Decrease In Involvement Research Articles

Understanding Fathers’ Involvement Relative to the Other Parent After Parental Separation

ABSTRACTFollowing parental separation, fathers’ greater or lesser parental involvement relative to the other parent may be differently accounted for by father, child, and coparental factors. A representative sample of 671 separated fathers completed questionnaires two and four years after separation. For fathers less involved than the other parent, a better coparenting relationship accounts for greater T1 involvement, but predicts a decrease in involvement by T2. For fathers more involved than the other parent, a better coparenting relationship accounts for more balanced involvement of both parents at T1 and T2. For all fathers, more custody time accounts for greater T1 and T2 involvement and greater psychological well-being accounts for greater T1 involvement. Implications for intervention and research are discussed.

Patient experience of imaging reports: A systematic literature review.

Written reports are often the sole form of communication from diagnostic imaging. Reports are increasingly being accessed by patients through electronic records. Experiencing medical terminology can be confusing and lead to miscommunication, a decrease in involvement and increased anxiety for patients. This systematic review was designed to include predefined study selection criteria and was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (CRD42020221734). MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete (EBSCOhost), EMBASE, Scopus and EThOS were searched to identify articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed against the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool version 2018 for quality. A segregated approach was used to synthesise data. A thematic synthesis of the qualitative data and a narrative review of the quantitative data were performed, and findings of both syntheses were then integrated. Twelve articles reporting 13 studies were included. This review found that patients' experiences of imaging reports included positive and negative aspects. The study identified two main themes encompassing both qualitative and quantitative findings. Patients reported their experiences regarding their understanding of reports and self-management. Patient understanding of imaging reports is multi factorial including medical terminology, communication aids and errors. Self-management through direct access is important to patients. While receiving bad news is a concern, responsibility for accessing this is accepted. A patient-centred approach to writing imaging reports may help to improve the quality of service, patient experience and wider health outcomes.

Preventive Anti-Takeover Defences in Polish Law

This paper discusses preventive anti-takeover defences available to public companies in Polish law. It is limited to the methods applied in practice in the Polish capital market, such as the voting cap, or methods potentially applicable to typical situations. Anti-takeover defences that could be effectively used only in exceptional, special situations are not taken into account. The closed corporate governance model prevailing in the Polish capital market is a consequence of a control exercised over Polish public companies by strategic investors. Nonetheless the gradual decrease of involvement by strategic investors, typically company founders, in their businesses and their decision to sell the shares off to financial investors resulted in attempts at hostile takeovers being of a more practical nature. The main claim of this article is that, although Polish law does not allow for the construction of typical poison pills based on American solutions, Polish Code of Commercial Companies and Partnerships – as interpreted in legal literature – remains highly permissive when it comes to the application of various methods aimed at preventing any takeovers of control. The admissibility of defence mechanisms as used by Polish companies requires an extended discussion, which this paper forms a part of, and, potentially, legislator’s systemic interference.

A Time Varying Evaluation of Identity Theory and Father Involvement for Full Custody, Shared Custody, and No Custody Divorced Fathers

This study tested identity theory models of father involvement for 230 divorced fathers of young children aged 4 to 11 followed over 18 months. Research questions were (1) Do measures of identity salience and centrality of the fathering role predict fathering involvement over time? (2) Does father involvement predict fathering identity over time? (3) Does father custody moderate these relationships? Involvement was assessed as contact frequency, number of father-child activities, and positive involvement observed during father-child interaction. Comparisons showed that the quantity of involvement differed by custody but there were few differences in the quality of involvement. Fathers did not exhibit significant mean decreases in involvement and custodial groups did not differ in the growth rates for involvement nor identity measures. However, there were significant individual differences in growth rates, meaning there was variance in fathers increasing and decreasing in measures over time. Time 1 father identities, measured as salience and centrality, predicted days per month, overnights per month, and father child activities over time. Time-varying predictors suggested that identities were more predictive of growth in involvement than vice versa although father involvement predicted salience and primarily centrality. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Preliminary findings on the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system: simulator sickness and presence

AbstractBackground:Virtual environments in medical education are becoming increasingly popular as a learning tool. However, there is a large amount of evidence linking these systems to adverse effects that mimic motion sickness. It is also proposed that the efficacy of such systems is affected by how well they engage the user, which is often referred to as presence.Purpose:This primary purpose of this study was to look at the side effects experienced and presence in the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system which has recently been introduced.Method:A pre-VERT questionnaire was given to 84 subjects to ascertain general health of the subjects. The simulator sickness questionnaire was utilised to determine the side effects experienced, whereas the igroup presence questionnaire was used to measure presence. Both questionnaires were given immediately after use of the VERT system.Results:The majority of symptoms were minor; the two most commonly reported symptoms relating to ocular issues. No relationship was seen between simulator sickness and presence although subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness had reported higher levels of disorientation and nausea. There was also a decrease in involvement with the system in subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness.

