Decrease In Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effects of temperature up-shift and UV-A radiation on fatty acids content and expression of desaturase genes in cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: stress tolerance and acclimation responses.

Temperature up-shift and UV-A radiation effects on growth, lipid damage, fatty acid (FA) composition and expression of desaturase genes desA and desB were investigated in the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Although UV-A damaging effect has been well documented, reports on the interactive effects of UV radiation exposure and warming on cyanobacteria are scarce. Temperature and UV-A doses were selected based on the physiological responses previously obtained by studies with the same M. aeruginosa strain used in this study. Cells pre-grown at 26°C were incubated at the same temperature or 29°C and exposed to UV-A + PAR and only PAR for 9days. Growth rate was significantly affected by UV-A radiation independently of the temperature throughout the experiment. High temperature produced lipid damage significantly higher throughout the experiment, decreasing at day 9 as compared to 26°C. In addition, the cells grown at 29°C under UV-A displayed a decrease in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) levels, with ω3 PUFA being mostly affected at the end of exposure. Previously, we reported that UV-A-induced lipid damage affects differentially ω3 and ω6 PUFAs. We report that UV-A radiation leads to an upregulation of desA, possibly due to lipid damage. In addition, the temperature up-shift upregulates desA and desB regardless of the radiation. The lack of lipid damage for UV-A on ω3 could explain the lack of transcription induction of desB. The significant ω6 decrease at 26°C in cells exposed to UV-A could be due to the lack of upregulation of desA.

Plasma Instead of Serum Avoids Critical Confounding of Clinical Metabolomics Studies by Platelets.

Metabolomics is an emerging and powerful bioanalytical method supporting clinical investigations. Serum and plasma are commonly used without rational prioritization. Serum is collected after blood coagulation, a complex biochemical process involving active platelet metabolism. This may affect the metabolome and increase the variance, as platelet counts and function may vary substantially in individuals. A multiomics approach systematically investigating the suitability of serum and plasma for clinical studies demonstrated that metabolites correlated well (n = 461, R2 = 0.991), whereas lipid mediators (n = 83, R2 = 0.906) and proteins (n = 322, R2 = 0.860) differed substantially between specimen. Independently, analysis of platelet releasates identified most biomolecules significantly enriched in serum compared to plasma. A prospective, randomized, controlled parallel group metabolomics trial with acetylsalicylic acid administered for 7 days demonstrated that the apparent drug effects significantly differ depending on the analyzed specimen. Only serum analyses of healthy individuals suggested a significant downregulation of TXB2 and 12-HETE, which were specifically formed during coagulation in vitro. Plasma analyses reliably identified acetylsalicylic acid effects on metabolites and lipids occurring in vivo such as an increase in serotonin, 15-deoxy-PGJ2 and sphingosine-1-phosphate and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present data suggest that plasma should be preferred above serum for clinical metabolomics studies as the serum metabolome may be substantially confounded by platelets.

Black Soldier Meal in Feed Could Adversely Affect Organic Broiler Meat Quality When Used for the Total or Half Replacement of Diet Proteins

Organic poultry sector needs high-quality proteins sources to meet specific requirements. The EU’s organic regulation forbids synthetic amino acids; therefore, soybean, with its balanced essential amino acid content, has become the most used protein source, though much of it is imported from non-EU countries, with sustainability and crop competition issues; therefore, it should be substituted with a high-protein-value alternative such as insect meal. In this study, 900 Aviagen Savanna broilers were fed with three different organic diets: soybean only (S100), 50% black soldier fly larvae meal (BSL) and 50% soybean (BSL50), and 100% BSL only (BSL100). Broiler performance, welfare, and fatty acids (FA) were analyzed. BSL50 and BSL100 negatively affected growth, while only BSL100 worsened all of the market-related performances. Meat showed a significant increase in saturated FA (SFA) (p < 0.000) and a corresponding decrease in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), in BSL50 and BSL100, but α-linolenic acid was not affected by BSL50 treatment (p < 0.000). The SFA increase could represent a negative aspect for human health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases), but, as reported by other authors, medium chain SFA, (i.e., lauric acid), may show beneficial effects as well (i.e., antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties).

