Decoction Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactivity Assessment of Teucrium capitatum L. Essential Oil and Extracts: Experimental and In Silico Insights

Background: Teucrium capitatum L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, is widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of its essential oil and extracts, evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and investigate the interactions of their bioactive compounds with biological targets using in silico methods to better understand their mechanisms of action. Methods: Essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation from leaves collected in Morocco, while phenolic compounds were obtained through Soxhlet and decoction extraction methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for chemical profiling. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were assessed using standard methods, including DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays. Molecular docking was conducted to explore interactions between major constituents and biological targets. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed significant bioactive components in the essential oil, such as β-pinene (24.5%), α-cadinol (17.02%), and shyobunol (12.13%). Extracts (hydro-ethanolic, hydro-methanolic, and aqueous via decoction) were rich in poliumoside (27.74%) and cirsimaritin (28.22%). The essential oil and extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Antioxidant assays confirmed strong activity. Molecular docking results supported strong interactions of major compounds with key biological targets. Conclusions: The high presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Teucrium capitatum extracts contributes to their strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, supporting their potential for development as natural therapeutic agents.

Therapeutic and antioxidant properties of Acridocarpus monodii Arène & Jaeger, an endemic plant of Dogon Country in Mali

Acridocarpus monodii Arène & Jaeger is an endemic plant species to the ‘’Dogon Country’’ in Mali. This species is highly popular in Dogon ethnic groups, but no scientific data on its medicinal and biochemical properties are available in Mali. This work aimed to list its medicinal uses and assess its phytochemical composition and antioxidant power. An ethnobotanical investigation based on semi structured questionnaire was used to identify the traditional uses of A. monodii among the local population in three villages (Ireli, Youdiou and Yon-biré) inside ‘’Dogon country’’ in Mali. The phytochemical composition was determined using qualitative tests, while the antioxidant potency was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdate (TAC) tests. A total of 45 people were interviewed, the majority of whom were male (82.20%) and over 52 years of age. A. monodii is used to treat a dozen pathologies or diseases, dominated by malaria (71.10%), yellow fever (24.40%) and dysuria (20%). Although, all parts of this species are used to treat these pathologies, leaves (88.90%) were the most coveted followed by roots (37.80%). The use of these parts was significantly (p = 0.016 < 0.05) associated with the educational levels of the respondents (77.70%), who coveted primarily roots and barks, and thus constituted a threat to the species. These medicinal recipes derived from these organs were mostly prepared as decoctions, before being administered by oral (100%) or bath (82.20%) routes. Extracts of A. monodii were found to contain various biocompounds, especially a high quantity of flavonoids and polyphenols and demonstrated increased in vitro antioxidant inhibitory effects. The decoction extracts showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (109.82 ± 2.36 mg GAE/g). The strongest activity for the DPPH free radical scavenging were recorded by the decoction with IC50 = 107.41 ± 4.25 µg/mL and the hydroethanolic macerate with 107.31 ± 9.28 µg/mL. But, based on the results from of TAC test, the antioxidant capacity was higher for the hydroethanolic macerate 42.85 ± 2.59 mg EQ/g than those of the decoction 19.27 ± 0.93 mg EQ/g. This is the first scientific report on the therapeutic use of A. monodii within ‘’Dogon country’’ in Mali. This work highlights its medicinal, phytochemical and biochemical properties and therefore contributes to its improved valorization. These results demonstrated that A. monodii is a promising species for the discovery of novel medicines.

The Efficacy of Populus euphratica and Myrtus communis Herbal Mouthwash on Gingivitis in Pediatric Patients Diagnosed Clinically and with Photometric CIELab Analysis: An In Vivo Randomized Double-blind Clinical Study.

