Decline In Semen Quality Research Articles

Semen Analysis of Covid-19 Survivors and Uninfected Men: Examining the Motility, Concentration, Vitality, and Morphology Parameters of Spermatozoa

Highlights:1. Spermatozoa can be affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to a disruption in spermatogenesis, leading to a decline in semen quality.2. This study compared the semen quality of COVID-19 survivors and those who had not been infected with COVID-19, specifically on the first spermatogenesis cycle following the confirmation of COVID-19 infection.3. This study is distinctive since no previous research in Indonesia has examined the semen quality parameters, such as the concentration, morphology, motility, and vitality of spermatozoa, in men who had a COVID-19 infection. Abstract Semen quality in COVID-19 patients shows inconsistencies and variations. This research was conducted considering that health is the main capital for humans in Indonesia's development, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal 3. The purpose of this study was to compare the semen quality of COVID-19 survivors with non-COVID-19 men. This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects were selected through consecutive sampling of up to 26 men of childbearing age who met the predetermined criteria. Semen quality assessment using the WHO Semen Analysis Guide 6th edition. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS. The data normality test was carried out using the Saphiro-Wilk test. Then, the data were tested by t-test from two unpaired samples and by the Mann-Whitney test. Data from semen analysis based on COVID-19 severity were tested using variant analysis (One-way ANOVA) and the Kruskal Wallis test. The normal morphology of spermatozoa in COVID-19 survivors was significantly lower (p=0.011) compared to uninfected men. Other semen quality parameters did not differ significantly, although they were lower in COVID-19 survivors. The results of the analysis also showed no significant difference in semen parameters related to COVID-19 severity (p=0.488 for progressive motility; p=0.372 for non-progressive motility; p=0.325 for total motility; p=0.707 for immotility; p=0.412 for vitality; p=0.324 for concentration; and p=0.334 for normal morphology). The study provides evidence that COVID-19 survivors have a lower normal spermatozoa morphology compared to uninfected men. However, the motility, vitality, and concentration of spermatozoa did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Dietary alpha-linolenic acid supplementation enhances semen quality, antioxidant capacity, and sperm survival in aging breeder roosters

Aging in breeder roosters is often accompanied by a decline in semen quality, negatively impacting reproductive performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on semen quality, antioxidant capacity, and sperm survival in aging breeder roosters. Roosters were divided into 4 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% ALA for 6 wk. Results indicated significant improvements in semen volume, sperm viability, and sperm density in ALA-supplemented groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). The 1% ALA group exhibited the most notable enhancements in sperm viability and density. Additionally, ALA supplementation increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ALA improved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reduced early and late sperm apoptosis, with the 2% ALA group showing the highest MMP and the lowest ROS-positive rate (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary ALA supplementation enhances semen quality and antioxidant defenses, and mitigates oxidative stress, thus supporting the reproductive health of aging breeder roosters. This study underscores the potential of ALA as a dietary strategy to improve reproductive efficiency in poultry production.

Herbicide residues as a possible risk factor in semen quality and spermatogenesis

Background Reports from various countries have consistently demonstrated a correlation between herbicide exposure, arising from agricultural practices, and a decline in semen quality, leading to male infertility. This study was conducted at Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital in Ado-Ekiti, a rural community characterized by a predominantly agrarian population to determine the relationship between semen quality and herbicides residues. Methods The study focused on males whose spouses were seeking assistance at infertility clinics. Routine semen analyses were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, categorizing samples into normospermic, asthenospermic, oligospermic, and azoospermic groups. Seminal plasma samples from each group (twenty samples per group) were subjected to analysis for the presence and concentration of herbicides using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The following herbicides were investigated: halosulfurum, linuron, fluometuron, chlo-rimuron, imaxamox, cloransulam, dicamba, fluroxypor, trichlopyr, propanil, cloclinafop, clethodim, quizalofop, fluazifop, pinoxaden, bentazon, atrazine, and bromoxynil. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 24. Results The analysis revealed significantly higher concentrations of most herbicides in the asthenospermia, oligospermia, and azoospermia groups compared to the normospermic group (P&lt;0.05). These findings suggest a strong association between herbicide exposure and poor semen quality in the studied population.Conclusion This study provides compelling evidence supporting the hypothesis that herbicides exposure could be a contributory factor to diminished semen quality in the investigated rural com-munity. The results underscore the importance of considering seminal herbicide determination as a routine component in male infertility testing. Additionally, the study advocates for the implementation of relevant legislation to mitigate potential risks associated with herbicide exposure.

