Decline In Nutritive Value Research Articles

Effects of degree of milling on bran layer structure, physicochemical properties and cooking quality of brown rice

Effects of varying degree of milling (DOM) (0–22%) on the bran layer structure, physicochemical properties, and cooking quality of brown rice were explored. As the DOM increased, bran degree, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, amylose, mineral elements, and color parameters (a* and b* values) of milled rice decreased while starch and L* value increased. Microscopic fluorescence images showed that the pericarp, combined seed coat-nucellus layer, and aleurone layer were removed in rice processed at DOM of 6.6%, 9.2%, and 15.4%, respectively. The pasting properties, thermal properties, and palatability of rice increased as the DOM increased. Principal component and correlation analysis indicated that excessive milling lead to a decline in nutritional value of rice with limited impact on enhancing palatability. Notably, when parts of aleurone cell wall were retained, rice samples exhibited high cooking and sensory properties. It serves as a potential guide to the production of moderately milled rice.

Influence of storage length on the nutritive value of baleage

AbstractHigh‐quality forages can benefit from being harvested as baleage when the environmental conditions are not favorable for dry hay production. Currently, it is recommended that baleage should be fed within 9‐months post‐harvest; however, mild winters can reduce the demand for these stored forages. Data are limited on the changes in nutritive value of baleage stored beyond the recommended timepoint. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effect of storage length on nutritive value of forage harvested and stored as baleage. This study evaluated baleage harvested from 2016 to 2018 in Tifton, GA, consisting of either bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), or a mixture of bermudagrass and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Baleage was sampled for nutritive value analysis at 6‐weeks and 9‐ and 12‐months post‐harvest, with a subset of bales sampled at 24 months. Regardless of forage, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, and in‐vitro dry matter digestibility at 48 h were not impacted in bales sampled up to 12‐months post‐harvest (p > 0.07). However, acid detergent fiber increased when baleage was stored beyond 6 weeks but did not change from 9 to 12 months (p < 0.01). In the subset of bales stored up to 24‐months post‐harvest, all nutritive value parameters evaluated were negatively impacted (p < 0.01). The prolonged storage period may negatively affect the baleage plastic integrity, resulting in a decline in nutritive value if anaerobic conditions are not maintained. Future research is warranted to evaluate the changes in the fermentation profile of baleage under extended storage conditions.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveal the mechanism of eugenol inhibition of Aspergillus carbonarius growth in table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

During storage, Aspergillus carbonarius (A. carbonarius) can easily infect grape berries, resulting in a pronounced decline in nutritional value and substantial economic loss for the grape industry. Characterised by broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, eugenol is proven to significantly inhibit A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A (OTA) in vitro. In this study, the potential mechanism of eugenol against A. carbonarius in grapes (‘Kyoho’) was evaluated using integrative transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses. After eugenol treatment at 50 mM, the inhibition of OTA was reduced by 100%, despite a 56.2% inhibition of A. carbonarius. In the meantime, mycelial growth was completely inhibited by 100 mM eugenol in grape berries. The application of eugenol to grapes stimulated the activity of several enzymes involved in disease resistance, namely catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and glutathione (GSH) content. In addition, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in eugenol-treated grapes were higher after A. carbonarius inoculation. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that in phenylpropane biosynthesis, there were a variety of differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and the plant hormone signalling pathway changed significantly. Among these, the levels of 47 polyphenol metabolites significantly increased in eugenol-treated grape berries compared to noneugenol-treated berries. Meanwhile, we investigated the transcript levels of 39 genes in 6 phytohormones signalling in response to eugenol-treated grape berries followed by A. carbonarius inoculation. These results suggest that eugenol positively improved the disease resistance of grapes and might be potentially beneficial for the prevention and treatment of A. carbonarius-caused disease.