Children are more prone to develop gingivitis as a result of deficient oral hygiene, morphological variance, and a diet that encourages the growth of pathogenic oral bacteria. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind clinical study is to compare the therapeutic effect of an herbal mouthwash made of decoction and ethanolic extract of Populus euphratica and Myrtus communis to that of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse. In this study, 60 patients aged between 8 and 10 years were divided into four groups, each with 15 patients. The first group was treated with a mouthwash made of ethanolic herbal extract, the second group was treated with a mouthwash made of herbal decoction, the third group was treated with CHX mouthwash (0.12%) (positive control), and the fourth group was treated with a placebo made with colored distilled water (negative control). Clinical parameters gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were evaluated at the start, 1, and 2 weeks from ensuing the treatment. Preoperative and postoperative photographs of the maxillary anterior sextant were recorded to evaluate CIELab coordinates to monitor color changes. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc tests were used for data assessment. Significant reductions in GI and PI were found among the tested groups (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in a* value was observed, while L* value showed a significant increase between baseline and posttreatment (p < 0.05). Herbal-based mouthwash of Populus euphratica and Myrtus communis, whether prepared by boiling or ethanolic extraction, reduced gingival inflammation significantly and has a lot of potential for treating and preventing periodontal disease in young children. Digital photography is a reliable supplementary approach for diagnosing and monitoring gingival inflammation in pediatric patients. Mohamed-Ali SF, Jasim AA, Mahmood MAK, et al. The Efficacy of Populus euphratica and Myrtus communis Herbal Mouthwash on Gingivitis in Pediatric Patients Diagnosed Clinically and with Photometric CIELab Analysis: An In Vivo Randomized Double-blind Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):918-924.

Pharmacognostical evaluation and description of the leaf and root bark of Citropsis articulata Swingle & Kellerman

BackgroundCitropsis articulata Swingle & Kellerman (Family Rutaceae) is a renowned African traditional medicinal plant for the management of erectile dysfunction. The root bark is more commonly used than the leaves. Little has been done to evaluate the pharmacognostical parameters of both parts. PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the pharmacognostical parameters of C. articulata leaves and root bark. MethodsThe plant parts were collected, washed, dried, and extracted by decoction and soxhlation. The World Health Organisation quality control methods for herbal materials were generally followed for the pharmacognostical evaluation of the root bark and leaf. This involved macroscopic and microscopic analysis, physicochemical analysis, hemolytic activity, and phytochemical analysis. ResultsMacroscopically, the distillate of the root bark showed a fluorescent blue colour under ultra violet light of wavelength 254 nm. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of cellulose, lignified, suberized and cuticular cell walls. Numerous aleurone grains were noted in the root bark. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of reducing sugars, free amino acids, L-arginine, coumarin, glycosides, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. Thin layer and high performance liquid fingerprints were also developed. The C. articulata root bark decoction and Soxhlet extracts contained 12.35 ± 0.05, and 110.00 ± 0.03 while the leaf decoction and Soxhlet extracts contained 4.97 ± 0.03 and 39.65 ± 0.00 mg/g diosgenin equivalent saponins respectively. The L-arginine content for the dried root bark decoction and Soxhlet was 2681 ± 7.29, 1660 ± 2.99 µg/g, while that for the leaf decoction and Soxhlet extracts was 135.60 ± 8.28, and 130.20 ± 2.83 µg/g respectively. ConclusionThis study distinguished the root bark and leaf of Citropsis articulata and offered vital information for the quality control and standardization of the plant materials.

Potential Use and Chemical Analysis of Some Natural Plant Extracts for Controlling Listeria spp. Growth In Vitro and in Food.

Listeria are Gram-negative intracellular foodborne pathogens that can cause invasive infections with high mortality rates. In this work, the antibacterial activity of ten essential oils, infusion extracts, and decoction extracts of some medicinal plants was tested against Listeria monocytogenes and listeria ivanovii strains. The effects of different physical conditions including temperature, pH, sodium chloride, and some organic acids were studied. The results showed that the water extracts gave the maximum bacterial inhibition, while ethanolic extract was inactive against the tested Listeria spp. The antibiotic sensitivity of L. monocytogenes LMG10470 and L. ivanovii LMZ11352 was tested against five antibiotics including imipenem, levofloxacin, amikacin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic, resulting in inhibition zones of 40 mm and 31 mm for L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, respectively. When imipenem mixed with Syzygium aromaticum oil, Salvia officinalis oil, Pimpinella anisum infusion, and Mentha piperita infusion each, the water extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds against LMG10470 and LMZ11352 resulted in broader antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of both Pimpinella anisum and Mentha piperita plant extracts is related to a variety of bioactive compounds indicated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of these two plant extracts. These two plant extracts seemed to contain many chemical compounds elucidated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and infrared radiation spectra. These compounds could be classified into different chemical groups such as ethers, heterocyclic compounds, aromatic aldehydes, condensed heterocyclic compounds, ketones, alicyclic compounds, aromatics, esters, herbicides, saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids. The use of these natural compounds seems to be a useful technological adjuvant for the control of Listeria spp. in foods.

