Decrease In Green Areas Research Articles

How do logistics and financial ındicators contribute to carbon emissions in Turkiye?

Increasing carbon emissions (CO2) due to factors such as energy consumption (enco), industrialization, increase in world population, and decrease in green areas with the industrial revolution is one of the main causes of both climate change and global warming. In this context, due to the increasing commercial activities in Turkiye, the rapid growth of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the logistics sector alert the government. However, there is a lack of standard measures for evaluating GHG emissions generated from freight transport operations. To improve this situation, Turkiye's policymakers need to evaluate GHG emissions for energy saving and pollution reduction. This background leads us to examine the GHG emission trajectories and features of Turkiye's freight transport patterns in the last three decades. In this context, it is aimed to determine the impacts of financial development (findev), GDP per capita, energy consumption, and amount of freight carried by rail and road on CO2 emissions within the framework of 1990-2021 time-series data for Turkiye. By doing so, the ARDL bound testing cointegration test is employed and observes that independent variables have similar and different effects on CO2 emissions. Energy consumption, findev, and per capita income variables have a positive effect on CO2 emissions in Turkiye. According to these results, it is seen that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is valid in Turkiye. However, the effect of rail and road freight transport (FT) on CO2 emissions is negative. The unexpected finding is related to road FT. The amount of freight transported by road has a decreasing effect on CO2 emissions in Turkiye. This paradoxical situation in Turkiye may be due to the developments in the transportation infrastructure, which has enabled the convergence of space and time in recent years, young and modern vehicle fleets, and the efficiency provided through logistics companies. The findings will assist in formulating specific and effective policies for Turkiye's transport sector.

Evaluation from Rural to Urban Scale for the Effect of NDVI-NDBI Indices on Land Surface Temperature, in Samsun, Türkiye

In this study, in order to evaluate the change of LST from rural to urban scale in 20 years, a zoonal statistical analysis was performed by separating the urban and rural districts located on the coastline. Algorithms were applied to the raw data of Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 satellite images, using the Arc Gis 10.2 and Q Gis 3.16 utilities. In this way, NDVI, NDBI and LST data were compared and evaluated in terms of rural and urban districts. The correlation coefficient between the parameters was calculated. In the study, the land change between the years 2000-2020 was also determined to reveal the land change. As a result of the analyzes made, the amount of green areas decreased by 14.1% between 2000 and 2020 in the study area, which includes the central districts of Samsun, İlkadım and Atakum, and in the rural areas, Bafra and Ondokuz Mayıs. It has been observed that this rate is shared as 7.1% in built up areas and 7.33% in bare soil areas. Considering the effect of the decrease in green areas on the LST value, in 2000, max. While LST is 41.75 C, in 2020 max. It is seen that LST has increased to 43.44 C. When the districts were analyzed separately, it was seen that LST established a strong correlation with NDBI (positive) and NDVI (negative) for all four districts. However, the correlation was stronger in rural districts. It was observed that the correlation strength weakened in urban districts due to heterogeneous land surface cover.

PERYURBANIZACJA WOKÓŁ WARSZAWY

Warsaw with its suburban zone is one of the fastest developing areas in Poland. Over the 30 years of political transformation and excessive suburbanisation around both Warsaw and the surrounding cities was accompanied by an increase in the number of residents and decrease in green areas in favour of housing development. The suburban zone around Warsaw keeps expanding. Its dynamics of changes make its range difficult to define. Areas adjacent to Warsaw show stronger urbanisation than the peripheral suburban zone. Long-lasting spatial transformations around Warsaw contribute to the development of a new peri-urban zone, constituting a specific urban-rural continuum.