A Survey Of New Product Development: Can Decentralization Alone Deliver?

Geographic decentralization of the new product development (NPD) process is seen by many as a necessary means to increase innovation and its cost-effectiveness. Decentralization promotes innovation in many ways, especially by allowing better access to local knowledge pools. This study's results, based on a survey of top executives in large manufacturing firms around the globe, give only mixed support to this view. Decentralization is associated with increases in revenues from new product but the performance of firms with geographically decentralized NPD is inferior otherwise. The key culprits seem to be the decrease in involvement of NPD stakeholders in firms with geographically decentralized NPD and the inability of firms with geographically decentralized NPD to generate a greater level of radical innovations. The study results are broadly consistent with academic research in this area.

Cross-national time trends in bullying behaviour 1994–2006: findings from Europe and North America

To identify trends over 12 years in the prevalence of bullying and associated victimization among adolescents in North American and European countries. Cross-sectional self-report surveys were obtained from nationally representative samples of 11-15 year old school children in 21 countries in 1993/94 and in 27 countries in each of 1997/98, 2001/02 and 2005/06. Measures included involvement in bullying as either a perpetrator and/or victim. Consistent decreases in the prevalence of bullying were reported between 1993/94 to 2005/06 in most countries. Geographic patterns show consistent decreases in bullying in Western European countries and in most Eastern European countries. An increase or no change in prevalence was evident in almost all English speaking countries participating in the study (England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Canada, but not in the USA). Study findings demonstrated a significant decrease in involvement in bullying behaviour in most participating countries. This is encouraging news for policy-makers and practitioners working in the field of bullying prevention.

Is posterior parietal cortical involvement in visual search contingent upon frontal eye field activity? A dual site TMS study

The decrease in reaction time when target location in successive trials in visual search is an established effect. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) we have previously shown that repetition of target location in a colour/orientation conjunction visual search task is also commensurate with a decrease in involvement of right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) an area known to be involved in the processing of this task. The decrease in reaction time seems to be mediated by a concomitant lack of engagement of rPPC.

Marketization and Community in Post-Soviet Russian Villages*

The introduction of new market institutions in former socialist countries has produced economic and social dislocations in people's lives. Researchers have focused on the impact of these changes on inequality and poverty, but have not given much attention to changes in community relationships. Panel data from surveys of Russian rural households (1995-1999) is used to examine post-socialist changes in community involvement. The surveys show an overall increase in the number of redundant social network helping ties and a decrease in involvement in community-wide social activities. Households with larger (non-redundant) networks and more sales, however, have higher levels of community involvement than do their neighbors. Increases in the size of helping networks and increases in household sales from the first to second waves were associated with increases in level of community involvement. We discuss the implications of these findings for our general understanding of relationships between the marketplace and community.

Attachment Styles and Reactions to Nonverbal Involvement Change in Romantic Dyads Patterns of Reciprocity and Compensation

Attachment-theory principles suggest that those with different attachment styles will react to nonverbal involvement change in a manner consistent with their approach/avoidance orientations and mental working models of self and others. It was hypothesized that preoccupieds initially reciprocate increases in involvement, but compensate for decreases, whereas dismissives initially compensate for increases in involvement, but reciprocate decreases. A second hypothesis predicted that over time interactants reciprocate both increases and decreases in nonverbal involvement. Partners in enduring romantic relationships participated in two separate conversations. Between conversations, one member of each dyad was enlisted as a confederate who increased or decreased nonverbal immediacy and positive affect in the second conversation. Results indicated that, regardless of attachment style, targets reciprocated confederate behavior in the increase-involvement condition and displayed behavior indicative of both compensation and reciprocity in the decrease-involvement condition. However, preoccupieds showed the strongest pattern of reciprocating increases in involvement and compensating for decreases in involvement. Results also demonstrated a pull toward reciprocity over time. Findings are interpreted in light of the bidimensional model of distancing and interaction adaptation theory, with results most supportive of the latter theory.

Scaling of involvement in personal and global future events

Abstract.— Magnitude estimates of intensity of emotional involvement in 12 potential future events, assumed to occur at 5 alternative points of time within the next 46 years, were obtained from 75 subjects (mean age 19.1 yrs). Two types of relation between involvement and time were found, the dominant one being an exponential decrease of involvement with increasing temporal distance. The response patterns became less differentiated with increasing temporal distance. Differences in the response patterns between men and women, and between subjects differing in respect to satisfaction, activity, and optimism, are discussed.