Deck Machinery Research Articles

Workplace Injuries Caused by Commercial Fishing Winches—Alaska, 2000–2020

ABSTRACT Objectives Deck machinery is a leading source of hospitalized injury for commercial fishing workers in Alaska. More detailed data are needed about the specific circumstances leading to injuries for developing targeted prevention efforts. Methods This study analyzed claims submitted to the Alaska Fisherman’s Fund (AFF) to identify patterns among injuries in Alaska from commercial fishing winches. Results During January 1, 2000–November 1, 2020, 125 traumatic injuries from commercial fishing winches were identified, mainly occurring among males (94%), frequently among fishermen aged 30 years or younger (54%). Over 80% of winch injuries occurred in salmon fisheries. By gear type, 40% of injuries occurred on vessels using purse seine gear, 30% on vessels using drift gillnet gear, and 12% among set gillnet operators. Most injuries involved a fisherman having a body part caught in or compressed by a winch or cables attached to a winch (67%). Injuries mainly affected upper extremities including fingers (50% of cases) or hands/wrists (together 22% of cases). Injury severity was not formally assessed, but injuries ranged from contusions, sprains, and strains to finger or hand crushing injuries, upper limb amputation, skull fracture, spinal fracture, and chest trauma. Most cases involved fractures (23%), amputations (18%), lacerations (16%), and contusions (16%). Of all injuries, 51% were caused by anchor winches, 32% were caused by deck winches, 9% were caused by trailer winches, and 9% were caused by other types of winches. Conclusions Practical solutions are needed for avoiding entanglement and struck-by hazards when operating fishing winches. Anchor winches warrant focused attention, having accounted for more than half of all winch injuries identified in this study. Engineering solutions, including emergency stop devices or other simple mechanical interventions depending on winch type, could help to avert potentially disabling injuries from winches. Administrative controls such as task-specific training for winches should be emphasized, especially for younger or less experienced commercial fishing crew, who may be at increased risk for injury.

Tribological Properties of Two Typical Materials of Hydraulic Motor’s Rotor at Different Ambient Temperatures

Cold starting is the biggest challenge for mechanical equipment in polar environments. Selecting suitable friction pair materials and exploring the wear mechanism are keys to improving the reliability in a low-temperature environment. This study analyzed the tribological properties of the two typical materials of hydraulic motor’s rotor at different ambient temperatures, especially at low temperature. Finally, it explored the wear process and mechanism of two sets of friction pairs. The results showed that the low temperature environment not only affects the viscosity of the hydraulic medium in the hydraulic system and changes the lubrication state between the friction pairs, but also enhances the cold brittleness of metal materials and affects the wear characteristics between the friction pairs. There is a maximum difference of around −20 °C. The wear volume of material QT500-7 sharply increases and reaches a maximum of 0.107 mm3 when the normal force is 20 N, which is 3.65 times as much as the wear volume of the LC2-1. When the normal force is 30 N, the wear volume of materials QT500-7 and LC2-1 are 0.125 and 0.036 mm3, respectively. The wear volume of the former is 3.4 times that of the latter. In addition, it indicates that the impact energy of the material affects its tribological properties since the impact energy of the material QT500-7 decreases sharply, including two consecutive subintervals of sharp decreases from 97.3 J to 42.2 J and then to 18.0 J at the temperature of −10 to −30 °C. The material LC2-1 with stable wear performance is more applicable for being processed and manufactured into parts for low-temperature environmental conditions, as there is no serious fluctuation in the temperature range from −40 °C to room temperature. The research findings are expected to provide a theoretical support for hydraulic motors design, material selection and the maintenance of polar deck machinery. They are of great significance for improving the operational reliability of hydraulic motors for polar ships.

Finite Element Analysis and Topology Optimization Design of Anchor Mooring Winch Support Bracket

The weight of the deck machinery greatly affects the position of the small ship’s center of gravity so that it also affects the stability of the ship. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct optimization studies to reduce the weight of ship deck machinery, especially anchor mooring winch, by reducing the weight of ship deck machinery will lower the position of the center of gravity of ship so that can improve ship stability. This paper presents the effects of a topology optimization examination based on the finite element evaluation on anchor mooring winch support bracket using the SolidWorks Simulation module. The main intention to examine is to optimize the general weight of the anchor mooring winch support bracket via way of means of thinning specific regions of the anchor mooring winch support bracket in keeping with the calculated minimum strain energy. The topology optimization algorithm that is used in the current study gives an optimal structural shape of the support bracket of the anchor mooring winch with the largest stiffness, considering the given quantity of mass so that it will be eliminated from the preliminary layout space. The complete sequence of steps for carrying out the topology control optimization study is shown, taking into account the constraints arising from the construction features and the method of manufacturing the support bracket of the anchor mooring winch. The layout became carried out, and the effects have been provided via way of means of evaluating the preliminary version and the optimized version. As the result of topology optimization study, its stress was increased by about 4MPa and mass was reduced by about 15kg in comparison with the initial design.