The Effect of Storage Length on the Nutritive Value of Baleage in the Southeastern United States

Abstract High quality forages produced in the southeastern U.S. can benefit from being harvested as baleage when environmental conditions are not favorable for hay production. Current recommendations are to feed baleage within 9 mo of harvesting; however, wet summers or mild winters can reduce the need for utilizing stored forage in this timely manner. Limited data exist on the nutritional value of baleage stored beyond a 9-mo period. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine if storage length affects the nutritive value of baleage in the southeastern U.S. This study was conducted from 2016–2020 at the University of Georgia Tifton Campus, using ‘Tifton-85’ bermudagrass baleage (BG) and ‘Bulldog 805’ alfalfa-bermudagrass mixed baleage (BGA) harvested on a 28–35-d interval, baled at approximately 55% moisture, and individually wrapped for storage. Bales were marked by treatment, sampled prior to wrapping for initial determination (INT), and sampled again post fermentation at 6-wk, 9-mo and 12-mo timepoints for nutritive value analyses. Additionally, a subset of bales harvested in June and August of 2017 and 2018 were maintained and sampled at 24-mo time point. Statistical analysis was conducted using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Nutritive analysis showed a difference in the CP% between pre and post fermentation events for BGA (INT=22±2.39 and 6-wk, 9-mo, 12-mo=20±2.39; P < 0.01), while no difference was found for BG. TDN% was different only at 6 wk for BGA (66±0.63; P = 0.03) compared to all other timepoints, with no difference for BG. The 24mo storage analysis showed a decline in the CP% and TDN% for both BGA and BG from pre and post fermentation. Results from this study conclude there no effect on the nutritive value of baleage stored up to 12 mo post fermentation. Maintaining bale integrity can be attributed to the decline in nutritive value observed when stored longer than 12 mo.

Fitat dan fitase : dampak pada hewan ternak

In countries with high plant biodiversity such as Indonesia, the availability of food of plant origin is very diverse. The presence of anti-nutrients in plants would potentially cause problems in cattle if not managed properly. phytic acid is one anti nutritional factor that have a role in disrupting the health and productivity The term phytate refers to the molecule phytic acid, which generally acts as a chelate to Mg, Ca, Na, and K, and in some cases protein and carbohydrates. Seeds of cereals, legumes and oilseed plant which is used as animal feed usually contains a lot of phytic acid which can cause a decline in nutritional value. However, with a variety of processing methods, levels of phytic acid in animal feed can be reduced or even eliminated. In addition to the processing method, the method of adding phytase enzyme may also be done to improve the nutritional value of the animal feed ingredients. Keywords:anti-nutrients.phytic acid. processingmethods.phytase

Changes in chemical composition and nutritive value of urea treated whole crop wheat during exposure to air

Utilisation of winter wheat for silage production is popular in northern Europe as the crop can be grown in a wide range of climates and soil conditions. However, unacceptable losses of dry matter (DM) and a decline in nutritive value of the ensiled crop can occur during conservation and feed-out. Changes in chemical composition and nutritive value of fermented whole crop wheat during exposure to air was investigated using a range of maturities of wheat (growth stages (GS) 49 (boot), 71 (seed coat water ripe) and 87 (hard dough)) and levels of urea (0, 20 and 40 kg/t DM) in small scale silos. The experiment was a factorial design with initial DM of forage, level of application of urea and period of exposure of silage to air being the factors. The effect of increasing concentration of urea reduced the maximum temperature of the silage on exposure to air ( P<0.001) and increased the time taken to achieve the maximum temperature ( P<0.001). Increasing the initial DM content of forage ensiled depressed the maximum temperature recorded in the silo as well as increased the period of time to reach maximum temperature ( P<0.001 for both effects). Losses in DM from the conserved forages were greatest in crops ensiled at an immature stage of growth not treated with urea. Addition of urea at ensiling reduced the losses in DM ( P<0.001). However, at intermediate stages of growth (GS 71) and low levels of application of urea (20 kg/t DM), the rate of loss of soluble carbohydrates were increased ( P<0.05) compared to untreated forages. Ammonia released as a result of urea treatment at ensiling reduced the rate of loss of DM and of loss of nutritive value (neutral detergent cellulase digestion (NDCD); P<0.001). However, no changes in the concentration of starch during exposure to air were observed for any treatment. Treatment of whole crop wheat with urea is an effective method of preserving forage nutritive value during ensiling and on exposure to air at feed-out.

