Decrease In Pace Research Articles

Neuropsychological mechanisms underlying reading and writing disorders in primary school children

Background. There has been an increasing interest to the diagnostics of learning difficulties in primary school children, which is associated with scientific advances in the interdisciplinary paradigm and high prevalence of difficulties with writing among children. Long-term observations demonstrate the presence of neuropsychological disorders in children with reading and writing disorders, which, in our opinion, necessitates further investigation in the interdisciplinary clinical and pedagogical aspect.Objective: to perform factor analysis of the mechanism underlying initial development of the disorder and its dynamics, to identify its types considering the development factor in the context of mastering the educational material.Materials and methods. This study included 10 children of 2nd-5th forms who visited specialists for the first due to learning difficulties.Results. We have identified several neuropsychological factors that caused problems with writing, including kinetic factor; factor of deliberate regulation of mental activity; modal-specific factors; kinesthetic factor; spatial factor; neurodynamic factor; simultaneous and successive factors; factor of interhemispheric interaction. The most common were the neurodynamic factor and the factor of interhemispheric interaction. We also observed signs of disorders in the deep parts of the brain, subcortical structures in the form of diffuse stem symptoms (in 2 cases, electroencephalography showed diffuse changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain with signs of irritation of the subcortical-diencephalic structures, in particular, synchronization of the main rhythm). We have identified a number of symptoms (primarily originating from the subcortex), such as general decrease in pace, problems with starting to work, rapid fatigue, decreasing productivity, an increase in the number of kinetic and auditory-speech difficulties, and spatial deficits.Conclusion. The lack of specially organized management in children with neuropsychological syndrome reinforces reading and writing disorders and leads to aggravation and alteration of symptoms during learning. Understanding of neuropsychological mechanisms underlying reading and writing disorders and their course is crucial for differential diagnosis, therapy, and comprehensive correction.

The Analysis of The Pacing Profiles Based on The Performance Level of The Finishers in The Istanbul Marathon

The aim of this study is to determine, on the basis of performance levels, running pace profiles of the male runners (n=2095) who completed the 40th International Istanbul Marathon in less than 6 hours. While 0-35 km of the marathon was divided into 5 km long sections, 35-42.2 km of it was determined as the last segment which was 7.2 km. The average speeds of the running pace of the athletes in the determined segments were calculated. Performance groups were evaluated in 8 different groups with the athletes completing the race in the finishing time slower than the winner’s race time. The difference between performance groups and successive segments was evaluated with Mixed Anova. The results of the Mixed Anova analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between inter-segments race profiles depending on the performance level ( p <0.000). Overall, the athletes showed an increasing pace in all the performance groups in the first ten kilometers of the race ( p <0.001). The highest level of the performance group showed an even pace in the segments between 10 and 25 km, while it fell between 25 and 30 km and continue at this level between 30 and 35 km. In other groups, it was observed that the speeds fell inversely proportional to the performance in the segments between 10 and 35 km ( p <0.05). In the last 7.2 km segment, it was observed that the athletes with the highest level of performance had a decrease in pace and the rate of decrease in the pace was lower in the groups with lower performance level. Only in the slowest group of athletes, the pace was observed to increase in the last segment. Considering the whole race, it was seen that the athletes showed a pace profile close to the positive pace profile in general.

Pace Versus Prediction

PURPOSE: Pacing strategies during exercise are attributed to optimising the balance between the artefacts of fatigue and regulation of substrate metabolism. Pace judgement is set within a continuum of information from the ability to anticipate metabolic demands and select an appropriate strategy through to the accumulation of prior experience for completion of such a task that has a known end-point. Therefore the purpose of this study was evaluate the importance of athlete experience to successfully regulate pace and attain a predicted end time during a marathon. METHOD: Following local institutional ethical approval n= 777 runners competing in the 2015 London Marathon agreed to participate. Using an on-line survey and opportunistic questionnaires at a pre-marathon event participants were asked to predict their race time. Athlete experience (EXP) was established based on the number of previously completed marathons using a Likert scale from 0 to greater than 10 with increments of 1 race. Athlete age was also recorded. All race data was downloaded from the race website generating 5Km split times, then converted to speed and normalised (%) to the final split time/speed (m.s-1). Prediction time (PT) was used a proxy for end-point and compared to finish time (FT). RESULTS: FT for whole group (WG) was 15479 ± 3311s compared to the group PT 15003 ± 2972s a significant difference of 476s (P= 0.0001). An R2 of 0.863 observed for WG compared to 0.799 (0-EXP) and 0.852 (EXP-5) when comparing FT to PT. Significant differences observed between PT and FT for all EXP groups apart from EXP-5 (P= 0.0001). 0-EXP showed significant differences across all split times apart from 35-40 km (P=0.0001) with a decrease in normalised speed from 5km (109.0 ± 7.6) - 40km (89.9 ± 7.4%). The 5-EXP group showed significant changes in pace between 25-30 km (P= 0.001) (ES =0.35), 30-35 km (P= 0.0001) (ES= 0.44) and 35-40 km (P= 0.0001), decrease in pace from 5km (105.0 ± 5.7%) to 40km (93.7 ± 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that successful marathon pacing is dependent on the experience of the athlete reflecting the development of the pacing template. Additionally experience is associated with better attainment of prediction time suggesting that less experienced runners should run with more experienced athletes with similar end-point targets.

Different training status may alter the continuous blood glucose kinetics in self-paced endurance running.