Development of a Low-Speed High-Efficiency PMSM and Its Drive System for Electric Windlass and Mooring Winch

Permanent magnetization of electric windlass and mooring winch (EWMW) has become a research trend in the development of new generation deck machinery. The paper investigates the development of a low-speed and high-efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and its drive system based on the load characteristics and special requirements of an EWMW. Firstly, the design specifications and key points of the motor drive system are analyzed. Secondly, a design method of parameter matching is proposed to design a 110 kW 75 r/min PMSM based on finite element method, field circuit coupling, and co-simulation. Finally, a prototype is developed and applied to a 45 T EWMW. The test results show that the PMSM can attain an efficiency of 94.3% at the rated operation, good traction characteristics with high torque at low speed, and 3 times wide flux-weakening region at constant power. Therefore, the matching design method is effective in the design of PMSM and drive system for EWMW.

Analysis and Research on Cold Proof Design of Polar Marine Machinery

Polar marine machinery is an important equipment for China to participate in Arctic energy exploitation. The Arctic region is rich in natural resources and has a very important strategic position. As an important equipment for passage and exploitation of energy, its key technology is particularly important. As a special ship sailing in polar regions, polar ships generally adopt electric heat tracing measures due to the adverse environment in polar regions. The deck machinery and facilities shall be protected against cold. This paper mainly studies the convection of flat plate members under constant heat flow electric heating. The research results can be popularized and applied to the cold protection of most upper facilities of polar ships.

Reliability maintenance aspects of deck machinery for ageing/aged fishing vessels

This paper addresses the reliability aspects regarding deck machinery on ageing/aged fishing vessels. A reliability and degradation analysis for ageing fishing vessel deck machinery enables an evaluation of the reliability trend for the remaining useful life of the deck machinery. The research was limited to the maintenance of cranes, winches and capstans and failure data for fishing vessels whose age was 24 years and above. The reliability and degradation of deck machinery for ageing fishing vessels was analysed using Weibull and Gamma distributions. Deck machinery maintenance and failure data collected from fishing vessels at Walvis Bay were statistically fitted using ReliaSoft from which an analysis of deck machinery reliability was done. Reliability and degradation results of deck machinery indicate that the majority of the fishing vessels are using deck machinery beyond their design life. For the two mission end times 4700 h and 23300 h, winches and cranes have lower reliability results, less than 50% compared to capstans. This is attributed to the age of the fishing vessels and maintenance laxity towards deck machinery which poses risks to both operators and the vessel crew. The maintenance of ageing fishing vessel deck machinery should be given priority in order to extend their time available for the better fishing operations.

Tribological properties of the plate valve and rotor material of hydraulic vane motor on different ambient temperature

Deck machinery that is driven by the hydraulic motor is a key part for ship exploration in the polar area. In this paper, the hydraulic vane motor in deck machinery was taken as the research object. The material of motor shields was QT350-22L, which was used as the plate valve, and the rotor material was LC2-1. The rotor slides relative to the plate valve under the pressure of the high-pressure oil, and the surfaces worn damage. Wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disk structure under six different temperatures (room temperature (25 °C), 0 °C, −10 °C, −20 °C, −30 °C and −40 °C), two kinds of hydraulic oil(15# and 10# aviation hydraulic oil) and the two normal loads(150 N and 300 N)respectively. In order to analyze the wear mechanism of the friction test specimen under different condition, the surface morphology of the friction test was carried out by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and laser interference profilometer. As the temperature decreased, the coefficient of friction did not change linearly. At the temperature of −20 °C, the coefficient of friction was the smallest, and when the temperature was lower, the coefficient of friction increased slowly and finally stable. Moreover, typical wear and tear modes were different at different test temperatures. The factors were the mechanical properties of the material and the lubrication medium changed in the low temperature. Changes in oil properties affected oil film thickness and distribution and abrasive grain removal ability between friction pairs. According to the experimental results, the paper summarizes the failure mechanism of the hydraulic motor, which can not only optimize the design of the hydraulic motor but also provide reference data for the establishment of online intelligent fault diagnosis system of the marine hydraulic system.