Rotational vs. Continuous Intensive Stocking Management of Bahiagrass Pasture for Cows and Calves

AbstractRapid growth of warm‐season grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) is associated with their rapid decline in nutritional value. Grazing management that better matches forage growth and animal intake may improve animal performance on warm‐season grass pastures. A 3‐yr study (1989‐1991) was conducted at the USDAARS Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, FL, to determine the effect of the same stocking rate with either rotational or continuous intensive stocking (CIS; temporary increase in stocking density during periods of rapid forage growth) management on herbage mass, forage crude protein and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and the performance of cows and calves (Bos taurus). Cow performance was judged on weight, body condition score (BCS), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN, mg dL−1), and pregnancy rate; calf performance was judged on average daily gain (ADG), adjusted 205‐d weaning weight, and BCS. Herbage mass of both grazing treatments was similar until the start of the rainy season (June‐July). Stocking density of CIS cattle increased by 75%, which resulted in an increase in herbage mass of 250 to 1150 kg ha−1 on rotationally grazed pastures, but this was not significant. Even at the increased stocking density, herbage mass of grazed CIS pastures continued to increase in 2 out of 3 yr, indicating that animal selectivity was not limited by grazing treatment. Crude protein and IVOMD concentrations were not affected by grazing. As a consequence, none of the animal performance variables measured was affected by grazing management. The main advantages of CIS are less labor and fencing, and reserving an area for production of winter feed. Herbage mass on ungrazed CIS pastures (3000–4200 kg ha−1) would have produced between 1700 and 2400 kg hay ha−1.

Using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to estimate the nutritive value of senescing annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum): a comparison of calibration methods

Summary. The suitability of near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the concentration of several quality traits in samples of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) herbage was assessed in 2 separate experiments. In the first experiment, NIR calibration equations were developed for 6 traits (water-soluble carbohydrates, dry matter digestibility, neutral detergent solubles, neutral detergent solubles digestibility, neutral detergent fibre digestibility and nitrogen) using 4 calibration methods. No significant differences were found in the accuracy of NIR equations developed using either stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) or partial least squares regression (PLS) techniques when the equations were used to predict the concentration of constituents in those samples not used during the calibration process. The process of removing samples identified by the computer as spectral outliers was found to improve those statistics that related NIR data to the reference data of the samples used during calibration development (i.e. improved the goodness of fit of the regressions). However, when the resulting equations were used on all of the samples there was no improvement in the accuracy of the prediction of composition, and the estimates were less accurate for 2 of the equations. In the second experiment, plant part-specific equations (leaf blade, stem and leaf sheath) were developed. The specific equations were found to be no more accurate than those developed using a subset of all samples when used to analyse samples of the same plant part. However, using equations developed on either stem or leaf sheath samples to predict the composition of leaf blade samples led to inaccurate estimates of composition, illustrating the potential for error when NIR calibration equations are used on dissimilar samples. The similarity of the NIR estimates of decline in nutritive value and those obtained using reference analyses was illustrated by plotting the actual and predicted decline in nutritive value. The results of the experiments in this paper illustrate the need to monitor the accuracy of any NIR prediction of nutritive value. Striving for very low standard errors of calibration either by eliminating outliers or by limiting the plant tissues used during calibration did not lead to more accurate predictions of the composition of samples other than those used during the calibration process.