INVESTIGATING COMMERCIAL URBAN CORRIDORS - A PILOT STUDY IN BEIRUT LEBANON

Urban environments are multifaceted, varied, dynamic, complex, and evolving as are the underlying features for human health and wellbeing (Bai, Nath, Capon, Hasan & Jaron, 2020). Healthy and resilient cities can be entry points and platforms for change, adaptation and innovation to achieve optimal health for urban communities and the environment (Regional Framework for Urban Health in the Western Pacific 2016–2020: Healthy and Resilient Cities, 2016). Planners considered urban corridors, which are connection and access between urban districts, as major elements in shaping the city image and forming its identity and investigating them are vital for enhancing healthy and resilient cities. Narrowing the scope on commercial urban corridors, which are a concentration of retail stores that serve a common trade area and lie along a single street (Catherine Dyste, 2012). These corridors can be seen as a dynamic space, but at the same time, they are created to create a range of experiences (Shaban et al., 2018). Improving commercial urban corridors requires several indicators for reviving the companionable and sociable life of a street. Problems occur when space use is not driven. The society therefore uses the urban commercial corridor according to their own interests. This condition may generate conflict between users of the 'Link' and users of the 'Space’, may make the corridor an uncomfortable location, and may decreases its livability. Rapid urbanization and unplanned rapid changes of commercial activities in corridors that have an impact on the surrounding streets and users’ activities imposes burdens on surrounding land use and mobility. However, this problem has contributed to various issues such as traffic congestion, pollution, decrease in green areas and degradation of the urban quality of living. That’s why investigating these corridors is imperative to know its utilization and functioning to identify the existing problems and chaos in the corridor since they are facing significant challenges, which is the lack of reliable knowledge on their characteristics and development; important for local authorities to provide wealth of knowledge and data collection. The paper aims to investigate commercial urban corridors to identify and analyze livability aspects and indicators for reviving its companionable and sociable life that can be implemented in a way of a considerable checklist which acts as a systematic structure for communicating the data required, diagnosing issues, and defining the strengths and limitations of the efficiency of a commercial urban corridor to promote a healthy and resilient urban context. To achieve the aim, the research investigates a commercial urban corridor focusing on one of the urban corridors in Beirut, Lebanon. By using Geoportal Interactive Tool, conducted by UN-Habitat and UNICEF to create cartography of the existing conditions of the pilot study, and then analyzes the aspects and indicators of livability based on cartography, walk through analysis and face-to-face interviews with inhabitants in area. After analyzing the commercial urban corridor and identifying the effective indicators, the research resulted in proposing some guidelines for enhancing livability in commercial urban corridors, which were mainly related to the physical aspect since it defines the most inadequate quality and performance.

Sustainable assessment of using green roofs in hot-arid areas – Residential buildings in Jordan

Technology contributed to providing solutions for the problems related to the Urban Heat Island, the decrease in green areas, and the raising of the earth's temperature. The construction sector was one of the areas applying technological solutions such as the Green Roof. Studies proved that using GR may reduce energy consumption and enhance thermal comfort by reducing the UHI phenomena. Thus, this study aims to evaluate GR's efficiency in hot-arid areas from a sustainable point of view and customize the best model suitable to use in this region. The study was designed to be able to generalize for other regions. A Focus group determines the study variables and values. A holistic evaluation is made to evaluate the GR efficiency from the energy, environmental, economic, and social aspects. The results showed that the best model was achieved by using the lowest U- value of soil and the highest amount of plant's shading cover. These properties reduced the consumption to more than half, accompanied by a decrease in the cost of energy and environmental impacts. The economic analysis showed the efficiency of investment in several cases, while just three cases proved its social competence.

새만금 기본계획에 따른 녹화공간의 과제와 개선방안에 관한 연구1

The purpose of this study is to analyze green space plans and their changes in the Saemangeum master plan and to organize the problems and challenges of the ongoing project to find ways for green space improvements. The Saemangeum master plan for green spaces is hard to secure the area for a base park and continuous green spaces due to the business site development, the increasing and insufficient costs for the disaster prevention forests that are not integrated with the infrastructure, the high rate of non-landing in eco-environment areas, and the prolonged afforestation by the installation of floating solar power. The ongoing project problems for green spaces are the difficulties of green space formation in the East-West and South-North roads by sea dredge and waterproof, the continuous reduction of park green area rates in Saemangeum industrial complex, and decrease in green area in waterfront cities with inclusion of disaster prevention forests in their park green area ratio 20%. Suggestions for Saemangeum afforestation by these issues are the followings. First, in order to expand the base park, neighborhood parks in urban areas and metropolitan areas should be reflected in the Saemangeum master plan and the budget. Second, green areas should be expanded by promoting compatibility with land use plan. Third, the dredged soils from water solar power plants and the profits from power generation should be utilized for the urgent creation of disaster prevention forests. Fourth, environmental ecological sites planned to be used for other purposes should be adjusted in their location and function. In addition, a new department being in charge of various projects for the park green areas is proposed.