Effect of conduction drying on nutrient and fatty acid profiles: a comparative analysis of hazelnuts and walnuts

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the nutrient and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) and walnuts (Juglans regia) subjected to continuous drying. Samples from two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) were analyzed for nutritional value both before and after conduction drying. Thermal conduction drying was performed at 60 and 80°C at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The results showed that hazelnuts had increased ash, protein (from 16.4 to 18.7%), carbohydrate and starch content, while walnuts had a higher pH and fat content (from 60.97 to 71.02%). After drying, increasing temperatures resulted in significant changes in nutrient concentrations for both nuts, including changes in ash, protein, fat (hazelnuts from 58.69 to 71.48% at 60°C for 60 min), carbohydrate and starch content, and pH. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content varied by sample and year, with notable trends such as the increase in oleic acid in walnuts from 82.26 to 83.67%. Longer drying times and higher temperatures correlated with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids in both nut types. In conclusion, conduction drying, especially at higher temperatures and longer durations, significantly affects the nutrient and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts and walnuts. The study provides new insights into the effects of drying conditions on the nutrient composition and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts and walnuts and reveals significant changes that warrant further investigation. It sets the stage for future research to extend these findings to other nut species and alternative drying processes and highlights the importance of optimizing processing parameters for improved health benefits and sustainability.

Correlation investigation between core microbe inoculation and the evolution of flavor characteristics during the storage of sturgeon caviar (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)

The volatile and non-volatile compounds were monitored to investigate the microbial evolution associated with the characteristic flavors for sturgeon caviar during refrigeration. The results revealed that the composition of volatile compounds changed significantly with prolonged refrigeration time, especially hexanal, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, 3-methyl butyraldehyde, and 1-octen-3-ol. The nonvolatile metabolites were mainly represented by the increase of bitter amino acids (Thr. Ser, Gly, Ala, and Pro) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially an 18.63 % decrease in 5 months of storage. A total of 332 differential metabolites were mainly involved in the biosynthetic metabolic pathways of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. The precursors associated with flavor evolution were mainly phospholipids, including oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The most abundant at the genus level was Serratia, followed by Arsenophnus, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas, as obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, seven core microorganisms were isolated and characterized from refrigerated caviar. Among them, inoculation with Mammalian coccus and Bacillus chrysosporium restored the flavor profile of caviar and enhanced the content of nonvolatile precursors, contributing to the characteristic aroma attributes of sturgeon caviar. The study presents a theoretical basis for the exploitation of technologies for quality stabilization and control of sturgeon caviar during storage.

Transforming 'Bonito del Norte' Tuna By-Products into Functional Ingredients for Nutritional Enhancement of Cereal-Based Foods.

The fishing industry produces a significant number of by-products. This study explored two methods of transforming these by-products: fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) and Fishmeal (FM). Physicochemical characterization of these products was conducted and their potential inclusion in biscuits was investigated due to the lack of high biological value protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids of this product. The results identified colour disparities between FPH and FM, with FM displaying lower brightness and a more reddish hue. In FPH, there was also a noticeable decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, probably associated with the temperature reached in spray-drying. While the incorporation of these by-products in biscuits was feasible, there were challenges, particularly the fishy taste and rancid odour, which were more pronounced in FM biscuits due to the higher fat content. This correlated with the oxidation indexes, such as TBARS and acidity index. Nonetheless, FPH biscuit attributes like typical colour or flavour received positive feedback, attributed to the Maillard reaction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed microstructural differences, which correlated with the results of hardness and fracturability, probably due to the higher fat content in FM. This study revealed the possibility of nutritionally enriching cookies with ingredients derived from fish by-products. However, it would be necessary to go a step further and study alternatives that allow better preservation of saturated fatty acids.