P-003 Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on circulating male sex hormones and human semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Study question Does SARS-CoV-2 infection alter human male sex steroid hormones and semen quality? Summary answer SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced circulating testosterone but increased LH and prolactin levels. Also, SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced ejaculate volume, sperm count, concentration, viability, motility, and normal morphology. What is known already SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to be associated with a decline in semen quality, although this remains debatable given the novelty of the viral infection. In addition, available data on semen quality and circulating male reproductive hormones in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited and inconsistent. Study design, size, duration This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on circulating male sex hormones and semen quality. Participants/materials, setting, methods This study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Following a pre-defined strategic protocol, 852 studies were screened, and 40 articles were identified as eligible for this study. Included studies were from China (7), Germany (1), India (1), Indonesia (1), Iran (6), Iraq (2), Italy (5), Jordan (2), Russia (1), Turkey (12), UK (1), and USA (1). Main results and the role of chance A total of 4807 male subjects were included in the meta-analysis. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced circulating testosterone and testosterone/LH ratio (an index of Leydig cell function) but increased LH and prolactin levels even after sensitivity analysis when compared to SARS-CoV-2 uninfected patients. Also, SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced ejaculate volume, sperm count, concentration, viability, total and progressive motility when compared to SARS-CoV-2 uninfected patients, although only ejaculate volume and sperm viability remained significant after sensitivity analysis. More so, ejaculate volume, sperm viability, and progressive motility were significantly reduced in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients before treatment when compared with after treatment; nonetheless, only sperm viability, and progressive motility remained significant after sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, ejaculate volume, sperm count, concentration, viability, total and progressive motility were significantly reduced in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients when compared with their pre-COVID state; these alterations, except sperm progressive motility, persisted after sensitivity analysis. Limitations, reasons for caution Although there is an increasing amount of data on the subject matter, SARS-CoV-2-infection is yet novel, and a continuous report and meta-analysis remains pertinent. Also, the included studies are from a few countries, which may not necessarily be a good global representation. Wider implications of the findings This study revealed that SARS-CoV-2-infection significantly reduced circulating testosterone, LH, and semen quality. SARS-CoV-2-induced reduction in semen quality is, at least in part, via a testosterone-dependent mechanism. These findings strengthen existing evidence in the literature on the negative impact of SARS-CoV-2-infection on male reproductive health. Trial registration number N/A

Recent decline in sperm motility among donor candidates at a sperm bank in Denmark.

Has there been variation in semen quality among men applying to be sperm donors (i.e. donor candidates) in Denmark in recent years (2017-2022)? The motile sperm concentration and total motile sperm count (TMSC) in ejaculates-both measures of sperm quality-declined by as much as 22% from 2019 to 2022. Questions remain about whether human semen quality has declined in recent years. Whilst some studies provide evidence for a decline in human semen quality, these findings have been disputed owing to potential biases in the populations studied or in the methods used to measure semen quality. Resolution of this issue has important implications for human fertility, as well as for those involved in the recruitment of sperm donors for use in medically assisted reproduction. We obtained data on the semen quality of ejaculates previously collected from 2017 to 2022 at sperm bank locations in four cities in Denmark: Aarhus, Aalborg, Copenhagen, and Odense. Our study focuses on the single semen samples provided by 6758 donor candidates aged between 18 and 45 years old to determine whether their sperm quality met a minimum criterion for them to be accepted as sperm donors. All ejaculates were analyzed within 1 hour of production. Semen volume (ml) was estimated by weight and both the concentration (106/ml) of sperm as well as the concentration of motile sperm (World Health Organization grades a and b) were measured using the same protocols and computer-assisted semen analysis system across all years at each site. Statistical analyses of the semen variables were controlled for age and donation site, as well as the average monthly high temperature when the ejaculate was produced. From 2017 to 2019, semen volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm count in the ejaculates of donor candidates increased by 2-12%. Then, from 2019 to 2022, sperm concentration and total sperm count changed by 0.1-5% from year to year, but none of those changes were statistically significant. In contrast, both motile sperm concentration and TMSC declined significantly, by 16% and 22%, respectively, between 2019 and 2022. Thus, the concentration of motile sperm in donor candidates declined from 18.4 [95% CL: 17.0, 20.0] million/ml in 2019 to 15.5 [14.4, 16.7] million/ml in 2022, and TMSC declined from 61.4 [55.8, 67.5] million per ejaculate in 2019 to 48.1 [44.1, 52.4] million in 2022. We cannot determine from the available data the causes of the decline in semen quality of donor candidates from 2019 to 2022. However, as this period coincides with lockdowns and changes in work patterns during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, it is possible that changes in motile sperm concentration and TMSC were the result of changes in the lifestyles of the men whose semen was analyzed. Men providing initial semen samples at sperm banks, when applying to be sperm donors, are a useful population in which to monitor changes in human semen quality over time. Our results have implications for human fertility and the recruitment of sperm donors for medically assisted reproduction, where motile sperm concentration is an essential selection criterion because it influences fertility. We suggest that gathering health and lifestyle data on donor candidates at sperm banks might help to identify causal factors for the decline of sperm quality that could be addressed and intervention, if desired, could be personalized for each accepted donor. No external funding was obtained for this study. E.L. and A.-B.S. are employees of Cryos International. AP reports paid consultancy for Cryos International, Cytoswim Ltd, Exceed Health, and Merck Serono in the last 2 years of this study, but all monies were paid to the University of Sheffield (former employer). AP is also an unpaid trustee of the Progress Educational Trust (Charity Number 1139856). RM declares support from Cryos International to present results of this research at ESHRE 2023. None of the authors were directly involved in the collection or physical analysis of semen samples. N/A.