In vitro biological activities of Calamintha nepeta L. aqueous extracts.

This study aimed to investigate the phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and toxicity of aqueous extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. leaves and their potential vasorelaxant effects. Aqueous extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. were prepared by three extraction methods: decoction, infusion, and maceration. The total phenolic contents of the extracts and their antioxidant properties were investigated. The toxicity was evaluated by Artemia salina lethality bioassay. The decoction extract was analyzed by HPLC for its chemical profile and was also used to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect on thoracic aortic rings isolated from healthy Sprague Dawley rats. Pre-contraction was induced by phenylephrine, followed by cumulative doses of the extract (0.001 up to 250 µg/ml). Aqueous extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. showed noticeable radical scavenging and chelating activities. However, the decoction extract exhibited the most powerful antioxidant capacity. No toxicity was recorded for the extracts obtained by decoction and infusion. Caffeic acid, quercetin, and rosmarinic acid were the main identified compounds. Notably, the aqueous extract obtained by decoction induced significant relaxation in endothelium-intact aortic rings at lower concentrations, and at higher concentrations in denuded aortic rings. This study reveals that Calamintha nepeta L. extracted with a decoction method possesses potent antioxidant capacity and has an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect.

Effects of green extraction methods on the chemical profile of Schisandra chinensis fruit extracts and on their tyrosinase inhibitory activity

The fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. are a well-known food with health benefits for the central nervous system. This study was aimed at comparing green extracts of the fruits to select an environmentally friendly process providing a product rich in bioactives.S. chinensis fruits were extracted by decoction, macerations, ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and dynamic solid-liquid (SLDE) extraction using EtOH/H2O mixtures. The extract's chemical profiles were established by an integrated LC-MS and NMR approach. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 70 metabolites, some of which never reported before in S. chinensis fruits, and the NMR analysis highlighted the occurrence of both primary and specialized metabolites. LC-MS and NMR data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis to highlight differences in the extraction methods. The extracts obtained with 100% EtOH by UAE and SLDE resulted the richest ones in lignans. Furthermore, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts was tested (IC50 range 122.6–181.4 μg/ml). The extracts obtained with 100% EtOH showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity, suggesting how the activity could be ascribed both to lignans, reported as responsible for the biological properties of S. chinensis and compounds as coumaric acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, gallic acid, known as tyrosinase inhibitors.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rubus Idaeus Bioresidues: A Full Screening on Phenolic Composition and Bioactive Potential

Abstract Purpose Rubus idaeus cultivation has boosted productivity due to its high nutritional value. In consequence, waste production increased. The discarded biomass, including leaves and aerial components, can be transformed into valuable functional ingredients for industrial applications, such as cosmetics. Studying their bioactivity potential is highly relevant. Methods According to the present idea, the research involved producing extracts from raspberry plant branches and leaves by employing four different techniques: aqueous decoction, aqueous infusion, hydroethanolic maceration, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Subsequently, these compounds were screened for their bioactive potential, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties. Results The ultrasound-assisted extraction produced extracts rich in phenolic compounds, whereas the infusion and maceration methods resulted in higher flavonol contents. Among the identified phenolic compounds, hydrolyzable tannins, particularly galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose, were the most dominant ones. Regarding antioxidant potential, the decoction extract was the strongest, while the infusion showed the greatest potential for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The UAE extract was found to be highly effective as an antibacterial agent. Both infusion and UAE extracts demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory potential. Conclusion The combination of these results highlights the sample’s bioactive potential and the importance of exploiting bioresidues as unique, sustainable candidates for industrial applications.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils and Seed Extracts of Anethum graveolens from Southern Morocco: In Vitro and In Silico Approach for a Natural Alternative to Synthetic Preservatives.

