Variable Declarations Research Articles

Device to Measure, Monitor and Control Variables for Agricultural Purposes

The measurement of meteorological variables is important for decision-making in the field. Accurate data can help farmers optimize their activities to improve food production. Traditional methods of monitoring variables can be expensive or complex for small-scale farmers to use. This indicates a need for low-cost and user-friendly devices. Currently, there is technology for developing these types of devices, which could be useful to automate processes based on variable monitoring and improve food production. Due to this, a device based on the Arduino Mega<SUP>TM</SUP> board was developed to monitor air temperature, relative humidity, rain, and soil moisture. In addition, equipment was developed to be controlled based on a rain gauge. The device has a TFT touch screen for easy-user interaction and 4 menus for information display (summary, floor, date-time and manual equipment control). The program of the device required more lines of code (59.65%) to establish user-device interaction compared to its internal processes (18.66%) and variable declarations (21.68%). A container was 3D printed to house all the integrated circuits and the device was tested under both indoor (Jun-10, 2024 to July-17, 2024) and outdoor (Jul-22, 2024 to Aug-18, 2024) conditions. Under indoor conditions, a 3% difference was found in the temperature measurements taken under the same conditions (using DS18B20 and MLX90614 sensors). Under outdoor conditions it was found that the air temperature decreased by an average of 2.33°C when increasing the height from 8ft to 16ft and the relative humidity decreased by an average 3.48% when increasing the height from 8ft to 16ft. There was a 3.4% difference in total rain measured by the rain gauges. Finally, the developed device performed adequately during the two months of testing in both conditions, measuring variables and controlling equipment (the equipment went from waiting mode to rain harvesting mode 92 times).

Method and Algorithm for Processing Large Volume Images

The article proposes a new method and an algorithm based on it for processing large-volume images. What is new in the implementation of image processing is the method of implementing program code using the App object. The novelty of the proposed method also lies in the algorithm for the specific implementation of filters for processing graphic elements. During development, various problematic situations were taken into account, such as using modern variable declaration syntax, using arrow functions, dividing code into smaller functions or class methods, adding comments to complex sections of code, checking for errors and exceptions, and following standards and guidelines by coding style. The implemented algorithm in the JavaScript programming language is an effective web application that uses the EaselJS library to work with graphics and has specific logic for working with graphic layers, drawing tools and user interaction, which ultimately made it possible to improve code performance compared to known solutions.

Modernizing the open-source community Noah with multi-parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (version 5.0) with enhanced modularity, interoperability, and applicability

Abstract. The widely used open-source community Noah with multi-parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (LSM) is designed for applications ranging from uncoupled land surface hydrometeorological and ecohydrological process studies to coupled numerical weather prediction and decadal global or regional climate simulations. It has been used in many coupled community weather, climate, and hydrology models. In this study, we modernize and refactor the Noah-MP LSM by adopting modern Fortran code standards and data structures, which substantially enhance the model modularity, interoperability, and applicability. The modernized Noah-MP is released as the version 5.0 (v5.0), which has five key features: (1) enhanced modularization as a result of re-organizing model physics into individual process-level Fortran module files, (2) an enhanced data structure with new hierarchical data types and optimized variable declaration and initialization structures, (3) an enhanced code structure and calling workflow as a result of leveraging the new data structure and modularization, (4) enhanced (descriptive and self-explanatory) model variable naming standards, and (5) enhanced driver and interface structures to be coupled with the host weather, climate, and hydrology models. In addition, we create a comprehensive technical documentation of the Noah-MP v5.0 and a set of model benchmark and reference datasets. The Noah-MP v5.0 will be coupled to various weather, climate, and hydrology models in the future. Overall, the modernized Noah-MP allows a more efficient and convenient process for future model developments and applications.