Análise e correlação de variáveis climatológicas com os fenômenos climáticos e a urbanização na Cidade de Belém, no Estado do Pará, região Norte do Brasil

Devido ao crescimento urbano desordenado a partir da década de 1970 e a ocupação de áreas alagáveis, a cidade de Belém sofre consequências com a precária rede de drenagem urbana associada aos altos índices pluviométricos. A proposta deste trabalho é relacionar as variáveis climatológicas (precipitação, temperatura, umidade, insolação, evaporação) com a urbanização em Belém e os fenômenos climáticos El Niño e La Niña, com uso dos testes estatísticos não paramétricos de Mann-Kendall e Spearman. O período de estudo foi de 1970 a 2010, onde destaca-se a constante transformação da cidade e o crescimento da malha urbana. O crescimento urbano de Belém neste período foi de aproximadamente 85% com considerável diminuição de áreas verdes. A temperatura teve uma elevação de 0,5ºC média no período. A ocorrência de El Niño e La Niña está diretamente relacionada com os extremos máximos e mínimos da precipitação, mas não coincide com a elevação da temperatura quando se relaciona com o Índice Oceânico Niño (a) (ION). Na cidade de Belém a temperatura pode estar associada com as modificações do espaço natural e com o aumento da temperatura média global. Ao aplicar os testes (Mann-Kendall e Spearman) nas variáveis climatológicas, tem-se que a precipitação e temperatura têm tendência significativa de aumento, e consequentemente a umidade e evaporação de decaimento, apenas a insolação não apresentou tendência significativa. As alterações das variáveis climatológicas apresentadas neste trabalho podem estar relacionadas com o aumento da urbanização em Belém nos últimos quarenta anos. A intensificação da urbanização aliada a ausência de planejamento urbano ocasiona intensificação dos pontos de alagamento e diminuição do conforto térmico.

Analysis and mapping of present and future drivers of local urban climate using remote sensing: a case of Lahore, Pakistan

Urbanization is the main driver of expanding industry, transport, and buildings at the cost of green spaces in the world’s mega cities. Consequently, an immense land use change is related to local climate modification in urban areas. The process of urbanization in the city of Lahore is posing severe environmental issues such as recent smog events. The objective here is to determine and analyze the spatial variability of land surface temperature (LST) caused by the land use land cover (LULC) change between the year 1996 and 2016 in Lahore in the context of urbanization and, based on this, to predict the land use change and corresponding increase in LST in 2035. To quantify LULC change during the 1996–2016 period, we used supervised maximum likelihood method and ground observations from 400 locations to classify the satellite imagery from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) for the years 1996, 2010, and 2016. Moreover, to better understand spatial variability of surface urban heat island (UHI) with the process of urbanization, various indicators were derived from the remote sensing imagery, including the normalized difference vegetation and built-up indices (i.e., NDVI and NDBI, respectively). Moreover, we used an RS-integrated multi-layer perceptron-Markov chain analysis (MLP-MCA) model to predict the LULC change from the year 2016 to 2035 so that the predicted LULC change, as a driver of UHI, can be related to the future local climate of the city. Through relating LST with NDVI and NDBI, we reveal that rapid developments in the residential/infrastructural sectors are causing an immense degradation in the city vegetation areas. The LULC change analyses show that about 9% decrease in green areas during 1996–2016 caused an increase in 6∘C around the built-up areas and an overall difference of 4.8∘C between built-up and nearby sub-urban vegetation areas. Keeping this and MLP-MCA-based predictions for 2035 in view, we conclude that a future 3% decrease in vegetation-covered green areas will approximately cause an increase of 2∘C by 2035. The research output will help the city government and local developers to devise sustainable policies for land use planning and urban development.