Anethum graveolens is an aromatic plant traditionally used as an antispasmodic and carminative. The objective of this study is to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oils and extracts obtained from seeds gathered in Errachidia, southern Morocco. Additionally, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of these oils and extracts will be evaluated. GC-MS analysis of the EO isolated by hydrodistillation revealed that its main compounds were E-anethole (38.13%), estragole (29.32%), fenchone (17.21%), and α-pinene (7.37%). The phenolic components were extracted using the methods of decoction and Soxhlet. The assay of the phenolic compounds showed that A. graveolens seeds contained considerable amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins, with variable levels depending on the extract analyzed. HPLC/UV-ESI-MS analyses performed on the decoction revealed a structural diversity of the molecules present in this extract, the most important of which were umbelliferone (12.35%), 3-hydroxyflavone (11.23%), rosmanol (8.95%), biotin (8.36%), emmotin H (4.91%), and coumarin (4.21%). The antioxidant activity, as determined by three techniques (DPPH•, FRAP, and CAT), demonstrated that the essential oils (EOs) and extracts had a potent capacity to counteract detrimental free radicals, control the generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitigate oxidative damages. The antimicrobial activity of the Eos and extracts was carried out in a liquid medium against five strains (E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis) and four candidiasis (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis) and Aspergillus niger. The results showed the effectiveness of the EOs compared to the aqueous, ethanolic, and decoction extracts against most of the microorganisms tested. In addition, the ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity that was distinguished from that of the other extracts. The antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oils under study can primarily be attributed to the synergistic interactions among its three principal constituents (E-anethole, estragole, and fenchone). Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation results reveal significant interactions and stability between the selected bioactive compounds and different target proteins involved in antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Compounds like 3-hydroxyflavone, emmotin H, trans-caftaric acid, methyl rosmarinate, 1-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucose, and kaempferol exhibited better binding energies with the explored proteins, indicating their potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Finally, our findings emphasize the significance of A. graveolens seeds as a promising reservoir of advantageous health compounds that can serve as organic substitutes for the presently employed synthetic preservatives.

Rosa canina extract relieves methylation alterations of pancreatic genes in STZ-induced diabetic rats : Gene methylation in diabetic rats treated with an extract.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affects many parts of the body. Considering diabetes as a beta cells' defect and loss, the focus is on finding mechanisms and compounds involved in stimulating the function and regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. DNA methylation as an epigenetic mechanism plays a pivotal role in the β-cells' function and development. Considering the regenerative and anti-diabetic effects of Rosa canina extract, this study aimed to assess the methylation levels of Pdx-1, Pax-4, and Ins-1 genes in diabetic rats treated with Rosa Canina extract. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were used to evaluate the frequency of Pdx-1, Pax-4, and Ins-1 gene methylation. Treatment groups were exposed to Rosa canina as spray-dried and decoction extracts. Following blood glucose measurement, pancreatic DNA was extracted and bisulfited. Genes' methylation was measured using MSP-PCR and qRT-PCR techniques. Oral administration of Rosa canina extracts significantly reduced blood sugar levels in diabetic rats compared to the control group. The methylation levels of the Pdx-1, Pax-4, and Ins-1 genes promoter in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats increased compared to the control rats while, the treatment of diabetic rats with Rosa canina extracts, spray-dried samples especially, led to a decreased methylation in these genes. The results of this study showed that Rosa canina extract as a spray-dried sample could be effective in treating diabetes by regulating the methylation of genes including Pdx-1, Pax-4, and Ins-1 involved in the activity and regeneration of pancreatic islet cells.

Comprehensive profiling of the chemical constituents in Dayuanyin decoction using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with molecular networking

Context Dayuanyin decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation that is commonly used in modern clinical practice to treat viral infections such as viral pneumonia, viral fever, influenza, and hepatitis. Although the usage rate of Dayuanyin decoction is gradually increasing in clinical practice, its pharmacological constituents are still unclear. Objective This study comprehensively characterized the chemical constituents in Dayuanyin decoction using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and molecular networking. Materials and methods The overall strategy involved retrieving structural information, such as fragment ions and precursor ion masses, from self-built databases to identify the target constituents of the Dayuanyin decoction extract. The identification of non-targeted constituents was achieved by analyzing different categories, fragment pathways, mass spectrometry data, and the relationships between clusters of structures in molecular networking. Unannotated constituents were inferred from secondary mass spectrometry similarity and molecular weight differences and annotated constituents in the same constituent cluster. A few predicted constituents were selected and validated by comparing them to reference standards under identical mass spectrometry conditions. Results This study preliminarily identified 216 constituents, including flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroidal saponins, phenylpropanoids, and other constituents. Conclusions This integrated strategy using UPLC-QTOF-MS and molecular networking lays the foundation for clinical research on pharmacologically active substances in Dayuanyin decoction and could be popularized for the comprehensive profiling of chemical constituents of other traditional Chinese medicines.