Oracles Integration in Blockchain-Based Platform for Smart Crop Production Data Exchange

Blockchain oracles are an intermediary designed to connect external non-deterministic information and real-world data to the blockchain digital infrastructure. The variety of proposed solutions and purposes are of great variety and suggest that it is necessary to take into account different features of the process and specifically define the required functionalities. The purpose of this paper is to present the integration of oracles into an EOSIO blockchain-based platform for smart crop production data exchange by smart contracts. The functions of two oracles are presented. Their integration is described at the design level and at the implementation of the smart contracts. The design level is illustrated by workflow diagrams of internal processes between oracle applications and the blockchain smart contract and by external processes in the oracles’ smart contracts. The implementation level is illustrated by oracle application configuration files and elements of C++ smart contracts, such as constant and variable declarations, multi-index tables, internal contract functions, and actions called by other contracts and external programs. As results of the oracles’ operation, a report on the detected emergency failures and an estimate of the cost of ram resource are presented.

Disclosure: Improving Performance and Security of Web App Migration in Liquid Computing

Web app migration refers to capturing a snapshot of the execution state of a web app on a device and restoring it on another device to continue its execution for cross-device liquid computing. Although web apps are relatively easy to migrate due to their high portability, there is a JavaScript language feature called closure that complicates the migration since it requires migrating the variable states of already-finished outer functions. One approach to web app migration is to instrument the source code to trace the closure variables, yet this often suffers from performance slowdown, especially for multiple migrations. In this paper, we propose a new instrumentation-based technique called Disclosure, which moves the declarations of closure variables to a managed data structure and replaces the closure variables with the corresponding references to the data structure. This technique can improve runtime performance while enhancing security. We evaluated our work with eight Octane benchmarks and four real web apps. The runtime performance penalty due to Disclosure is 0–15%, which is a significant improvement over the results of the latest instrumentation-based work that supports similar deep closures and multiple migrations to Disclosure. Furthermore, real web apps are demonstrated to migrate seamlessly, even multiple times. Finally, Disclosure can hide data from exposure during migration with a secure migration technique using data encryption.

Programming techniques for improving rule readability for rule-based information extraction natural language processing pipelines of unstructured and semi-structured medical texts

Extraction of medical terms and their corresponding values from semi-structured and unstructured texts of medical reports can be a time-consuming and error-prone process. Methods of natural language processing (NLP) can help define an extraction pipeline for accomplishing a structured format transformation strategy. In this paper, we build an NLP pipeline to extract values of the classification of malignant tumors (TNM) from unstructured and semi-structured pathology reports and import them further to a structured data source for a clinical study. Our research interest is not focused on standard performance metrics like precision, recall, and F-measure on the test and validation data. We discuss how with the help of software programming techniques the readability of rule-based (RB) information extraction (IE) pipelines can be improved, and therefore minimize the time to correct or update the rules, and efficiently import them to another programming language. The extract rules were manually programmed with training data of TNM classification and tested in two separate pipelines based on design specifications from domain experts and data curators. Firstly we implemented each rule directly in one line for each extraction item. Secondly, we reprogrammed them in a readable fashion through decomposition and intention-revealing names for the variable declaration. To measure the impact of both methods we measure the time for the fine-tuning and programming of the extractions through test data of semi-structured and unstructured texts. We analyze the benefits of improving through readability of the writing of rules, through parallel programming with regular expressions (REGEX), and the Apache Uima Ruta language (AURL). The time for correcting the readable rules in AURL and REGEX was significantly reduced. Complicated rules in REGEX are decomposed and intention-revealing declarations were reprogrammed in AURL in 5min. We discuss the importance of factor readability and how can it be improved when programming RB text IE pipelines. Independent of the features of the programming language and the tools applied, a readable coding strategy can be proven beneficial for future maintenance and offer an interpretable solution for understanding the extraction and for transferring the rules to other domains and NLP pipelines.

Component-Oriented Modeling Method for Real-Time Simulation of Power Systems

This paper proposes a component-oriented modeling method for power system simulation, which optimizes the modeling process of the FPGA-based real-time digital simulator (FRTDS) to enhance its computational efficiency. In this paper, a component modeling method for various types of elements in the power system is presented, which makes the modeling process in FRTDS more user-friendly and highly scalable. By applying the concepts of combination and reconstruction of components to electrical components, the component-oriented modeling method becomes better suited for combined elements with fixed connection modes and elements that require online model replacement in the power system. Utilizing the characteristics of component-oriented modeling, the variable declaration structure and node elimination strategy in the simulation script are optimized, enabling the simulation script to fit better with the hardware structure of FRTDS. Additionally, a substation is simulated in FRTDS with a simulation step size of 50 µs, thus verifying the correctness of the component-oriented modeling method and its ability to improve the computational power of FRTDS.