Chronic dietary exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide in broiler hens has long-term impacts on the progeny metabolism

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are the most commonly used herbicides in agriculture. Several studies reported possible adverse effects on human and animal models after a GBH exposure. However, the effects of a temporary maternal exposure on the progeny have been poorly documented, especially in avian models. We investigated the effects of a hen chronic dietary exposure to a GBH on the progeny, obtained during the period following the withdrawal of GBH from the diet. Hens were exposed to a GBH via their food for 6 wk, after which the GBH was removed from their food. Eggs from these hens were collected 3 wk after the GBH was withdrawn for 1 wk. We monitored the growth performances, metabolic parameters, and behavior from the progeny of the hens (Ex-GBH chicks, n=186) and compared them with those of unexposed control-hen progeny (CT chicks, n=213). Ex-GBH chicks were more likely to explore their new environment than CT chicks during the open-field test. In addition, they had an increased fattening and blood triglycerides level, whereas their food consumption was similar to CT chicks. Quantitative PCR on the chemerin system and FASN in chicks livers indicate a transcriptional activity in favor of fatty acid synthesis, and lipidomic analysis on chicks abdominal adipose tissue reveal a global increase in monounsaturated fatty acid and a global decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Seven genes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids were identified with the open access LIPIDMAP software, and their disturbance in Ex-GBH chicks was confirmed via qPCR. Taken together, these results suggest that the progeny of hens temporarily exposed to a GBH are more likely to fatten, even with a balanced diet. The removal of GBH from their contaminated environment would therefore not be sufficient to completely restore their health, has it could induce transgenerational effects.

Plankton depletion by mussel grazing negatively impacts the fitness of lobster larvae

Bivalve aquaculture has rapidly expanded in shallow coastal habitats, leading to substantial changes in the natural environment. While the grazing pressure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) on phytoplankton and zooplankton has been well documented, cascading effects of plankton depletion on the development and survival of resident fish and invertebrate larvae remains largely unexplored. This study experimentally assessed the impact of control (no mussel grazing), low (20 mussels·m−3) and high (80 mussels·m−3) mussel densities on a model community composed of various phytoplankton and zooplankton and how changes in plankton characteristics influence the development and survival of lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae. Mussels fed primarily on nanophytoplankton, while the picophytoplankton experienced significantly less grazing. Zooplankton was readily ingested by mussels, showing a sharp decline under low mussel density, whereas it was eliminated from the plankton under high density of mussels. A 65% decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑ PUFA) was observed in the plankton under mussel filtration compared to control. Lobster larvae reared under control plankton conditions exhibited the fastest development, highest survival rate, carapace length, total lipid and ∑ PUFA contents, and TAG/ST (triacylglycerols/sterols) ratio, indicating the best nutritional condition. Larvae reared under low mussel density showed longer developmental time, lower survival rate and carapace length than that for controls. In addition, these larvae showed a significant reduction in total lipid, ∑ PUFA, and TAG/ST, which collectively suggests poor nutritional status due to limited dietary intake. Under high mussel density, larvae did not molt to stage II and died within 14 days, suggesting that the depleted plankton community was unable to sustain physiological requirements for survival and development of the larvae. Overall, mussel grazing altered the meroplankton community structure and its biochemical composition, ultimately impacting the development, survival, and quality of lobster larvae. These findings provide novel information on complex trophic interactions between bivalves and a meroplankton species and adds a new perspective to fuel discussions on energy and nutrient pathways, particularly long-chain PUFA, in ecosystem carrying capacity studies for shellfish aquaculture in shallow coastal habitats.

Influence of biostimulants and humic extracts treatment on the fatty acid profile of the spring oilseed rape variety