Tribological properties of the vane head / stator of hydraulic vane motor in the low ambient temperature

Deck machinery that is driven by hydraulic motor is a key part for ship exploration in polar area. The reliability of hydraulic motor which works as the key power source of deck machinery is concerned by manufacturers, especially under very low temperature. The low temperature friction characteristics is one of the important factors that influence the reliability of the motor. In this paper, the hydraulic vane motor in deck machinery was taken as the research object. The friction test of the vane head which was made of polyimide (SP21, E.I.Du Pont Company) and the stator, which is made of nodular cast iron(brand is QT350-22L, ISO 1083:2004), was carried out by using the low-temperature tribology tester. Wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disc structure under five different temperatures (−10 °C,-20 °C,-30 °C,-40 °C and −50 °C) and three different loads (300N, 450N and 600N) respectively. In order to analyze the wear mechanism of the friction test specimen under different condition, the surface morphology figures of specimen were got by digital microscope system (DMS). The experiment results showed temperature and load have a great influence to the friction coefficient. With temperature decreasing, the friction coefficient does not change linearly, because the mechanical properties of specimen material and the lubrication medium varied significantly in low temperature. Moreover, typical wear and tear patterns are different in different working temperatures. Therefore, the failure mechanism of the hydraulic motor was summarized. The research can not only optimize the design of hydraulic motor, but also provide reference data for the establishment of online intelligent fault diagnosis system of marine deck machinery.

Simulation-based Prediction of Structural Design Failure in Fishing Deck Machinery a Hydraulic Type with Finite Element Method

The fishing deck machinery is the tools used to collect fish in fishing activities. Fishing deck machinery is intended to improve the effectiveness of fishing operations. The mission of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery Year 2015-2019 in the Regulation of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries No. 45/PERMEN-KP/2015 which is a priority is to provide assistance for fishing facilities for fishermen; it is necessary to develop and optimize fishing deck machinery. To assure the safety and dependability of these fishing deck machinery, calculations, simulation and functional tests are needed. This paper discusses the prediction of structural failure in the design of fishing deck machinery a hydraulic type with finite element method simulation approach. The results of the FEM simulation analysis are (i) the maximum value of von-Mises stress is greater than the ultimate tensile strength of the material; (ii) 1st principal stress value minimum is smaller than the ultimate tensile strength of material; (iii). the Poisson ratio value higher than the Poisson ratio value of the material. Base on the simulation result, the structural design of fishing deck machinery is safety.

Reusable Magnetic Nanocomposite Sponges for Removing Oil from Water Discharges

Vessels produce oily wastewater during evolutions including engine room operations and maintenance, cargo operations, deck machinery operations, washdown, and runoff. Currently, technologies require effluent be gathered in a central tank for treatment or managed through best management practices. Technologies to remove oil include gravity separation, filtration, absorption, coalescing, centrifuging, and flocculation. The majority of the technologies require periodic replacement of treatment materials associated with oil removal. These technologies may lose efficiency due to vessel motion. In this article we introduce a simple, efficient, eco-friendly procedure using readily available materials and equipment for fabricating high-performance magnetic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite sponges for oil-water separation. The magnetic sponges are resistant to corrosive chemicals, exhibit high sorption capacities for oils and cleaning agents, and selective sorption for oil from oil-water emulsions. The sponges can be reused multiple times with no signs of deterioration. They are magnetically controllable and will hold position when magnetized, allowing for separations not compromised by vessel motion. The magnetic PDMS nanocomposite sponge(s) provide a promising technology for removing oil from vessel water discharges. 1. Introduction The removal of oil from water discharges is a concern for all vessels. Oil comingling with water discharges may occur at various locations on the vessel during operations and repair evolutions. These occurrences include the following:Engine room repairs and operationsMachinery leakagesEngine room and other bilge accumulationsCargo pumping operationsDeck washdown and drainageCargo gear and deck equipment leakagesCargo and portable cargo handling equipment leakagesScrubber effluent discharges for vessels equipped with SOx scrubbing equipmentAccidental oil discharges Increasing environmental regulations and awareness have resulted in more stringent regulations regarding oil in vessel discharges. Challenges to oil removal from water discharges include a wide variation in oil grades, chemicals used for treatment and maintenance, solids entrainment, and biologic contaminants. Effective treatment of water to reduce onboard quantities may be a challenge depending on the mixture and location of the effluent on board. Use of a common and simple-to-use technology for removal of oil from water discharges is advantageous to the vessel owner. Although one size does not fit all, a simple design with good efficiency and reusability is desirable. Magnetic nanocomposite sponges (MNSs) meet these requirements.

