade was associated with reduced malignant cell differentiation and increased cycling populations. Between the two time points, we identified that there was a longitudinal increase in the cycling, undifferentiated, and mesenchymal-like populations with a corresponding decrease in the astrocyte-like population. Longitudinal genetic analysis revealed that 19 of 35 tumors acquired at least one of the following genetic alterations: treatment-associated hypermutation, cell cycle alteration, or large changes in copy number alterations. Importantly, tumors that acquired these key genetic alterations demonstrated significant shifts towards reduced differentiation and increased cycling populations while those tumors that did not had more stable malignant profiles. Collectively, our results suggest a common cellular hierarchy across IDH-mutant gliomas with a shift towards reduced differentiation, increased cycling populations during disease progression that is driven by acquired genetic alterations.

Effects of fasting on the interplay between temperature and Trypanosoma cruzi infection on the life cycle of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus.

Rhodnius prolixus, a triatomine insect, is one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease in South America. Its interaction with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of this disease, is known to be deeply affected by ambient temperature and the nutritional status of the insect vector. In this study, we investigated how starvation affects the life cycle of R. prolixus and the population dynamics of the parasite inside the intestine of the vector at four temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C. The weights and molting times of chronically infected and uninfected insects were monitored through repeated 30-day fasting periods from first instar to adult stage, assessing their capacity to retain blood meal weight between developmental stages and tracking parasite concentrations in their urine. Our results demonstrate that ambient temperature is a crucial factor affecting the resistance of R. prolixus to starvation, as survival, body weight, and weight retention greatly decreased in high temperature treatments. Furthermore, we showed that temperature significantly influenced whether T. cruzi established an infection in early instars, with few insects developing infections at the lowest and highest temperature treatments. Additionally, we discovered that a fasting period of 30 days induces a steady decrease in parasite populations in the vector over its lifetime. Infection by T. cruzi had no effect on the survival, molting time, and nutritional factors monitored in our protocol. Our results highlight the importance of nutrition as a determining factor for the development of the vector and the parasite, providing valuable insights for elucidating the complex interplay between temperature and nutrition in shaping the epidemiology of Chagas disease in a changing climate.

Demographic changes, technology growth, and retirement policy reform: Implications for U.S. housing dynamics

As the population aging process continues, concerns about how this situation impacts the housing market and social security rise. To address this question, this paper presents a developed and calibrated general equilibrium life-cycle model incorporating two production sectors to analyze the impacts of demographic structure changes and retirement policy reforms on housing price fluctuations and household choices. The model calibrated to the U.S. macroeconomic data between 1968 and 2018 suggests that in an economy with unlimited land supply, the housing supply curve exhibits perfect elasticity, rendering demographic changes insignificant in housing price fluctuations, while technological advancements lead to decreased prices. A 1% growth in productivity in both sectors results in a 2.6% decrease in house prices. Furthermore, a 1% decrease in population and a 5-year early retirement led to significant reductions of 25% and 30% in individual social security payments and 9% and 18% in interest rates, respectively. This suggests that during a recession caused by demographic structural changes, households become more conservative and prioritize precautionary saving strategies, increasing savings and investing more in housing assets. Consistent with empirical findings, during an economic boom, a decline in the capital-output ratio and the real housing price suggests a decrease in savings and housing asset investment. The rise in consumption drives the capital demand of the non-housing sector to increase, stimulating business expansion and labor inflow.

Dual Active Galactic Nuclei: Precursors of Binary Supermassive Black Hole Formation and Mergers

The presence of dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) on scales of a few tens of kiloparsecs can be used to study merger-induced accretion on supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and offer insights about SMBH mergers, using dual AGNs as merger precursors. This study uses the Romulus25 cosmological simulation to investigate the properties and evolution of dual AGNs. We first analyze the properties of AGNs (L bol > 1043 erg s−1) and their neighboring SMBHs (any SMBHs closer than 30 pkpc to an AGN) at z ≤ 2. This is our underlying population. We then applied the luminosity threshold of L bol > 1043 erg s−1 to the neighboring SMBHs thereby identifying dual and multiple AGNs. Our findings indicate an increase in the number of both single and dual AGNs from lower to higher redshifts. We also find that the number of dual AGNs with separations of 0.5–4 kpc is twice the number of duals with separations of 4–30 kpc. All dual AGNs in our sample resulted from major mergers. Compared to single AGNs, duals have a lower black hole-to-halo mass ratio. We found that the properties of dual AGN host halos, including halo mass, stellar mass, star formation rate, and gas mass, are generally consistent with those of single AGN halos, albeit tending toward the higher end of their respective property ranges. Our analysis uncovered a diverse array of evolutionary patterns among dual AGNs, including rapidly evolving systems, slower ones, and instances where SMBH mergers are ineffective.