Abstract. For two consecutive economic years, a field experiment was conducted with spring rapeseed hybrid Rasna. The aim is to trace the effect of phytostimulant treatment on the total fat content of rapeseed and the proportion of essential fatty acids. The application of biostimulants (organic acid and humic complexes) in the cultivation of rapeseed variety Rasna leads to changes in the fatty acid composition of the seeds. The use of biostimulants HL100, HLN 55 and TH1-20% in the first year leads to a decrease in the content of saturated by 3.5%, 1.74% and 4.7% and polyunsaturated fatty acids by 2.74%, 0.59% and 3.15% due to the higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids by 0.99%, 0.58 and 1.47%. Biostimulator TH1-10% leads to an increase in saturated by 0.06%, monounsaturated by 0.26% and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids by 1.35% compared to the control group of seeds. In the second year of treatment of rapeseed variety Rasna saturated fatty acids decreased compared to the control group to a lesser extent: with the application of biostimulant TH1-10% and HLN 55 by 0.33% and 0.11%, while with biostimulants HL 100, TH1-20% and H40 their content increases by 0.97, 0.06% and 0.04% respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids decreased in humic complexes by 0.34%, biostimulator TH1-10% by 0.72% and biostimulator TH1-20% by 0.23%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have the highest degree of reduction when applying biostimulant HL 100-2.77%. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids had a higher content in the first year of treatment in rapeseed hybrid Rasna, while the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids increased with a high degree of confidence (P≤0.001) in the second marketing year. This, on the one hand, is due to environmental factors, and on the other – to the type of preparation for treatment. The improved fatty acid composition of the seeds makes them a suitable raw material for the production of fats and their use in feed for monogastric and ruminant animals

Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Lipid Composition Mirrors That of Neurons and Glial Cells in Murine Experimental In Vitro and In Vivo Inflammation.

Lipid membrane turnover and myelin repair play a central role in diseases and lesions of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to analyze lipid composition changes due to inflammatory conditions. We measured the fatty acid (FA) composition in erythrocytes (RBCs) and spinal cord tissue (gas chromatography) derived from mice affected by experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in acute and remission phases; cholesterol membrane content (Filipin) and GM1 membrane assembly (CT-B) in EAE mouse RBCs, and in cultured neurons, oligodendroglial cells and macrophages exposed to inflammatory challenges. During the EAE acute phase, the RBC membrane showed a reduction in polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated FAs (SFAs) and the omega-6/omega-3 ratios, followed by a restoration to control levels in the remission phase in parallel with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acid residues. A decrease in PUFAs was also shown in the spinal cord. CT-B staining decreased and Filipin staining increased in RBCs during acute EAE, as well as in cultured macrophages, neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells exposed to inflammatory challenges. This regulation in lipid content suggests an increased cell membrane rigidity during the inflammatory phase of EAE and supports the investigation of peripheral cell membrane lipids as possible biomarkers for CNS lipid membrane concentration and assembly.

Physicochemical properties of nanosized biochar regulated by heat treatment temperature dictates algal responses: From the perspective of fatty acid metabolism.

Nanosized biochar (NBC) is an important fraction of biochar (BC) as it can exert nano-scale effects on aquatic organisms, attracting increasing research attention. However, effects of different physicochemical properties of NBC on biological responses at the metabolic and gene expression level are not comprehensively understood. Here, biological effects of NBCs pyrolyzed at different heat treatment temperatures (HTTs, 350-700°C) were evaluated using freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris, from the perspectives of growth and fatty acid (FA) profile changes. NBC pyrolyzed at 700°C (N700) induced the greatest algal growth inhibition and oxidative stress than N350 and N500. In addition, NBC exposure to 50mg/L increased saturated and monounsaturated FAs, along with a decrease in polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). Exposure to NBC also significantly influenced the expression of key FA metabolism genes (3fad, sad, kasi and accd), demonstrating the potential role of reactive oxygen species-mediated PUFA reduction accompanied by increased membrane permeability in algal toxicity upon NBC exposure. The observed differences in response to N700 were attributed to its smaller particle size and higher abundance of -COOH. These findings reveal the underlying mechanisms in the algal response to NBCs and provide valuable guidance for the safe design and application of BC materials.