牧草サイレージの好気的変敗による飼料価値の低下,養分の損失に及ぼす水分含量の影響

サイレージの好気的変敗による飼料価値の低下と養分の損失に及ぼす水分含量の影響を検討するため,水分含量の異なるサイレージを調製して好気的変敗を起こさせ(サイレージを屋外に堆積し,一日一回撹拌しながら,7日間放置した),その消化率,窒素利用率,養分損失割合を比較した.実験1では,予乾サイレージ(水分含量50%)に水を添加して,水分含量50(無添加),60,70%のサイレージを調製し,実験2では,原料草の予乾の有無により低水分(55%)と高水分(80%)サイレージを調製した.実験1において,変敗による乾物,粗蛋白質,可溶無窒素物,エネルギーの消化率の低下は水分含量が多くなるほど大きくなり,窒素利用率も同様な傾向がみられた,変敗によるDCP, TDN, DEの損失割合は水分含量が多くなるにしたがい大きくなった.実験2において,変敗による乾物,粗蛋白質,可溶無窒素物,エネルギーの消化率および窒素利用率の低下は高水分サイレージのほうが大きく,変敗によるDCP, TDN, DEの損失割合も高水分サイレージのほうが大きかった.これらの結果から,空気との接触の度合が同じであるなら,水分含量が多くなるほどサイレージの好 気的変敗の進行は速くなり,変敗による飼料価値の低下,養分の損失が大きくなるものと結論された.

The Morphological and Phenological Development of Timothy as Affected by Weather, and Its Relation to Nutritional Value

Abstract Results from a series of harvest time experiments were used, together with meteorological data, to express the relationship between development and weather and between development and nutritional value of timothy. Development was estimated in three different ways: as phenological stage, leaf proportion and plant height. Various methods were tested to predict the development of the phenological stage and nutritional value. Increased temperature accelerated the rate of development, especially the change in leaf proportion and phenological development. Water deficiency tended to increase the rate of phenological development, but also the rate of decline in leaf proportion in the first crop. The effects of day length on development varied between crops. Developmental variables could not replace the weather variables in explaining the decline in nutritional value, but sometimes explained a little more when used together with the weather variables. The accuracy in predicting crude protein was better wh...

The Effects of Weather on Nutritional Value of Timothy in Northern Sweden

Abstract Results from a series of harvest time experiments were used together with meteorological data, to estimate the effects of weather variables on the nutritional value of timothy. Nutritional value declines with time. In the first crop, no single weather variable was found that definitely better represented these changes than the number of days from onset of growth. In the second crop, the change in crude protein depended most on the radiation sum and the change in digestibility on the temperature sum. Weather was used to explain some of the deviations from average decline in nutritional value with time. The rate of decline in digestibility was most affected by the temperature. The rate of daily decline increased 0.047 percentage units for each 1°C increase in temperature. In the second crop increased radiation delayed the rate of decline in digestibility, but increased the rate of decline in crude protein content. Water deficiency tended to increase the rate of decline in crude protein content. Dec...