Is a Training Program in Pediatric Abdominal Ultrasonography Necessary for Pediatricians?

Despite being an essential specialty, pediatrics in South Korea faces the threat of collapse. While the declining birth rate is an important contributor to the decrease in the pediatric population, a more critical issue lies in the dysfunctional healthcare system. Primary care pediatricians are troubled by the lack of patients, whereas tertiary care specialists are concerned about the shortage of doctors. Although the absolute number of pediatric specialists is not small, there is a scarcity of doctors willing to specialize in pediatrics. Recently, pediatric abdominal ultrasonography has been conducted in tertiary hospitals. However, there is an argument that this responsibility should be shifted to primary care pediatricians. As someone who has been performing pediatric abdominal ultrasound examinations for years, I am committed to educating pediatric specialists in this field. My aim is to contribute, albeit modestly, to improving the South Korean healthcare system.

All-cause nursing home mortality rates have remained above pre-pandemic levels after accounting for decline in occupancy.

During the initial year of the COVID-19 pandemic, a disproportionate share of COVID-19-related deaths occurred among nursing home residents. Initial estimates of all-cause mortality rates also spiked in early and late 2020 before falling to near or below historical rates by early 2021. During the first 3 years of the pandemic, the US nursing home resident population also decreased by 18% (239 000 fewer residents) compared with pre-pandemic levels. After accounting for these population changes, the all-cause nursing home mortality rate has remained above pre-pandemic levels through the middle of 2023. The peak was in December 2020 at 5692 deaths per 100 000 residents, which was 19% higher than estimates not accounting for the population decrease.

An Analysis of Differential Evolution Population Size

The performance of the differential evolution algorithm (DE) is known to be highly sensitive to the values assigned to its control parameters. While numerous studies of the DE control parameters do exist, these studies have limitations, particularly in the context of setting the population size regardless of problem-specific characteristics. Moreover, the complex interrelationships between DE control parameters are frequently overlooked. This paper addresses these limitations by critically analyzing the existing guidelines for setting the population size in DE and assessing their efficacy for problems of various modalities. Moreover, the relative importance and interrelationship between DE control parameters using the functional analysis of variance (fANOVA) approach are investigated. The empirical analysis uses thirty problems of varying complexities from the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2014 benchmark suite. The results suggest that the conventional one-size-fits-all guidelines for setting DE population size possess the possibility of overestimating initial population sizes. The analysis further explores how varying population sizes impact DE performance across different fitness landscapes, highlighting important interactions between population size and other DE control parameters. This research lays the groundwork for subsequent research on thoughtful selection of optimal population sizes for DE algorithms, facilitating the development of more efficient adaptive DE strategies.

Witnessing an extreme, highly efficient galaxy formation mode with resolved Lyman-α and Lyman-continuum emission