Chemical and biochemical responses to sub−lethal doses of mercury and cadmium in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Specimens of Sparus aurata were exposed to sub−lethal concentrations of Hg and Cd for 25 days and the levels of both metals were investigated in organs and tissues. Bioaccumulation of Hg decreased as follow: gills > kidney > liver > skin > muscle, while the order of Cd bioaccumulation was: liver > kidney > gills > skin > muscle. Immediately after exposure, both metals showed the highest bioaccumulation in gills and skin indicating that these organs are reliable targets for biomonitoring studies after short term exposure. Metals introduction caused a significant time-dependent concentrations increase in kidney and liver, while in the muscle a significant increase of Hg was recorded only at the end of the experimentation.The effects of exposure were also investigated, at biochemical level, in the liver, which represents the main target of xenobiotics biotransformation and metabolism in fish. Exposed fishes exhibited a reduction of total lipid level, a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), together with a MDA increase. This suggests a direct effect of contaminants on oxidative stress induction that, through the MDA increase, altered the membrane fatty acids composition decreasing the PUFA content. As it regards molecular markers related to oxidative stress and lipid metanolism, a significant increase of Nrf2, Hif−1α and Ampk and a decrease of Fas were observed after exposure to both metals, while an Nf−kB increase was recorded in specimens exposed to Hg, docuemnting a correlation with oxidative stress and consequent metabolism adaptation. Finally, these results suggest the possibility to adopt these biomarkers to explore fish metabolic responses to environmental pollution.

Ocean Acidification Alleviates Dwarf Eelgrass (Zostera noltii) Lipid Landscape Remodeling under Warming Stress.

Simple SummaryExpected climate change scenarios will have inevitable and important impacts on key foundation marine species such as seagrasses. This study was aimed to understand how the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii leaf lipid landscapes are altered under predicted ocean warming (+4 °C) and acidification (ΔpH 0.4) conditions. A severe reduction in the leaf total fatty acid (FA) content was observed in seagrasses individually exposed to hypercapnic or warming conditions, and this depletion was ameliorated under combined exposure to ocean warming and acidification conditions. The tested treatments also impacted the FA composition of all lipid classes, with warming exposure leading to decreases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Galactolipid remodeling seems to have key roles in the physiological changes observed in seagrasses under these tested conditions, highlighting the higher impact of warming and that the proposed stress alleviation effect induced by increased water-dissolved CO2 availability. Neutral lipids were substantially increased under warming conditions, mainly with increases in C18 FA, impairing their use as substrates to maintain the osmotic balance of the cells. Nonetheless, the pace at which ocean warming is occurring can overcome the ameliorative capacity induced by higher CO2 availability, leaving seagrasses under severe heat stress beyond their lipid-remodeling capacity.Coastal seagrass meadows provide a variety of essential ecological and economic services, including nursery grounds, sediment stabilization, nutrient cycling, coastal protection, and blue carbon sequestration. However, these ecosystems are highly threatened by ongoing climatic change. This study was aimed to understand how the dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii leaf lipid landscapes are altered under predicted ocean warming (+4 °C) and hypercapnic (ΔpH 0.4) conditions. Warming and hypercapnic conditions were found to induce a severe reduction in the leaf total fatty acid, though the combined treatment substantially alleviated this depletion. The lipid discrimination revealed a significant increase in the relative monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) content in both hypercapnic and warming conditions, allied to plastidial membrane stabilization mechanisms. Hypercapnia also promoted enhanced phosphatidylglycerol (PG) leaf contents, a mechanism often associated with thylakoid reinvigoration. In addition to changing the proportion of storage, galacto- and phospholipids, the tested treatments also impacted the FA composition of all lipid classes, with warming exposure leading to decreases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); however, the combination of both stress conditions alleviated this effect. The observed galactolipid and phospholipid PUFA decreases are compatible with a homeoviscous adaptation, allowing for the maintenance of membrane stability by counteracting excessive membrane fluidity. Neutral lipid contents were substantially increased under warming conditions, especially in C18 fatty acids (C18), impairing their use as substrates for fatty acylated derivatives essential for maintaining the osmotic balance of cells. An analysis of the phospholipid and galactolipid fatty acid profiles as a whole revealed a higher degree of discrimination, highlighting the higher impact of warming and the proposed stress alleviation effect induced by increased water-dissolved CO2 availability. Still, it is essential to remember that the pace at which the ocean is warming can overcome the ameliorative capacity induced by higher CO2 availability, leaving seagrasses under severe heat stress beyond their lipid remodeling capacity.