The main purpose of the systemic energy metabolism is to provide a source of energy, mainly glucose, for the brain; therefore, blood glucose levels would be expected to correlate with exercise performance. The individual training status may also affect the blood glucose levels. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between blood glucose levels and running velocity during prolonged running in athletes with different training statuses. Two female college athletes, a triathlete and a tennis player, ran a course that was 247.4 m in circumference for 5 h while wearing a continuous glucose monitoring system. Blood was obtained at time-points of -1, 1, 3 and 5 h. The athletes had free access to food and fluids throughout the run. The athletes ran at almost the same pace without a sudden decrease in pace. The blood glucose levels increased and remained high in the triathlete, whereas the tennis player remained hypoglycemic throughout the run. Carbohydrate ingestion did not affect the blood glucose levels. The magnitude of hormonal changes, e.g. insulin, adrenaline and cortisol, was greater in the tennis player. The blood glucose concentration did not correlate with the running velocity or the carbohydrate ingestion; however, a discrepancy in blood glucose transition was observed between the triathlete and the tennis player, indicating a possible association between the adaptation to endurance exercise and the blood glucose kinetics during prolonged running.

The Arts of China to A.D . 900 (review)

Reviews 567 William Watson. The Arts ofChina to a.d. 900. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. x, 277 pp. 396 illustrations. Hardcover $65.00, isbn 0-300-05989-2. Every scholar at some time and on some level contemplates the ideal introductory book to his or her field or discipline. Few are bold enough to take on the challenge . Beyond the enormous investment of time, the completion of such a project is an inevitable exposé of one's personal vision of the field to one's colleagues. And, indeed, no two serious scholars would or should introduce a field in the same way. For the arts of China, any new book must stand alongside Laurence Sickman and Alexander Soper's The Art and Architecture ofChina (first published in 1956 with several newer editions), Michael Sullivan's The Arts ofChina (first published in 1967 with numerous updated editions), and, to a certain extent, Sherman Lee's A History ofFar Eastern Art (first published in 1964, also widi numerous revised editions). All three of these for decades have been employed as textbooks in the majority of introductory college courses in Chinese art history in the United States, and they have been used fairly successfully, sometimes in combination with the many other more specialized or less widely used books, including some by William Watson. Although a paragraph similar to the one above, with a different name and title, could stand as die preface to a review of an introductory book in any branch of sinology, for Chinese art there exist two unique challenges. First is the audience . The art field is comprised ofcurators as well as academics, and introductory books are most successful if they can serve both audiences. Second is the problem ofhow to assess the constant infusion of data that emerges from China's soil. Several times a year over the past forty-five years, with no sign of decrease in pace or significance, Chinese excavators have been uncovering finds as major as the thousands of figures in pits near the tumulus of Qin Shi Huangdi. From the most general book to the most scholarly paper, a new find can alter one's conclusions within a month after publication. Since introductory books are expected to have long lifetimes and wide circulation, it is an especially serious task to choose the four hundred or so illustrations that will still best represent the field after another ten years ofexcavation. Any fair assessment ofa new introductorybook on Chinese art must take into account these two factors as well as the author's goals for that book and, perhaps,© 1997 by University the reviewer's point ofview. For TheArts ofChina to a.d. 900, the author clearly ofHawai'i Pressstates his major goal in the preface. As for the reviewer, my primary purpose is to assess the merit of this book as a textbook for a survey of Chinese or Asian art history, or perhaps as a text for a more general college course on East Asia. 568 China Review International: Vol. 4, No. 2, Fall 1997 As Professor Watson tells the reader in his preface, there exists a standard history of Chinese art, that is, a history ofwell-known and well-published monuments with a large body of supporting documentary evidence. Many of these monuments, he writes, are found in Sickman and Soper's Art and Architecture of China, the previous book on Chinese art in this Pelican series, now published by Yale University Press. Watson tells the reader that his own book seeks to explain more of the techniques of the Chinese arts than is offered in other books on this subject, and that it will do so through a discussion of objects in major collections. The Arts ofChina to a.d. 900 succeeds in this attempt. The technical manufacture of the various "minor arts" for which China is known—bronze vessels, lacquerware , and all varieties of ceramics—is explained in detail, as are numerous aspects of Chinese painting. Furthermore, the illustrations for his explanations, which appear on almost every page, are excellent, sometimes spectacular. This book is user-friendly and is presented as the kind ofbook tiiat many, including...

Energy expenditure of pregnant women at rest or walking self-paced

Energy expenditure during rest and self-paced walking was determined from early to late pregnancy either longitudinally or in a cross-section of women. The cross-sectional study was done with 16 women confined to a metabolic unit: six nonpregnant (NP), six early pregnant (EP 10 to 20 wk gestation), and four late pregnant (LP 30 to 40 wk gestation). In the longitudinal study, five of the six EP subjects from the cross-sectional study were studied at 5-wk intervals until parturition. Basal metabolic rate, measured by open circuit, indirect calorimetry, and expressed as kcal/min, was 13% greater (p < 0.05) in EP compared to NP and was 28% greater (p < 0.05) in LP compared to EP. Resting metabolism increased during gestation in the EP group from a value of 1.01 kcal/min at 15 to 25 wk to 1.15 kcal/min at 35 to 40 wk. When energy expenditure during rest is expressed as kcal/kg body weight/h, there were no significant differences due to stage of pregnancy. The time required for the women to walk 400 m at their own pace was measured. The pace of the LP women was 20% slower (p < 0.05) than the EP women. But when the EP women were studied at 35 and 40 wk gestation their pace was only 4.5% slower than that at 15 to 25 wk. These data suggest that individual behavioral differences have a greater effect on pace than stage of gestation. A decrease in pace reduced the rate of energy expenditure per kilogram body weight for walking 400 m. But, body weight, rather than pace, was the major determinant of total energy expenditure for the walk (p < 0.05). It is apparent from these data that body weight is the major determinant of energy expenditure during rest and self-paced weight bearing activity in pregnancy.