β-Sitosterol Mediates Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Relaxation Induced by Coccoloba uvifera via Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtype 3

Coccoloba uvifera is a Mayan medicinal plant, and these leaves are used as antidiarrheal and diuretic agents. In the present work, we develop in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-vivo, and in-silico strategies to evaluate several aqueous extracts of C. uvifera leaves. In vitro tests showed that decoction extract (CuDe) presented the best yield and chlorophyll, phenol, and flavonoid content; however, CuDe showed low antioxidant activity (DPPH model). All aqueous extracts exert spasmolytic and vasorelaxant activity in a concentration-dependent manner (ex vivo), and in vivo tests showed that CuDe exerts the best antiperistaltic and diuretic effects. The in-silico analysis suggests that C. uvifera triterpenes act as a ligand of GPCR, and β-sitosterol could act as an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 3 (m3AChR). In the context of aqueous extracts of C. uvifera, β-sitosterol and their heterosides were identified by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The concerted binding of β-sitosterol and other triterpenes within the m3AChR binding site may be relevant for the induction of relaxant effects at the gastrointestinal smooth muscle level. In this context, C. uvifera is a high-value plant species that requires analytical and pharmacological studies to confirm traditional medicinal use.

Impacts of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on total phenolic compounds yield from Algerian Moringa oleifera leaves, using response surface methodology

The study aimed to optimise the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken designs (BBD). Factors such as ethanol concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, and solvent to solid ratio were assessed in single-factor tests. Under optimal extraction conditions (48.86% ethanol, 626.53 W microwave power, 99.48 s irradiation, 29.67 mL/g solvent to solid ratio and 21.12 W/mL power density), TPC was 58.45 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g DW, close to the predicted 59.78 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g DW. The MAE method outperformed maceration extraction (8.41 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g DW) and decoction extraction (38.74 ± 0.81 mg GAE/g DW) in terms of extraction time, solvent use, and efficiency. The optimised extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 0.294 ± 0.004 mg/mL (DPPH) and 0.425 ± 0.005 mg/mL (ABTS), confirming the efficacy of MAE in preparing antioxidant-rich plant extracts.

In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Potential of Different Solvent Extracts Derived from Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn against Cervical Cancer.

Cervical cancer is a prevalent and deadly malignancy in females, with chemotherapy often proving ineffective due to significant side effects and the development of chemo-resistance. This study investigates the medicinal potential of Clerodendrum infortunatum linn. , a genus with approximately 500 species in the Lamiaceae family. Limited research exists on the species of Clerodendrum infortunatum and its various solvent extracts. The study aims to assess the anti-cancer properties of different solvent extracts from this plant on human cervical cancer cells. The study examines the plant's phytochemical components and their potential to inhibit cancer growth. Aerial parts of the plant were extracted using the Soxhlet method, and the presence of Rutin, Quercetin, and Gallic Acid in specific solvent extracts was validated through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In vitro assays, including MTT, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle analysis, Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species assessment, and Gene expression PCR, were conducted to investigate the plant's anti-cancer properties further. The outcomes of the phytochemical assessment indicated that Rutin was predominantly present in the water extract, with quercetin being more concentrated in the decoction, and the hydro-alcoholic extract showing elevated levels of gallic acid. Notably, the decoction extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity, primarily through early apoptosis and arrests in the S-phase and G2M phases. Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited a reduction in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. The gene expression analysis disclosed an impact on the BCL-2 gene. Notably, Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited the ability to initiate early apoptosis, halt the cell cycle at the S and G2M phases, and diminish levels of reactive oxygen species significantly. The gene expression analysis revealed an influence on the BCL-2 gene. To sum up, this research underscores the encouraging cytotoxic and antioxidant attributes of Clerodendrum infortunatum, implying its potential for cervical cancer treatment.