Effect of steaming on chemical composition of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Evaluation of potential risk associated with human consumption.

Steaming process is the most popular method for cooking mussels worldwide. The effect of this cooking process on some toxic (Cd, Ni, Pb), essential (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) elements, minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg), total lipids, and fatty acid profiles in the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested from the Black Sea was studied. Different approaches to assess the benefits and risks (n‐6/n‐3, PUFA/SFA, AI, TI, h/H, EDI, THQ, HI, TR, and HQEFA) were employed. In general, steaming process significantly modified some essential elements and minerals concentrations as well as the fatty acid profiles. Compared to the raw samples, this culinary practice resulted in an increased concentration of Na, Mg, Zn, and saturated fatty acids and a decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Significant changes in the lipid quality indices (PUFA/SFA, AI, TI, and h/H) from the raw samples were observed. No effect on the DHA content was found. However, the significant increase in the absolute content of EPA + DHA indicates that steaming does not compromise the nutritional quality of mussels. Target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) from elemental intake were below 1, indicating that the steamed M. galloprovincialis pose no hazard for the consumers. The target risk (TR) values for Pb, Cr, and Ni were calculated, evaluated, and showed acceptable or negligible levels. In addition, the benefit–risk ratio indicated that the steamed M. galloprovincialis are safe for human consumption.

Fatty acids composition in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes in operators of the Vessel Traffic Control Center

Introduction. The quantitative composition of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes was studied in operators at the Vladivostok Vessel Traffic Control Center (VTCC), who during working hours are subject to the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) (radars and navigation devices, communication equipment), high sensory loads (perception of signals on the computer screen and their assessment). Materials and methods. A survey of 2 groups of male volunteers at the age of 35-45 years was carried out. Group 1 (control) included ten healthy donors of comparable age; Group 2 included 10 operators working at the Vessel Traffic Center, who gave informed consent to participate when undergoing a routine medical examination. Results. The effect of EMF on the body of operators was shown to be accompanied by a pronounced pattern of changes in adaptive reactions typical for exposure to acute stress. This was manifested in a decrease in the lymphocytes and eosinophils content when compared to the control values with a simultaneous increase in the intoxication index. Based on the study of the quantitative characteristics of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes it was noted an increase in saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic). The change in the molecular types of phospholipids was noted to decrease in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 families as a part of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Palmitoyl- and stearoyl-containing phospholipids are formed and arachidonoyl-, eicosapentanoyl- and docosahexanoyl-containing components of biomembranes decline. The composition of phospholipids includes saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic and stearic) and fatty acids of the n-9 family (monoenic fatty acids). Calculation of the ratio of fatty acids 20:4 n-6/18:2 n-6 showed its significant decrease in total lipids of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, which characterizes Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase and elongase, which leads to a lack of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. Limitations. Metabolic reactions (subject), 20 examined (quantitative parameter), pilot operators (qualitative indicator), standards of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 (moral and cultural). Conclusion. The impact of EMF on the body of operators of the VTCC in Vladivostok is accompanied by the formation of a stress reaction. Based on the research of the quantitative characteristics of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes it was noted a violation of metabolic reactions in the exchange of fatty acids. This led to the appearance of new molecular types of phospholipids due to disturbances in the metabolic transformations of fatty acids.