Mean platelet volume might be an effective indicator of poor semen quality in varicocele patients

ObjectiveTo delve into the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV) and semen quality in patients with varicocele.Materials and methodsA total of 246 varicocele patients and 120 healthy adult males were enrolled. Physical examinations and the color Doppler ultrasonography were conducted on patients with varicocele to confirm the diagnosis. Venous blood samples and semen samples were collected from all participants for subsequent analysis. A series of statistical analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between their MPV levels and semen quality. A series of statistical analyses were performed to assess the relationship between MPV and semen quality.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between body mass index (BMI), sexual hormones, semen volume, platelet count, and right testicular volume in all three groups (health subjects, varicocele without symptoms, and varicocele with infertility). When conducting regression analysis on two groups with varicocele, the results indicated that a lower MPV is associated with a reduced risk of varicocele accompanied by infertility (OR = 0.557 95% CI: 0.432–0.719, P < 0.001). Further correlation analysis in varicocele patients revealed that high MPV had a statistically negative impact on the occurrence of poor semen quality, affecting sperm concentration, progressive motility, and morphology (all P < 0.001). More importantly, when predicting varicocele associated with infertility, MPV demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity (AUC = 0.745, P < 0.001).ConclusionOur results indicate that MPV is higher in varicocele with infertility and is closely related to semen quality, which may suggest an accompanying decline in semen quality associated with varicocele. However, these conclusions require further experimental validation.

Development of a thermotaxis and rheotaxis microfluidic device for motile spermatozoa sorting

Male infertility is a pervasive global reproductive challenge, primarily attributed to a decline in semen quality. Addressing this concern, there has been a growing focus on spermatozoa sorting in assisted reproductive technology. This study introduces a groundbreaking development in the form of a thermotaxis and rheotaxis microfluidic (TRMC) device designed for efficient motile spermatozoa sorting within a short 15-min timeframe. The TRMC device mimics the natural sperm sorting mechanism of the oviduct, selecting spermatozoa with superior motility and DNA integrity. The experimental outcomes demonstrate a remarkable enhancement in the percentage of progressive spermatozoa following sorting, soaring from 3.90% to an impressive 96.11% when subjected to a temperature decrease from 38 °C to 35 °C. Notably, sperm motility exhibited a substantial 69% improvement. The TRMC device exhibited a commendable recovery rate of 60.93%, surpassing current clinical requirements. Furthermore, the sorted spermatozoa displayed a notable reduction in the DNA fragmentation index to 6.94%, signifying a substantial 90% enhancement in DNA integrity. This remarkable advancement positions the TRMC device as highly suitable for applications in in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), offering a promising solution to male infertility challenges.