Recovering Latent Data Flow from Business Process Model Automatically

Process-driven applications evolve rapidly through the interaction between executable BPMN (Business Process Modeling and Notation) models, business tasks, and external services. Given these components operate on some shared process data, it is imperative to recover the latent data by visiting relation, which is known as data flow among these tasks. Data flow will benefit some typical applications including data flow anomaly checking and data privacy protection. However, in most cases, the complete data flow in a business process is not explicitly defined but hidden in model elements such as form declarations, variable declarations, and program code. Some methods to recovering data flow based on process model analysis of source code have some drawbacks; i.e., for security reasons, users do not want to provide source code but only encapsulated methods; therefore, data flows are difficult to analyze. We propose a method to generate running logs that are used to produce a complete data flow picture combined with the static code analysis method. This method combines the simple and easy-to-use characteristics of static code analysis methods and makes up for the shortcomings of static code analysis methods that cannot adapt to complex business processes, and as a result, the analyzed data flow is inaccurate. Moreover, a holistic framework is proposed to generate the data flow graph. The prototype system designed on Camunda and Flowable BPM (business process management) engine proves the applicability of the solution. The effectiveness of our method is validated on the prototype system.

Investigating Iraqi EFL Learners' Attitudes towards the English Language Community and Culture in Motivating them to learn English

The current study is mainly devoted to explore whether the Iraqi secondary school students’ attitudes towards the English language itself, the English language community and culture plays a significant role in motivating them to learn English. The research sample is a group of 40 5th grade secondary school students. The instrument of the study is a questionnaire that measures the learner’s awareness with the declarations of the above variables. To sum up, the findings of the data analysis of given above, the following conclusions can be made:
 
 Most of the subjects of the sample are interested in reading about English culture and community, so as to be able to develop their reading and speaking ability.
 Some of subjects of the sample think that their own morals , specifically the Iraqi ones , can be negatively influenced by the culture and values of English-speaking countries .

Modifying the Free Energy in Skye

Abstract The Skye Equation of State (EOS) is built on top of automatic differentiation machinery. This makes it straightforward to modify, because all the requisite partial derivatives of the Helmholtz free energy are computed automatically via operator overloading. Here we demonstrate this advantage by implementing a new prescription for the anharmonic free energy of a crystalline one-component plasma. Apart from boilerplate and variable declarations, only 7 new lines of code were needed.

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION FAILURES IN THE ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) relates primarily to software for business management, which consists of many modules that are essential for the growth and survival of various types of companies and organisations. By allowing faster supply chain management, the incorporation of similar business applications in an organisation will bring considerable advantages to the organisation. In order to increase business efficiency, ERP implementation helps businesses to adapt and customise information flows and automate business processes. The implementation of the system was reviewed with sufficient literature to substantially support the significance of arithmetic and logical principles and basic programming errors, including programme typographical errors, syntax error detection, and programme output process errors. Furthermore, the declaration of variables, the significance of modularisation and the need to support accessories, the accessibility of library files and the importance of frameworks have been discussed. In order to recognise framework implementation deficiencies in the ERP development process, improvement of coding formatting and significance of coding syntax were also critically checked with appropriate literature.
 
 JEL: L53; O10; L22
 
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An Enhanced Bankruptcy Prediction Model Using Fuzzy Clustering Model and Random Forest Algorithm

The rapid advancements made in Information Technologies (IT) have evolved in the prediction model for financial data. Research in the prediction of bankruptcy is inclining to owe to the growth of related associations with economic and social phenomena. Financial crises in recent scenarios have influenced the growth of financial institutions. Hence, the need for bankruptcy risk prediction at an earlier stage is of prime importance. Though several prediction algorithms were suggested, the predictive models' accuracy is still a challenging task. In this paper, a bankruptcy prediction model is developed by integrating the Fuzzy clustering model and Multi-objective random forest classifiers. The voluminous number of records of the financial dataset and polish bankruptcy dataset is collected from a public repository. It is pre-processed using a MapReduce technique, one of the Big Data approaches. Benefits given by big data approaches help to achieve better flexibility towards a variable declaration. The collected records are pre-processed and organized under efficient index construction. FCM is employed to cluster the data for analytic purposes. Finally, a multi-objective Random Forest classifier helps to develop a prediction model for bankruptcy. Experimental analysis is carried out with accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity compared with existing, Genetic algorithms. Compared to the existing technique, the proposed technique has obtained 80% accuracy.