Studying the Optimization, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Extracts Extracted from Rhus chinensis Mill. Leaf using Microwave-assisted Extraction System with Glycerol as a Green Solvent

Background: The leaves of Rhus chinensis Mill., a common deciduous tree found in the mild temperate zone of Asia, have many medicinal effects, including antioxidant properties. Objectives and Methods: This study aims to optimize the conditions for extracting phenols from Rhus chinensis Mill. (RCM) using a microwave-assisted extraction system with glycerol (MAEG) via response surface methodology (RSM). It also aims to compare the extraction efficacy of decoction and MAEG methods in terms of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained through them, identify bioactive compounds in both extracts via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOFMS/ MS), and determine the cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant activity of MAEG extract. Results: Temperature and glycerol concentration significantly affected the total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts. The validated value of TPC was 84.11 ± 4.28 mg GAE/g for the sample obtained under the optimal conditions of 12.76 min at 54.08°C and 34.48% glycerol concentration. MAEG extract exhibited higher antioxidant properties compared to the decoction extract. Different phenolic compounds in the extracts were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF. MAEG concentrations from 1 mg/mL to 7.5 mg/mL were considered non-cytotoxic to NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, the cell viability of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts increased after being treated with MAEG extract (from 2.5 mg/mL to 7.5 mg/mL) and subjected to H2O2- induced oxidative stress compared to H2O2 treatment alone. Conclusion: Finally, MAEG can be used as a novel green extraction method for obtaining bioactive compounds for cosmetic and medicinal applications.

Phytochemicals properties and antimicrobial activities of Carica papaya and Balanites aegyptiaca’ seeds aqueous infusion and decoction extracts

Carica papaya and Balanites aegyptiaca seeds extract have several uses, from food to traditional medicine. This study aims to determine their phytochemicals compound and appreciate their antimicrobial properties against clinical strains. Polyphenolic content was determined with standard methods while DPPH radical scavenging activity is used to appreciate the antioxidant properties, using ascorbic acid as standard. Antimicrobial activities were performed according to the inhibition diameters, using agar diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and Minimum fungicidal concentrations were established based on broth dilution methods. The extraction yield is ranged between 6.3 and 20.3%. The results shown polyphenolic content varying from 1256.13±21.09 to 2315.81±53.52 µg GAE/100 mL for Carica papaya and from 303.98±0.93 to 948.06±3.23 µg GAE/100 mL for Balanites aegyptiaca while the antioxidant activity is ranged between 31.76±2.35 and 58.47±4.24 µg AEAC/100 mL for Carica papaya and from 29.80±0.32 to 78.44±2.81 µg AEAC/100 mL for Balanites aegyptiaca. Infusion’s extracts always have the highest values of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity than decoction extracts, be it papaya or balanites seeds. Neitheir flavonoids content nor antibacterial activity was found. The inhibition diameter varies from 14.5±0.5 to 40.5±0.5 mm for papaya seeds extracts and from 16.5±0.5 to 21.0±0.5 mm for balanites seeds extracts without a significative effect of mixture for both extracts. MICs vary from 11.71±0.1 to 75.0±0.0 mg. mL-1 for Carica papaya seeds extracts with 11.72±0.2 to 37.30±0.2 mg. mL-1 and 18.74±0.1 to 100±0.0 mg.mL-1 for Balanites aegyptiaca. Mixture extracts presented intermediaire values. Decoction extracts have lowest MICs values and infusion reveals itself to be the sweetable aqueous extraction techniques but the appropriate infusion time need to be highlight.&#x0D; Keywords: Carica papaya, Balanites aegyptiaca, Seeds extracts, Phytochemical, antifungal

A Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological review of Pterocarpus marsupium: Comprehensive Review

Research in herbal drug is need of the hour to find definite lead for discovery of medicine from plant source. Many traditional medicinal plants are under screening to scientifically reinforce their traditional claims. Pterocarpus marsupium is time tested important source of herbal medicine which has been used extensively for treatment of diabetes mellitus. It has also exhibited antimicrobial activity, analgesic activity, anticataract activity. Acute toxicity test determines safe dose of the Pterocarpus marsupium. Various extraction methods such as Infusion, Decoction, Maceration, Percolation and Hot Water Extraction s employed for efficient extraction of phytoconstituents. Primary phytoconstituents present in the bark comprises of liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, pterosupin, epicatechin, and pterostilbene. Current review is carried out to study pharmacognstic, phytochemical and pharmacological activity of the drug, which can be useful for researcher to provide synoptic overview about Pterocarpus marsupium &#x0D; Keywords: Pterocarpus marsupium, Review, Fabaceae, Indian kino, Asan

Phytochemical and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae) Leaf Extracts