Relationship between male aging and semen quality: a retrospective study on over 2500 men

PurposeWe aimed to evaluate whether and to what extent an association exists between male aging and worsening of semen parameters and to determine whether a threshold age can be identified above which the decline in semen quality becomes statistically significant.Methods2612 men (age: 16–56 years) attending an andrology outpatient clinic for semen analysis and clinical evaluation were studied. Semen analyses were performed according to the ongoing WHO-recommended procedures. Total motile count (TMC) and total progressive motile count (TPMC) were calculated by multiplying total sperm number by total motility and progressive motility, respectively.ResultsSignificant negative correlations were found between age and total motility (r = − 0.131, p < 0.0001), progressive motility (r = − 0.112, p < 0.0001), TPMC (r = − 0.042, p = 0.037), and normal sperm morphology (r = − 0.053, p = 0.007). All these associations persisted in multivariate regression models adjusted for abstinence time, smoking, history of male accessory gland infections, varicocele and the year in which semen analysis was performed. When comparisons were performed among quartiles of increasing age, the fourth quartile, corresponding to the age group > 40 years, was associated with a significant decrease in total and progressive motility. An earlier decline in the TPMC and percentage of normal forms was also observed.ConclusionAdvancing male age exhibits an independent association with a decrease in the percentage of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa, with greater evidence from the age of > 40 years. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and clinical reflections of these associations.

Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on male reproductive function in chinese men with obesity: A prospective cohort study.

Obesity is a widely recognized global public health issue, and bariatric surgery has emerged as an effective intervention for alleviating obesity associated health complications. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on male reproductive function remains inconclusive in the literature. The current understanding of the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on male reproductive function remains ambiguous, despite its status as the most commonly performed bariatric surgery. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on erectile function and semen quality. A total of thirty-four obese patients were enrolled in this study and underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Prior to the operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperation, all participants were required to complete the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire and undergo a nocturnal erectile function test and semen quality analysis. Within 12 months postoperation, body mass index, blood lipids, and insulin resistance showed significant improvement. The IIEF-5 score increased significantly (18.88±5.97 vs. 23.78±3.19, P < 0.05), and the frequency and duration of erections significantly improved compared to baseline. Sperm concentration, total motility, survival rate, and sperm morphology parameters exhibited a significant decline at 3 months but demonstrated a significant improvement at 6 and 12 months post-operation. At 12 months, sperm concentration was shown to be correlated with changes in zinc (r = 0.25, P = 0.033) as well as changes in testosterone (r = 0.43, P = 0.013). LSG has beneficial effects on erectile function, despite a transient decline in semen quality at 3 months postoperatively, followed by a significant improvement at 12 months.

Changes in Sperm Parameters with Time in Men with Normal and Abnormal Baseline Semen Analysis

The association between paternal age and sperm quality in the population level has been previously studied. Only limited data exists regarding the intra-personal variations in semen parameters among fertile and infertile men over time. We aimed to assess trends over time in semen parameters among men with normal and abnormal baseline sperm parameters and investigate potential risk factors for sperm quality deterioration. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a university-affiliated medical center in vitro fertilization (IVF) unit. Patients with at least two semen analyses (SA) performed > 1 year apart, with the last SA done between 2017 and 2021, were included. The study consisted of two main analyses—comparison of intra-patient’s sperm parameters changes in men with normal and abnormal baseline SA (BSA) and analysis of risk factors for developing abnormal semen parameters over time in men who had normal BSA parameters. This study included a total of 902 men assessed for infertility with normal and abnormal BSA. The average time interval between tests was 1015 days (range 366–7709 days). Among individuals with normal BSA, there was a mild decline in most parameters—concentration (− 6.53 M/ml), motility (− 7.74%), and total motile count (TMC) (− 21.80 M) (p < 0.05 for all parameters). In contrast, a slight improvement in most parameters, except for concentration, was noted in men with abnormal BSA—volume (+ 0.21 ml), motility (+ 8.72%), and TMC (+ 14.38 M) (p < 0.05 for all parameters). Focusing on men with normal BSA, 33.5% of individuals developed abnormality in one or more of their sperm parameters over time, within a mean time of 1013 ± 661 days. We also found that only time between tests emerged as an independent prognostic factor for the development of abnormal SA later. Interestingly, sperm deterioration in participants in their third, fourth, and fifth decades of life with normal initial semen analysis was similar. Our study provides evidence of a decline in semen quality over time in individuals with normal BSA, in contrast to men with abnormal BSA. Longer time intervals between tests independently increase the risk of sperm abnormalities.