Lipotoxic Effects of Gossypol Acetate Supplementation on Hepatopancreas Fat Accumulation and Fatty Acid Profile in Cyprinus carpio

Cottonseed meal is an excellent protein source with low price and abundant nutrients, but the existence of free gossypol restricts its wide application in animal feeds. To explore the toxic effects of free gossypol, the effects of gossypol acetate on the growth performance, hepatopancreatic fat accumulation, and muscle fatty acid composition of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated in the present study. Carp were randomly divided into four groups, which were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 170, 340, and 680 mg/kg gossypol acetate, respectively. After 60 days of feeding, the gossypol residue in the tissue, growth performance, blood biochemical indices, hepatopancreas histology, fatty acid components, and expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism pathways were measured. It was found that the concentrations of free gossypol were increased significantly in the serum, bile, and hepatopancreas of carp fed 340 mg/kg and 680 mg/kg gossypol acetate ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary gossypol acetate had a limited effect on growth performance, and high concentrations of gossypol acetate induced excessive hepatopancreatic fat deposition and hepatocyte injury in C. carpio. In addition, gossypol acetate decreased total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and docosahexaenoic acid in muscle. In the hepatopancreas, decreased HSL, PPARα, and CD36 may result in fat accumulation. In the muscle, decreased FADS2 may be the key reason for the decrease in PUFAs. Taken together, these findings indicated that dietary gossypol acetate can cause lipid metabolism disorders, such as hepatopancreatic damage and significant changes in tissue fatty acid profile, which are regulated by the key lipid metabolic genes in common carp.

The influence of bariatric (metabolic) surgery on blood polyunsaturated fatty acids: A systematic review.

Bariatric, also termed metabolic, surgery is an increasingly common treatment for severe and complex obesity. It decreases macronutrient intake, influences nutrient absorption and modifies gastrointestinal physiology with the aim of reducing adiposity, improving metabolism and reducing disease risk. Bariatric surgery has been shown to result in micronutrient deficiencies. Whether it results in deficiencies of essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their bioactive polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derivatives is not clear. The aim of this systematic review is to identify whether there are effects of bariatric surgery on the blood levels of EFAs and other PUFAs. A database search was conducted up to November 2020 using Medline, Embase and Cinahl databases, using relevant search terms identified by a PICO protocol. Only human studies reporting on PUFAs in a blood pool, published in the English language and available in full text were included. The Cochrane tool for assessing risk of bias was used and data were extracted. Fifteen papers from fourteen studies with relevant data were identified for inclusion. Studies differed according to surgical intervention, duration, measured timepoints, sample size and PUFAs reported. Both increases and decreases in selected PUFAs were reported in different studies. For the EFAs linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and for the longer-chain omega-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid, bariatric surgery is associated with a transient decline in status (to about 6 months post-surgery) with a later return to pre-surgery levels. All studies had some risk of bias and most studies were of small size. There is a decrease in blood levels of both EFAs and of eicosapentaenoic acid in the months following bariatric surgery. This may partly counter the desired effects of the surgery on blood lipids, insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Nutritional strategies (e.g. use of modified formulas or of supplements) may be able to correct the decrease in those PUFAs. Nevertheless, the observed decrease in PUFAs is transient.

Long-Term Fluoxetine Administration Causes Substantial Lipidome Alteration of the Juvenile Macaque Brain.

Fluoxetine is an antidepressant commonly prescribed not only to adults but also to children for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The adverse effects of the long-term treatment reported in some patients, especially in younger individuals, call for a detailed investigation of molecular alterations induced by fluoxetine treatment. Two-year fluoxetine administration to juvenile macaques revealed effects on impulsivity, sleep, social interaction, and peripheral metabolites. Here, we built upon this work by assessing residual effects of fluoxetine administration on the expression of genes and abundance of lipids and polar metabolites in the prelimbic cortex of 10 treated and 11 control macaques representing two monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotypes. Analysis of 8871 mRNA transcripts, 3608 lipids, and 1829 polar metabolites revealed substantial alterations of the brain lipid content, including significant abundance changes of 106 lipid features, accompanied by subtle changes in gene expression. Lipid alterations in the drug-treated animals were most evident for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A decrease in PUFAs levels was observed in all quantified lipid classes excluding sphingolipids, which do not usually contain PUFAs, suggesting systemic changes in fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, the residual effect of the drug on lipid abundances was more pronounced in macaques carrying the MAOA-L genotype, mirroring reported behavioral effects of the treatment. We speculate that a decrease in PUFAs may be associated with adverse effects in depressive patients and could potentially account for the variation in individual response to fluoxetine in young people.