Relationships between body weight and body measurements of reindeer

Genus Rangifer populates the northernmost habitat of the Cervidae and shows alterations in body weight, skeletal growth rate and nutritional state with the marked seasonal changes in its environmental conditions. Body weight and measurements have long been the standard criteria for evaluation of growth in domestic animals. Body weight has been also used most by workers to describe growth and body size in reindeer and caribou. The numerical values of the weight to length ratios of skeletal bones are not so much expressions of growth rates, but rather of the growth patterns of these bones. Body measurements and ratios are useful taxonomic criteria and are used in Rangifer systematics. The results indicate that body ratios, such as shoulder height/foreleg length and shoulder height/back length are independent of body size and thus primarily of genetic origin (Nieminen & Helle 1980). The objective of this study was to measure the apparent ageand sex-related growth and the seasonal changes in body weight and body measurement in semidomesticated reindeer. During different seasons in 1969 85 the body weight was measured in Kaamanen experimental station and in different herding cooperatives from 2932 reindeer females ranging from birth to 14 years of age and from 1037 males ranging from birth to 10 years of age. General physical development was measured after the first 4 months of life by chest circumference and back length taken from 1490 females and 510 males. The mean birth-weight of female calves was 5.0 kg. Male calves weighed 0.3 kg more. After the first 6 months of life, body weight of reindeer calves followed alternating periods of positive and negative growth. The body weight increased until the age of about 3.5 years in females and until the age of 5 7 years in males. In winter both young and adult females lost between 13 and 19% of their prime autumn weight. However, the percentage of prime autumn weight lost by males in winter increased from about 10% the first year to 33% at maturity. The fluctuations of body weight are largely attributed to the seasonal depostition and mobilization of fat reserves. Growth of reindeer ceased in winter because of either an inherent physiological rhythm or a decline in nutritive value of the diet, or both. The body weight of female reindeer was highly correlated with the back length (r=0.809) and chest circumference (r=0.860). Similar relationships were also found for male reindeer (r= 0.892 and 0.872, respectively). However, the best relationships were noted between the body weight and the joint measure (back length + chest circumference) in female (r=0.877) and male reindeer (r=0.941). Similar relationships have been shown for domestic species. There were some differences in relationships between the body weight and the joint measure in young and over 3-year-old females and males. Differences were also found in these relationships during autumn and winter.

Rumen Digestive Capability of Zebu Steers in Wet and Dry Seasons

Most authors have suggested that the rumen’s capability to digest foodstuff is itiuenced by the conditions resulting from microbial populations which are regulated by composition of the diets. Presumably the greatest ecological diierences within the rumens of cattle grazing tropical semiarid range phmts would be during wet and dry seasons. Rumen dry matter digestion indexes were determined by the nylon bag technique during wet and dry seasons for 4 different plant materials at the National Range Research Station near Kiboko, Kenya. The rumen digestive capbility of 3 Zebu steers was not different between wet and dry seasons when these rumen fistulates selected their own foods from natural range vegetation. Much confusion exists relative to the conditions within the rumen which allow normal digestion to occur. One assumption is that different kinds of diets may cause different rumen dry matter digestion (RDMD) rates. Most researchers using the nylon bag technique (Van Dyne 1962) have offered the rumen tistulates an assigned diet (Weakley et al. 1983) in order to minimize any variation between animals and/ or dates that could be suspected to have been caused by diets. At the National Range Research Station (NRRS) near Kiboko, Kenya, rumen fistulated animals during nylon bag digestion trials select their own diets while grazing range vegetation (Hansen et al. 1984). The general decline in nutritive value of forages with age is most obvious at the NRRS proceeding from “wet seasons” to “dry seasons.” I have assumed in this study that the greatest diet difference would occur when rumen fistulates graze wet and dry season range vegetation. The purpose of this paper is to present RDMD values obtained by the nylon bag technique at different times during wet and dry seasons of 1984. An objective was to rumen digest the same 4 plant Author was range management specialist, Winrock International, Kenya National Range Research Station, P.O. Box 12, Makindu, Kenya. Author’s current address is Winrock International, Rte. 3, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110. Research was funded by a USAID grant to the Government of Kenya and published with approval of the Director of Research for the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Manuscript accepted 25 July 1985. JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT 39(2), March 1986 materials in all of the trials and to compare the results to determine if the trials were different. General observations of results obtained during 1983 led me to hypothesize that there was no significant difference between RDMD indexes for wet and dry season trials.