An Application of ASP in Nuclear Engineering: Explaining the Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident Scenario

AbstractThe paper describes an ongoing effort in developing a declarative system for supporting operators in the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) control room. The focus is on two modules: diagnosis and explanation of events that happened in NPPs. We describe an Answer Set Programming (ASP) representation of an NPP, which consists of declarations of state variables, components, their connections, and rules encoding the plant behavior. We then show how the ASP program can be used to explain the series of events that occurred in the Three Mile Island, Unit 2 (TMI-2) NPP accident, the most severe accident in the USA nuclear power plant operating history. We also describe an explanation module aimed at addressing answers to questions such as “why an event occurs?” or “what should be done?” given the collected data.

Modeling a Manufacturing System by Using XML - Petri Nets Technology

In this paper we propose an approach of modeling and simulation of a manufacturing process based on timed colored Petri nets, by developing an application based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language) technology. The architecture of an XML file that characterizes a Petri nets includes specific attributes for positions, transitions, arcs and variable declarations and color sets. This makes it possible to modify the model from a structural point of view very easily by adding lines of code for the required colors, positions, transitions and arcs. In order to generate the default model and to customize the XML-type structure, an application was created where characteristic parameters of the manufacturing process will be introduced as well as the values of the program entry. The manufacturing system considered is the realization of the sunroof component within a company. During the simulation process, the working time will be considered as 8 hours. When product demands change, the simulated model can be modified very quickly to perform the analysis according to the new requirements. The arrangement of the entities of the production system can be reconfigured, the production process can be adjusted and the resources reallocated according to the simulation results.

Web Application to Support the Learning of Programming Through the Graphic Visualization of Programs

This paper presents a web application to support the learning of programming at the undergraduate level, which allows students to graphically visualize through animations the execution of programs written in the Java programming language. The web application supports the understanding of programs and the basic con-cepts of programming, such as declaration of variables, assignment of values to variables, use of control structures, and calls to functions with parameters. The development of the web application, its architecture and the three systems that compose it are presented: data collection, processing and representation. The op-eration of the web application is shown through three programs, for which their execution is visualized graphically.Educational technology, education computing, software understanding, software visualization

Modul Elektronika Berbasis Mikrokontroler sebagai Sistem Pengaman pada Mobil Terintegrasi dengan Engine Immobilizer

An electronic module based on the ATmega32 microcontroller as a security system for cars that integrated into the engine immobilizer has been created. Three main things in this study, namely programming and verification tests, making an initial security system with a minimalist structure, and validation tests. Programming for the microcontroller system through algorithm determination and syntax writing, while the verification test is done through uploading the program syntax to the Proteus application and implementing the simulation. Determining the algorithms and writing the syntax through a number of steps, namely pin configuration, variable declarations, constant declarations, initialization, main programs, retrieve and send data, and output. The simulation assisted by the Proteus application is in the form of giving two kinds of commands/inputs to the sensor, namely one input data in the form of human existence or human motion to the passive infrared receiver sensor and one input of human fingerprint initialization data to the fingerprint sensor. The simulation results according to the order of the fingerprint sensor and passive infrared receiver in the form of a display on the Virtual Terminal. The minimalist structure of the system is composed of circuit diagrams, physical forms, and integrated wiring on the ATmega32 microcontroller system. The performance of the security system is shown, that the results of monitoring when the sensor is given input "human existence (motion)", the fingerprint sensor blinks (on) and when the fingerprint sensor blinks which means ready to receive input data in the form of "Human Initialization (fingerprint)" for activating actuators and starter system on the car. Giving input commands to the sensor passive infrared receiver and fingerprint has functioned for the appointment of performance, that the initial security system has been integrated with the main security systemand attached to the car.