Dietary supplementation with nerolidol improves the antioxidant capacity and muscle fatty acid profile of Brycon amazonicus exposed to acute heat stress.

An increase in water temperature in the Amazon River has elicited concerns about commercially important fish species associated with food security, such as matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of diets supplemented with plant-based products that combat heat stress-induced oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary supplementation with nerolidol prevents or reduces muscle oxidative damage and impairment of the fillet fatty acid profile of matrinxã exposed to heat stress. Plasma and muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to heat stress compared to fish not exposed to heat stress, while plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly lower. The total content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in fillets was significantly higher in fish exposed to heat stress compared to fish not exposed to heat stress, while he total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was significantly lower. Nerolidol prevented the increase of muscle LPO and plasma ROS and LPO levels in fish exposed to heat stress, and partially prevented the increase in muscle ROS levels. Diets containing nerolidol prevented the inhibition of muscle GPx activity in fish exposed to heat stress, and partially prevented the decrease of plasma GPx activity. The nerolidol-supplemented diet prevented the increase of fillet SFA in fish exposed to heat stress, while partially preventing the decrease of PUFA. We conclude that acute heat stress at 34°C for 72h causes plasma and muscular oxidative damage, and that homeoviscous adaptation to maintain membrane fluidity can represent a negative impact for fish consumers. A nerolidol diet can be considered a strategy to prevent heat stress-induced oxidative damage and impairment of muscle fatty acid profiles.

Changes in Fatty Acid and Volatile Compound Profiles during Storage of Smoked Cheese Made from the Milk of Native Polish Cow Breeds Raised in the Low Beskids.

Simple SummaryCheese, due to its high nutritional value, is an important element of the daily diet of many consumers. About one third of cow milk produced globally is processed into a wide assortment of cheeses. Most of them are produced on a mass scale in industrial conditions. One factor determining cheese quality is the quality of the milk it is made from. The milk of pasture-grazed cows is known to have higher content of compounds benefiting human health. Consumers are increasingly interested in artisanal products, including cheese, manufactured directly on farms or in small, local processing facilities, regarding them as natural, less processed, and free of additives. Milk for the production of this type of cheese usually comes from cows of native breeds kept on family farms. Smoking is one of the oldest traditional methods used to prolong the shelf-life of food. It imparts a pleasant aroma to cheese and improves its palatability. The literature lacks studies on the quality of smoked cheese during storage. The aim of this study is to assess changes in chemical composition and in fatty acid and volatile compound profiles during storage of smoked cheese made from the milk of native Polish cow breeds.This study investigated changes in the proximate chemical composition and profiles of fatty acids and volatile compounds of 12 smoked cheeses made from the milk of native Polish cow breeds used in Beskid Niski. Analyses were performed during the shelf life i.e., in the 1st, 21st, 42nd and 69th day of storage. Studies have shown that thanks to smoking and vacuum-packing, the chemical composition of cheese remained stable throughout the whole shelf-life. Up until the 21st day of storage, there were no statistically significant changes in the profile of fatty acids as well as volatile compounds. Changes were observed only after the mentioned storage time. After 21 days, there was a significant (p < 0.05) and steady decrease (up to day 69) in the proportion of odd-chain (by about 36%), branched-chain (by about 17%) and unsaturated fatty acids (by slightly over 1%). Among unsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05), however, there was a significant increase in the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (by 5%) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids of nearly 12%. Storage lowered (by 47% in the 69th day of storage) the content of the conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), as well as lowered the n6 to n3 fatty acids ratio. During the 69 days of storage, the content of carboxylic acids increased to more than 50%. In the period from the 42nd to 69th day of cheese storage, the content of butyric acid and hexanoic acids increased twofold, whereas that of octanoic acid increased more than tenfold. Fifty-four volatile compounds were identified in the cheese. The largest group was ketones (34%), whose level decreased during storage, with 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy- (acetoin) and 2-butanone predominating. The research found that due to their low odor threshold, carboxylic acids may have negatively affected the flavor profile of the cheese.