J1316+2614 at z = 3.613 is the UV-brightest (MUV = −24.7) and strongest Lyman continuum-emitting (fescLyC ≈ 90%) star-forming galaxy known; it also shows signatures of inflowing gas from its blue-dominated Lyα profile. We present high-resolution imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the LyC, Lyα, rest-UV, and optical emission of J1316+2614. Detailed analysis of the LyC and UV light distributions reveals compact yet resolved profiles, with LyC and UV morphologies showing identical half-light radii of reff ≃ 220 pc. The continuum-subtracted Lyα emission, obtained with the HST ramp-filter FR551N, reveals an extended filamentary structure of ≃6.0 kpc oriented south to north with only residual flux within the stellar core, suggesting a Lyα ‘hole’. Our spectral energy distribution analysis shows that J1316+2614 is characterised by a young (5.7 ± 1.0 Myr), nearly un-obscured stellar population with a high star-formation rate (SFR = 898 ± 181 M⊙ yr−1) and a stellar mass of M⋆young = (4.8 ± 0.3) × 109 M⊙. Additionally, the spectral energy distribution analysis supports the absence of an underlying old stellar population (M⋆old ≤ 2.8 × 109 M⊙, 3σ). J1316+2614 presents remarkably high SFR and stellar mass surface densities of log(Σ SFR[M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2]) = 3.47 ± 0.11 and log(ΣM⋆[M⊙pc−2]) = 4.20 ± 0.06, respectively, which are among the highest observed in star-forming galaxies and are more typically observed in local young massive star clusters and globular clusters. Our findings indicate that J1316+2614 is a powerful, young, and compact starburst that is leaking a significant amount of LyC photons due to a lack of gas and dust within the starburst. We explored the conditions for gas expulsion using a simple energetic balance and find that, given the strong binding force in J1316+2614, a high star-formation efficiency (ϵSF ≥ 0.7) is necessary to explain the removal of gas and its exposed nature. Our results thus suggest a close link between high ϵSF and high fescLyC. This high efficiency can also naturally explain the remarkably high SFR, UV luminosity, and efficient mass growth of J1316+2614, which acquired at least 62% of its mass in the last 6 Myr. J1316+2614 may exemplify an intense, feedback-free starburst with a high ϵSF, similar to those proposed for UV-bright galaxies at high redshifts.

Linking joint exposures to residential greenness and air pollution with adults’ social health in dense Hong Kong

Despite the growing recognition of the impact of urban environments on social health, limited research explores the combined associations of multiple urban exposures, particularly in dense cities. This study examines the interplay between greenspace, air pollution, and social health as well as the underlying pathways and population heterogeneity in Hong Kong using cross-sectional survey data from 1977 adults and residential environmental data. Social health includes social contacts, relations, and support. Greenspace used street-view greenness (SVG), park density, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). 100-m daily ground NO2 and O3, indicative of air pollution, were derived using a spatiotemporal deep learning model. Mediators involved physical activity and negative emotions. Main analyses were performed in a 1000-m buffer with multivariate logistical regressions, stratification, interaction, and Partial Lease Square - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Multi-exposure models revealed positive associations between park density/SVG and social contacts, as well as between SVG and social relations, while O3 was negatively associated with social relations/support. Significant moderators included age, birthplace, employment, and education. PLS-SEM indicated direct positive associations between SVG and social contacts/relations and significant indirect negative associations between NO2/O3 and social health via negative emotions. This study adds to urban health research by exploring complex relationships between greenspace, air pollution, and social health, highlighting the role of the environment in fostering social restoration.

Changes and Solutions in the Education Market -- Economic Research Based on Era of Negative Population Growth in China

Abstract: Faced with the current negative population growth in China, the education market will face new challenges and changes. The top priority of the economic downturn in the education market is, first and foremost, to solve the problem of a decrease in the number of students. Based on the reduction of student sources, the supply-demand imbalance in the education market can be analyzed first, followed by several direct reasons, such as social pressure and government fiscal deficits. After identifying the problem, the root cause of the school's student population can be solved based on the problem, or corresponding measures can be taken to alleviate the surplus of teaching staff caused by negative population growth, such as providing no age-limitation or establishing international enrollment, adjusting regional development imbalance in the education field, adjusting teacher resources and the nature of work, and reallocating learning resources. These measures can promote the reform of the Chinese education market, alleviate the financial crisis caused by the decrease in enrollment in Chinese schools, and make the Chinese education market constantly full of vitality and vigor.

The Impact of Changes in China's Population Structure on Consumption Patterns

Consumer spending is the key engine driving economic growth in China. However, in recent years, the overall consumption pattern in China has been affected by domestic epidemics, leading to an increase in unemployment rates among residents and a decrease in consumer willingness. As a result, the annual changes in final consumption expenditure have tended to stabilize, with almost no upward trend. Consequently, numerous studies have emerged based on the current consumption situation in China, providing recommendations to promote consumption. This paper, using data from the World Bank and China's National Statistical Yearbook, conducts research on the impact of demographic changes on consumption structure and proposes relevant suggestions to boost consumption in China. Researching the development of China's population structure reveals several notable trends. These include a decrease in the working-age population accompanied by a significant aging trend, improvements in population quality due to enhanced human capital, and a noticeable trend towards urbanization and increased population mobility. Therefore, this paper provides a series of recommendations, encourages national policies and corporate innovations that promote consumption, and offers solutions to potential issues arising from changes in population structure.