AZF microdeletion affects semen parameters, sex hormone levels, and chromosome karyotypes in infertile men in Xinjiang.

This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the microdeletion of different regions of the azoospermia factor (AZF) gene and semen parameters, sex hormone levels, and karyotypes in infertile males by retrospective study. This was performed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the clinical data of AZF microdeletion in infertile males, to guide clinical diagnoses and treatments, and to improve the efficacy and safety of assisted reproductive technology. For this purpose, Fifty-seven patients with AZF microdeletions and complete data were selected from 1916 patients with AZF microdeletions in our hospital from January 2020 to August 2022. The correlation between semen parameters, sex hormone levels, and chromosome karyotypes of these 57 patients was analyzed. Results showed that among the 57 patients with AZF microdeletions, the region with the highest microdeletion rate was AZFc with 57.89%; single or combined deletions in AZFa and AZFb regions resulted in azoospermia. The deletion frequency of AZFc in the oligospermia group was significantly higher than that in the azoospermia group, and the deletion frequencies of AZFb and AZFb + c in the azoospermia group were significantly higher than those in the oligospermia group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and chromosome karyotypes between patients with azoospermia and oligospermia (P<0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in prolactin (PRL), FSH, testosterone (T), LH levels, and chromosome karyotypes of patients in different AZF microdeletion regions (P<0.05). In conclusion, AZF microdeletions can lead to a decline in semen quality in men, and different types of deletions have different effects on semen parameters, sex hormone levels, and karyotype analysis. Further treatments should be selected based on the AZF microdeletion area.

PCB126 impairs human sperm functions by affecting post-translational modifications and mitochondrial functions

Over the past few decades, there has been a consistent decline in semen quality across the globe, with environmental pollution being identified as the primary cause. Among the various contaminants present in the environment, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have garnered significant attention due to their high toxicity, slow degradation, bio-accumulation, and long-range migration. PCBs, which include 210 congeners, are a crucial type of POPs that are known to have harmful effects on the environment and human health. Among the various PCB congeners, 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) is a typical environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical that is widely distributed and has been associated with several health hazards. However, the impact and mechanism of PCB126 on human sperm function has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of PCB126 (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL) on sperm motility, viability, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction after incubation for different periods (1 and 2 h), delving deeper into the molecular mechanism of human sperm dysfunction caused by PCB126. First, we investigated the link between PCB126 treatment and the occurrence of protein modifications that are critical to sperm function regulation, such as tyrosine phosphorylation and lysine glutarylation. Second, we examined the potential impact of PCB126 on different parameters related to mitochondrial function, including reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondria respiration and adenosine triphosphate generation. Our findings indicate that exposure to environmental pollutants such as PCB126 in vitro may have a negative impact on human sperm functions by interfering with post-translational modifications and mitochondrial functions.

Impact of organophosphate pesticides exposure on human semen parameters and testosterone: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been associated with a decline in semen quality, although there are still considerable arguments about the magnitude of the association. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of OP pesticides on semen quality and male reproductive hormones. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols. Strategic search was conducted using combined text words as search terms. The eligibility criteria were developed based on Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome, and Study designs (PECOS) framework. Relevant data were extracted, risk of bias was evaluated by The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group guidelines. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager. A total of 766 male subjects (349 exposed to OP pesticides and 417 unexposed controls) were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the ejaculate volume, seminal fluid volume, sperm multiple anomaly index, sperm, and leukocytes levels of the OP-exposed subjects compared to the control. In addition, OP pesticides exposure did not significantly affect serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone in subjects who were exposed to OP pesticides compared to their unexposed counterparts. However, we found a significant reduction in the sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology of OP pesticides-exposed subjects compared to the unexposed subjects. However, after subtype and sensitivity analyses, exposure to OP pesticides did not reduce sperm count. Also, after sensitivity analysis, OP pesticides exposure did not alter progressive sperm motility. This study demonstrates that OP pesticides exposure reduced sperm count, concentration, total and progressive motility, and normal sperm morphology, possibly via a testosterone-independent mechanism.