A Syntactic Model of Mutation and Aliasing

Traditionally, semantic models of imperative languages use an auxiliary structure which mimics memory. In this way, ownership and other encapsulation properties need to be reconstructed from the graph structure of such global memory. We present an alternative "syntactic" model where memory is encoded as part of the program rather than as a separate resource. This means that execution can be modelled by just rewriting source code terms, as in semantic models for functional programs. Formally, this is achieved by the block construct, introducing local variable declarations, which play the role of memory when their initializing expressions have been evaluated. In this way, we obtain a language semantics which directly represents at the syntactic level constraints on aliasing, allowing simpler reasoning about related properties. To illustrate this advantage, we consider the issue, widely studied in the literature, of characterizing an isolated portion of memory, which cannot be reached through external references. In the syntactic model, closed block values, called "capsules", provide a simple representation of isolated portions of memory, and capsules can be safely moved to another location in the memory, without introducing sharing, by means of "affine' variables. We prove that the syntactic model can be encoded in the conventional one, hence efficiently implemented.

DSCBlocks: An Open-Source Platform for Learning Embedded Systems Based on Algorithm Visualizations and Digital Signal Controllers

DSCBlocks is an open-source platform in hardware and software developed in JavaFX, which is focused on learning embedded systems through Digital Signal Controllers (DSCs). These devices are employed in industrial and educational sectors due to their robustness, number of peripherals, processing speed, scalability and versatility. The platform uses graphical blocks designed in Google’s tool Blockly that can be used to build different Algorithm Visualizations (AVs). Afterwards, the algorithms are converted in real-time to C language, according to the specifications of the compiler for the DSCs (XC16) and they can be downloaded in one of the two models of development board for the dsPIC 33FJ128GP804 and dsPIC 33FJ128MC802. The main aim of the platform is to provide a flexible environment, drawing on the educational advantages of the AVs with different aspects concerning the embedded systems, such as declaration of variables and functions, configuration of ports and peripherals, handling of Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), interrupts, among others, that are employed in several fields such as robotics, control, instrumentation, etc. In addition, some experiments that were designed in the platform are presented in the manuscript. The educational methodology and the assessment provided by the students (n = 30) suggest that the platform is suitable and reliable to learn concepts relating to embedded systems.

Sistem Minimum Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATmega2560 sebagai Sistem Pengaman pada Analogi Lemari Penyimpanan Brankas

A minimum system based on ATmega2560 microcontroller has been created that functioned as a safety system in the analogy of the cupboard for storage of the safes. Making the minimum system is done through a number of phases, namely integrating the system, programming against the microcontroller system, and validation test in the form of system performance measurement through giving the forced state. System integration is in the form of installing a device on two lines in the input port and two lines in the output port of the microcontroller. Programming is based on algorithms and the syntax of Arduino IDE-based through 6 (six) stages, namely pins configuration, variable and constants declaration, initialization, main program, retrieved and send data, and output. The validation test is carried out in the form of 4 (four) conditions, namely a) when the RFID module is not detected, b) when the card is detected by the RFID module, c) when the door is opened, and the buzzer is "on", the card is not detected when tagged on the antenna, and d) when the door is forcibly opened, and the buzzer is "on", while the card is detected when tagged on the antenna. Maximizing the security against the door of analogy the cupboard for storage of the safes is detected by the limit switch condition when the door is opened forcefully and the buzzer sounds. For neutralizing conditions for buzzer conditions, it is done through tagging an RFID card through the antenna. The buzzer still sounds, if the blank data is unreadable by the RFID module, while the buzzer can be neutralized if the card was tagged, the data card stored is read by the RFID module.

Flexible recovery of uniqueness and immutability

We present an imperative object calculus where types are annotated with qualifiers for aliasing and mutation control. There are two key novelties with respect to similar proposals. First, the type system is very expressive. Notably, it adopts the recovery approach, that is, using the type context to justify strengthening types, greatly improving its power by permitting to recover uniqueness and immutability properties even in presence of other references. This is achieved by rules which restrict the use of such other references in the portion of code which is recovered. Second, execution is modeled by a non standard operational model, where properties of qualifiers can be directly expressed on source terms, rather than as invariants on an auxiliary structure which mimics physical memory. Formally, this is achieved by the block construct, introducing local variable declarations, which, when evaluated, play the role of store.