Urban form and population density: Influences on Urban Heat Island intensities in Bogotá, Colombia

This paper presents a study based on the relationship between Urban Heat Islands (UHI) and population size (p) by considering the Population Density (PD) and the urban form parameters of different neighbourhoods in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The aim is to understand the influence of the urban form, created by population concentration differences in the temperature of the city. For this purpose, every month throughout one year, air temperature data (obtained from nine different urban meteorological stations) were sampled and statistically treated to which population density could be respectively associated. The rural data were compared to the urban data to extract temperature differences (ΔTu-r). Moreover, different variables of the land cover and urban morphology were extracted and analysed in each neighbourhood around the stations. Among the meteorological stations, there was a significant and highly positive relationship among population density and thermal differences. In the same way, when finding which parameters of the urban form have a better relationship with PD and ΔTu-r, the Sky View Factor (SVF) and the Pervious Surface Fraction (PSF%) are highlighted. The results show that density above 14,500 inhabitants/km2 may cause air temperature differences higher than 1 °C, greater obstruction of the sky (SVF < 0.45) and a larger decrease in green areas and vegetation cover (PSF% <30). This paper concludes that urban form, expressed by land cover and urban morphology changes, caused by population density, has a great effect on temperature differences within the city of Bogotá.

Monitoring urban greenness evolution using multitemporal Landsat imagery in the city of Erbil (Iraq)

Most cities in the world have experienced major developments in the past 20–25 years. However, research has showed that the development aspect of these cities has led to a decrease in green areas. This paper aims to assess the spatiotemporal variations of urban green areas during the period 1990–2015 with special regard to city of Erbil. The study uses a mix of fuzzy functions, linear spectral mixture analysis, and maximum likelihood classification for the classification of Landsat imagery from 1990 to 2015 to extract the four main classes of land use, namely agricultural land, vacant land, built-up land, and green vegetation. Both the classification approaches used in this research produced excellent and reliable results, as an overall accuracy of more than 80% was able to be obtained. The spatiotemporal analysis of land use within the city of Erbil shows a series of major changes between 1990 and 2015. Therefore, the results of the spatiotemporal evolution of urban greenness assessment in the Erbil region can be used both for spatial planning purposes and as an urban greenness assessment method in dry climate areas.

Hydrologic impact of urbanization with extensive stormwater infiltration

This paper presents a novel modeling analysis of a 40-year-long dataset to examine the impact of urbanization, with widespread stormwater infiltration, on groundwater levels and the water balance of a watershed. A dataset on the hydrologic impact of urbanization with extensive stormwater infiltration is not widely available, and is important because many municipalities are considering infiltration as an alternative to traditional stormwater systems. This study analyzes groundwater level observations from an urban catchment located in Perth, Western Australia. The groundwater observation data cover approximately a 40-year-long period where land use changes (particularly due to urbanization) occurred; moreover, the monitored area contains both undeveloped and urbanized areas where stormwater infiltration is common practice via soakwells (shallow vertical infiltration wells). The data is analyzed using a distributed and dynamic hydrological model to simulate the groundwater response. The model explicitly couples a soakwell model with a groundwater model so that the performance of the soakwells is reduced by the increase of groundwater levels. The groundwater observation data is used to setup, calibrate and validate a coupled MIKE SHE-MIKE URBAN groundwater model and the model is used to quantify the extent of groundwater rise as a result of the urbanization process. The modeled urbanization processes included the irrigation of new established private and public gardens, the reduction of evapotranspiration due to a decrease in green areas, and the development of artificial stormwater infiltration. The study demonstrates that urbanization with stormwater infiltration affects the whole catchment water balance, increasing recharge and decreasing evapotranspiration. These changes lead to a rise in the groundwater table and an increase in the probability of groundwater seepage above terrain.