A systematic study of the performance of machine learning models on analyzing the association between semen quality and environmental pollutants

Human exposure to Phthalates, a family of chemicals primarily used to enhance the flexibility and durability of plastics, could lead to a decline in semen quality. Extensive studies have been performed to investigate the associations between semen quality and exposure to environmental pollutants, such as phthalates. However, these early studies mainly focus on using conventional statistical methods, such as simple and efficient multi-variable linear regression methods, to perform the analysis, which may not be effective in analyzing these complex multi-variable associations. Herein, we perform a systematic study of the performance of different machine learning methods in analyzing these associations. We will use data from a cohort of 1070 Chinese males from Hubei province who provided repeated urine samples to measure phthalate metabolites. In addition, phthalate metabolites in semen are also evaluated as a biomarker to give a more direct metric. We also incorporate patient demographics and administered medications into the analysis. Overall, six machine learning models, including linear and non-linear models, are implemented to analyze associations among thirty-one features and five metrics of the quality of the semen. The performance of the models is evaluated based on root-mean-square deviation through 10-fold cross-validation. Our investigations show that the performance of different models is varied when employed to study different metrics that represent the quality of the semen. Therefore, a systematic study of the patients’ data with various machine learning models is essential in improving the quantitative analysis in discovering the critical environmental pollutants that dictate the quality of semen. We hope this study could provide guidance of employing machine learning models in the future investigation of the impact of various pollutants on semen quality.

Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm.

Male infertility is a prevalent concern affecting couples worldwide. While genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, and reproductive system defects play significant roles, emerging evidence suggests that lifestyle choices also profoundly impact male fertility. This study aimed to explore the effects of several lifestyle factors, including tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity, and dietary habits, on semen quality parameters and molecular biomarkers. Thirty healthy male volunteers were recruited in the Urology service at Hospital Infante D. Pedro, Aveiro, Portugal. Participants completed lifestyle questionnaires and provided semen samples, which were analyzed according to the World Health Organization criteria by experienced technicians. We also analyzed the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock response-related proteins to explore the activation of signaling pathways involved in stress response within sperm cells. Our results revealed that tobacco consumption reduced semen volume and total sperm count. Although the changes in the percentage of total motility and normal morphology in the smokers' group did not reach statistical significance, a slight decrease was observed. Moreover, we identified for the first time a significant association between tobacco consumption and increased levels of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and phosphorylated HSP27 (p-HSP27) in sperm cells, indicating the potential detrimental effects of tobacco on the reproductive system. This study highlights that lifestyle factors reduce semen quality, possibly by inducing stress in sperm, raising awareness about the effects of these risk factors among populations at risk of male infertility.

Exposure to PM2.5, seminal plasma metabolome, and semen quality among Chinese adult men: Association and potential mediation analyses

Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been linked to a decline in semen quality, but the underlying mechanisms for this association remain unclear. We aimed to examine whether specific metabolites act as mediators in the association between PM2.5 exposure and changes in semen quality. We conducted untargeted metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS platforms to identified seminal plasma metabolites associated with various semen quality parameters among 200 Chinese adult men. Additionally, we performed mediation analyses to examine the effects of the seminal plasma metabolites on the association between PM2.5 exposure and semen quality. We identified 140 differential metabolites between the normal and abnormal semen groups, involving two metabolic pathways: Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. We additionally identified 7 specific seminal plasma metabolites that were associated with discrepant metabolic networks related to semen quality. The mediation analysis revealed that D-Aspartate might play a mediating role in the adverse effects of ambient PM2.5 exposure on both total and progressive motility during spermatogenesis period (70–90 days before ejaculation), with a proportion of mediation up to 16% and 17%, respectively. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with alterations in D-Aspartate levels, which might partially mediate the association between PM2.5 and reduced sperm motility.

Temporal Trends of Semen Quality and Fertility Rates Over the Course of a Decade: Data From King County, Washington

There has been a widely reported decline in both semen quality and fertility rate, however to date these studies have not looked at a decline of both in the same time period within the same geographical area. The objective of this study was to determine if there existed a temporal trend in both semen parameters and fertility rates for the same geographic area (King County, WA) over time. Semen parameters from sperm donors at Seattle sperm bank were obtained from 2008 to 2021. Sperm donations occurred in King County, WA. Donors were from within 50 miles of the donation site. Fertility rates were calculated for King County, WA using census data from SEER to find number of women aged 15-49 and the number of births were found using CDC Wonder data from 2006-2017. There were a total of 76,622 sperm donor semen analyses from King County, WA included in our study from 2008-2021. The fertility rate for King County, WA was calculated from 2006-2017. From 2008-2021, there was a statistically significant decline in semen quality over time for both sperm count (p<0.01), total motile sperm count (p<0.01), sperm concentration (p<.01), and progressive motility (p<.01). Additionally, from 2006-2017 there was a statistically significant decline in fertility rate (p<0.01). We report a statistically significant decline in sperm parameters among donors and a corresponding decline in fertility rates from the same geographic area that warrants further investigation given the serious societal and economic impacts a shrinking population presents. While certainly not the sole contributing factor, declining sperm parameters likely need to be accounted for when accounting for declining fertility rates.