Leaf and Stem Forage Quality of Big Bluestem and Switchgrass1

AbstractA balanced forage program should include species that provide the highest yields of quality forage throughout the grazing period. In the Northeast, where cool‐season grasses predominate, the short supply of forage during summer limits beef cow‐calf herd size. Warm‐season (C4) perennial grasses are productive in midsummer and may supplement temperate species for grazing and hay. ‘NY 1145’ big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman) and ‘Blackwell’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were grown on soils (Aeric Fragiaquualt and Aquic Hapludalf) low in available P at two locations in Pennsylvania to characterize changes in quality of leaf and stem tissue associated with maturation. Forage was harvested at 10‐day intervals beginning at the 3‐ to 4‐leaf stage in late June and continuing until seed set in early August. Percentage leaf tissue declined similarly with maturation for the two grasses. Leaf dry matter yields were approximately twice those of stems in June but the opposite was true in August. At early head emergence, percentage leaf tissue for big bluestem and switchgrass averaged 34 and 44%, respectively. Averaged over grasses, leaf and stem forage quality estimates at early head emergence, respectively, were: crude protein (CP), 9.7, 4.3% in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), 60.4, 50.0%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 66.0, 75.3%; lignin, 4.7, 7.2%; and phosphorus (P), 0.20, 0.16%. Big bluestem leaves were higher in CP but lower in NDF than switchgrass leaves. Stem tissue of big bluestem was lower in NDF but higher in lignin than that of switchgrass. The decline in leaf and stem CP, IVDMD, and P with maturation was less pronounced in leaf tissue. The increase in NDF and lignin with maturity was greater in stems than in leaves. Fiber accumulation in stem tissue continued after seedheads emerged and was accompanied by decreases in CP and IVDMD. At early vegetative stages, the high percentage of good quality leaf tissue suggest the potential use of big bluestem and switchgrass for ruminants with above maintenance energy requirements. However, at later growth stages (late joint early head), the increase in stem tissue and associated decline in nutritive value suggest using these grasses either for grazing or hay by ruminants to meet only maintenance energy needs.

The proportions of cell content, nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrate in three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different tunes of year and in different years.The proportion of cell content in the harvested herbage, as measured by neutral detergent, increased by nearly 9 percentage units from day 3 to day 18 of regrowth. The proportion of cell content as measured by acid pepsin also increased during regrowth, but to a lesser extent. The proportion of cell content in leaf blades of two age categories, as measured by neutral detergent, also increased during regrowth. The above increases in proportion of cell content were found in all three grasses. The increases were associated with increases in the proportion of crude protein in dry matter, which were only partially offset by reductions in the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate. The broad pattern of change in N and nitrate-N content of Italian ryegrass herbage during regrowth in spring with different amounts of N applied, noted in earlier experiments, was confirmed and found to apply to perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot also. During a September-October period of study there was little sign of decline in nitrate-N content within the 21 days where N had been applied. Younger leaf blades had a rather lower nitrate-N content and a slightly higher total N content, on average, than, older blades. The application of N increased the proportion of crude protein more than it reduced the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate and it increased the proportion of cell content. The increase in proportion of cell content was sufficient to explain the positive effect of N application on digestibility. The average proportion of total herbage N which was found in the cell wall fraction was about 12%.There appeared to be a relationship between chemical composition and dry-matter content. The chlorophyll content of leaf blades increased during regrowth and was increased by N application. The experimental results on balance, particularly those for proportion of cell content, suggest an improvement in nutritive value of grass during regrowth up to about 3 weeks in contrast to the well-recognized decline in nutritive value where regrowth proceeds beyond about 3 weeks.

Population Dynamics of the Strawberry Aphid 1 in Southwestern Washington 2

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) was studied to determine the factors regulating its populations. Fertilizers, irrigation, defoliation to stimulate production of new leaves, and removal of blossoms had only temporary effects or none on populations. Aphid populations were much larger on plants covered by cages in the field, indicating that predators were an important controlling factor. However, parasitized aphids were never found. Populations became even larger in an unheated greenhouse and remained large through the winter, even at subfreezing temperatures, whereas populations became low in field cages. Wind and rain probably are detrimental to the aphids. The field population always declined in the late summer, even in cages. Analysis of strawberry foliage showed that populations of this aphid tend to correlate with the concentration of nonreducing sugars (probably mostly sucrose). Decline in nutritional value of the leaves coupled with increasing predator populations are probably the prime reasons for the rapid drop in population size in mid- to late summer each year.