Landscape Continuity Analysis as a Tool for Landscape Planning: A Case Study in Istanbul

In the last decade the city of Istanbul has suffered a gradual decrease in green areas because of the growing need for space for new settlements, trade and industry. Landscape continuity analysis takes its starting point from the analysis of built areas rather than the landscape in between. This study aimed to demonstrate the applicability of landscape continuity analysis within a region adjacent to a large metropolis—Istanbul—that is utilised for multiple purposes and composed of an important amount of green areas including Belgrade Forest. The general framework of this research consists of two major steps: 1) quantification of the inferred influence of human activities on green areas; and 2) evaluation of the compatibility between the inferred influence of human activities, and implemented planning decisions (particularly the Forest Management Plan). The results support the use of landscape continuity analysis as a timesaving and cost-effective supplementary tool in decision-making processes. This is achieved by the development and comparison of alternative land-use options, aiming where possible to prevent the fragmentation and alteration of green areas.

Defining temporal spatial patterns of mega city Istanbul to see the impacts of increasing population

Rapid land use change has taken place over the last few decades in Istanbul. As most of the metropolitan areas, Istanbul faces increasing problems connected to increasing population and urbanisation. In this study, temporal changes of Istanbul's land use/cover were defined using remotely sensed data and post classification change detection method. For the aim of the study, relevant information was derived from different dated Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data by using Unsupervised Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) and results were examined with matrix analysis method. Ground truth data were used for the classification and accuracy assessment of the classification. Temporal changes of land use/cover classes of the mega city Istanbul between the years of 1992, 1997 and 2005 were examined for the management and decision making process. Landsat TM images were classified into six land use/cover types: forest-green area, bare land, water surface, road, urban area, and mining area. The results show that urban areas and road categories are increased greatly by 13,630 and 5,018ha, respectively, but forest-green areas decreased by 77,722ha over 13years between 1992 and 2005. The reason for the decrease in green areas is mainly because of development of unplanned urbanization and unavoidable migration.

Accumulation of Biomass and Nitrogen During Plant Growth in Highly Diverging Genotypes of Winter Wheat

AbstractData are presented on the accumulation of nitrogen and total biomass into wheat plants at different stages in their ontogeny. Five genotypes of highly diverging origin and with widely deviating grain protein contents were cultivated at different nitrogen regimes (ranging between 0 and 150 kg N ha‐1). Growth curves as polynomials were calculated from representative subsamples of plant material collected from each plot at weekly intervals, commencing early in the vegetative stage and ending at complete maturity. Dry weights and nitrogen contents were determined for above‐ground plant parts and for grains, when present, and were expressed per nr ground area. During the first 2 years total green areas were estimated as well and leaf area indices (LAIs) calculated and fitted to polynomials. The results from these trials revealed that the two American high‐protein genotypes Goertzen 5559 and Frontiersman produced distinctly less biomass (mainly carbohydrates) than the Swedish genotypes Folke, Solid, and Lantvete during the later phases of growth. The lower biomass production of the American types after anthesis appeared to be more due to a decreased photosynthetic activity and less to a decrease in green area. It was also found that the American genotypes had a higher efficiency in remobilizing previously produced and stored assimilates than the modern Swedish cultivars Folke and Solid, which were more dependent on current photosynthesis. With respect to uptake of nitrogen into biomass there was very little variation between the genotypes at the early stages of plant life, but later on clear differences developed between the American and Swedish genotypes. Thus the former accumulated considerably less nitrogen than the latter, but since the differences between the two groups were still more pronounced regarding accumulation of biomass the American types exhibited higher concentrations of nitrogen in total biomass towards the end of the growing season. This higher concentration of N seems to indicate an increased relative ability for the American types to take up nitrogen from the soil during the grain filling phase but it is uncertain whether a causal relationship actually exists with the ability to accumulate protein in the grains. Estimates of the efficiency to redistribute nitrogen to the grain did not show any significant differences between the five genotypes and the most probable explanation for the high grain protein values of the American genotypes therefore seems to be their relatively low production of carbohydrates (and biomass). In a subsequent paper results horn a comprehensive field trial concerning grain and straw yields, structural yield components, soil analyses, etc. will be presented which further corroborate these conclusions.