Guiera senegalensis is a plant of the Combretaceae family, found in West Africa and Central Africa. It has many properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidants, which are the subject of this study. The objective of this study was to realize a qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the plant leaf extracts. Plant extractions was done in accordance with the methods described by Fonmboh and collaborators on the leaves of the plant; a qualitative phytochemical screening according to the methods described by Shaik and al quantitative phytochemical screening consisting of colorimetric dosage and finally the antioxidant activity was explored in-vitro by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and by the phosphomolybdenum method. This study revealed the presence of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and proteins but also secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins. Quantification analysis demonstrated a significant concentration of these metabolites depending on the extract. Carbohydrates, proteins and polyphenols had a higher concentration in the hydro-ehtanolic extract with concentrations of 45,38 ± 1,88, 1172,31 ± 17,59, 310,27 ± 11,83 µg/ml respectively. Flavonoids, flavonols and alkaloids in the Aqueous maceration extract with concentrations of 145,84 ± 8,34, 169,52 ± 10,13, 320,56 ± 67,52 µg/ml. and Tannins in decoction extract with a concentration of 338,55 ± 12,25 µg/ml. The in-vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated an inhibition percentage of the order of 70.96 ± 0.58% in the extract obtained by hydro-ethanolic maceration. This study confirms the use of the plant in category 1 traditional medicine, and results show a promising potential for developing a category 2 phytomedicine. Future studies should explore the use of phytochemical compounds involved in this antioxidant activity as well as its mechanism.

Safety assessment of Wuzhuyu decoction extract: acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in rats

Wuzhuyu decoction (WZYD) is a well-known classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription and has been widely used to treat headache, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, etc. However, little published information is available about its safety. Our aim was to investigate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of WZYD extract in rats following the technical guidelines from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for single and repeated doses toxicity studies of drugs. Acute oral toxicity was assessed in rats via oral administration of WZYD extract at 4 g/kg three times within a day followed by a 14-day observation period. To evaluate the subacute toxicity, rats were orally administered with WZYD extract at doses of 0, 0.44, 1.33, and 4 g/kg for 28 days. The items examined included clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematological and biochemical parameters, bone marrow smear, organ index, and histopathology. After the rats were administered with 12 g/kg (3 × 4 g/kg) WZYD extract, no mortality and toxic effects were observed during the observation period. In the subacute toxicity study, WZYD extract did not cause any significant treatment-related abnormality in each examined item of rats, so the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of WZYD extract for 28 days orally administered to rats is considered to be 4 g/kg, which is approximately 80-fold of its clinical proposed dosage.

Evaluating the toxicity of the roots of Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum extracted using the decoction method: Genotoxicity, single-dose toxicity, and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity studies

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe roots of Asarum heterotropoides F. Maekawa var. mandshuricum F. Maekawa (AR) is a traditional herbal medicine used across Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. AR exhibits a range of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, cold treatment, and anti-nociceptive effects. Various extraction methods, including decoction, which utilizes traditional knowledge and techniques. The AR decoction extract expected to contain fewer toxicants and have reduced toxicity due to the use of hot water in the extraction process. However, scientific evidence on the toxicity of AR decoction extracts is lacking, necessitating further studies for safe usage. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and toxicity of single and repeated administration of AR decoction extracts. Materials and methodsThe genotoxicity was assessed using a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test (CA test), and an in vivo micronucleus test (MN test) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The general toxicity was evaluated through single-dose and 13-week repeated-dose toxicity studies. In the single-dose toxicity study, 40 SD rats were orally administered AR decoction extract at doses of 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg. In the 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study, 140 SD rats received daily oral doses of 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg of AR decoction extract. ResultsThe genotoxicity tests revealed that AR decoction extract was not genotoxic. The single-dose toxicity study showed no changes in body weight, clinical pathology, or macroscopic findings, with the approximate lethal dose (ALD) exceeding 5000 mg/kg. The 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study demonstrated no treatment-related changes in body weight, general symptoms, hematology, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis. Histopathological findings revealed hyperplasia of squamous cells in the forestomach after AR decoction extract administration, a treatment-related effect that resolved during the recovery period. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for both male and female rats was estimated to be 2000 mg/kg. ConclusionsThis study establishes the non-toxic dose of AR decoction extract, providing a foundation for further non-clinical and clinical evaluations AR safety.