Comparison of semen parameters in the same patients before and after diagnosis of COVID-19.

Clinical and histopathological evidence suggest that the male reproductive system may be negatively impacted in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on semen parameters by comparing semen analyses before and after COVID-19 diagnosis in the same patient. We retrospectively analyzed 342 semen analyses by reviewing medical records. The study included two groups of patients: (i) those who underwent two consecutive semen analyses within 6 months, one before (n = 114) and one after (n = 114) COVID-19 diagnosis, and (ii) a control group (n = 114) that was age-matched and did not receive a diagnosis of COVID-19. The study results indicated a significant decrease in semen volume, total sperm count per ejaculate, progressive motile sperm count, total motile sperm count, and normal sperm morphology after SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to their respective values before the infection. Subgroup analyses showed that the duration of COVID-19 diagnosis (short-term vs. long-term) did not impact the changes in semen parameters. However, fever during the COVID-19 process had a negative effect on semen parameters, particularly sperm concentration, unlike in patients without fever. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a decline in semen quality, which may potentially impact male fertility. Furthermore, it's important to note that the negative effects on semen parameters may persist in the long-term. Our results also indicate that fever during active infection could be a significant risk factor that negatively affects spermatogenesis.

Combined addition of L-carnitine and L-proline improves cryopreservation of dairy goat semen

Cryopreservation of semen renders artificial insemination easier and cheaper compared to use of fresh semen. However, the cellular oxidative stress, toxicity of cryoprotectants, and osmotic imbalance may lead to a decline in semen quality and fertilization ability during the process of cryopreservation. L-carnitine and L-proline have been demonstrated to possess effective antioxidant properties in cryopreservation, with the latter also exhibiting excellent permeability and thus being utilized as a permeable cryoprotectant in the field. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LC and LP on cryopreservation of semen of dairy goats. After thawing, sperm motility, membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity rate of cryopreserved semen treated with LC (50 mM) were significantly higher compared to the untreated control samples. Based on this premise, we conducted experiments to assess the cryoprotective efficacy of different concentrations of LP. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of 50 mM LP resulted in improved sperm motility compared to other concentrations. Furthermore, the levels of damaging reactive oxygen species and the malonyldialdehyde marker for oxidative stress were significantly lower in goat semen treated with these concentrations of LC and LP compared to semen exposed to other treatments. Semen treated with LC and LP also exhibited good fertilization ability during both in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination. Thus, LC (50 mM) and LP (50 mM) improve cryoprotection of dairy goat sperm which suggests that addition of these compounds will be highly beneficial to the development of dairy goat breeding.

The Effect of Age on Semen Quality Among Male Partners of Infertile Couples: An Observational Study in a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern India.

Male infertility contributes to a significant proportion of infertility cases, and advanced paternal age has been suggested to affect semen quality and fertility. However, the relationship between age and semen quality remains inconclusive, with conflicting findings reported in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age on semen quality among male partners of infertile couples in a tertiary care center in eastern India. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, involving 390 male participants aged 21-50 years, who were referred to the andrology laboratory for semen analysis between January 2019 and December 2022. Participants were categorized into three age groups (21-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years). Semen parameters, including sperm concentration, semen volume, motility, and morphology, were assessed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Among the participants, no significant differences were observed in semen volume, motility, and morphology across different age groups.However, a statistically significant difference in sperm concentration among the three age groups was observed (p = 0.022). Spearman correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between age and sperm concentration (r = 0.124, p = 0.013) as well as total sperm count (r = 0.10, p = 0.049). In this study, no significant decline in semen quality with age was found among male partners of infertile couples aged 21-50 years. These findings highlight the complex relationship between age and semen quality and emphasize the need for further research to better understand the underlying mechanisms and provide more conclusive evidence regarding the impact of age on male fertility.