The causes of serious injuries to crew on UK commercial fishing vessels: An investigation combining free-text and coded data

ABSTRACTObjectiveCommercial fishing is one of the riskiest occupations in the UK. While there is a strong evidence base concerning fatalities on commercial fishing vessels and their causes, there is less understanding of the causes of serious non-fatal injuries to crew working on board such vessels. ApproachThis research aimed to extract knowledge from safety incident reports, using traditional statistical in combination with more novel text mining techniques, to generate data-driven insights as to the principal causes of serious injuries to crew working on board UK commercial fishing vessels and how they might be better mitigated. Safety incident data held by the UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB), contained in their incident reporting database, provided the primary source of data for this study. Data relating to 1,660 incidents in total, where a member of crew was seriously injured, were analysed. ResultsStudy findings demonstrated that the risks of serious injuries faced by crew working on board commercial fishing vessels are diverse, ranging from injuries received whilst operating fishing gear and other deck machinery, those received whilst processing bait and the catch and injuries received whilst carrying out general shipboard duties. Furthermore, findings suggest that underlying causes and contributory factors are multi-faceted and vary significantly across different types of fishing vessels and whilst different deck duties are being carried out by crew. ConclusionThe application of text mining techniques in this study to extract knowledge from free-text data contained in the incident reports analysed, proved useful in elucidating on the specific circumstances under which vessel crew were injured.

Investigation of the pulsation-reduction characteristics of an expansion chamber attenuator in a hydraulic system

This paper investigates the expansion chamber attenuator utilized in marine hydraulic systems to determine the pulsation-reduction characteristics in hydraulic deck machinery applications. First, the background is briefly introduced. Next, the advantages and disadvantages of investigation methods borrowed from the aerodynamic field are discussed with regard to hydraulic use. Insertion loss is eventually selected to evaluate the performance of the attenuator. Finally, attenuator prototypes and a test rig that simulates an actual marine hydraulic system in a vessel are manufactured, and the experimental conditions are introduced in detail to calculate and measure the insertion loss. As indicated by the investigation conclusion, mathematic computation generally fits the test results. A better choice of length–diameter ratio ranges and other characteristics are discussed. This paper provides theoretical and experimental evidence regarding design expansion chamber attenuator use in hydraulic systems.

Concept of ‘Sail by Wire’ controller for a ship’s propulsion system from an unmanned ship perspective

ABSTRACTThe intention of this paper is to present the idea of total ship control called the Supervisory ‘Sail by Wire’ Control System. As a part of it, there is an optimal controller of the ship’s propulsion plant presented in this paper. The paper focuses on the integration of four control subsystems of ships: navigation, propulsion, auxiliary and deck machinery systems, hull structures and cargo handling equipment. Such a controller can be build also on the base of conventional, fuzzy, or neural principles. Critical situations are detected, warned in advance is given about them, and they are reported to the ship's operator. The analytical results and recommendations as well as real vessel conditions will be recorded and post-processed. The intelligent integration of acquired data from subsystems will ensure that the control commands and actions compromise the multi-effects of a vessel's dynamics and operation. While performing accurate regulation and governing functions, this control system should have the capability of identifying and compensating failures during the ship's operation. The ‘Sail by Wire’ Supervisory Controller delivers a comprehensive study and a new idea to common European strategies and decisions for tracking issues in shipping in critical situations.

Weight Reduction Design Methods of Wring Based on Load Spectrum

The hydraulic systemic load spectrum of wring has been constructed by time with press and flow rate under deferent working condition on ship. The root mean square value of reel axial torque was calculated by weighted processing and was taken for the basis of the calculation on structure critical load. Based on the block of load spectrum, the virtual fatigue calculation showed the relation about the static strength and critical load block of load spectrum. Keeping the ratio of the static strength and critical load, the force analysis of wring reel aimed to the structure weight reduction by finite element analysis (FEA). The established wholly parametric and weight reduction model of wring structural part had been computed and meets the strength and stiffness requirement. The weight of this reel is reduced by 15.5 kg and lightweight effect is 8%. This method of weight reduction can be used to the reference on the design of hydraulic deck machinery of ship and hydraulic actuation construction machinery.

Reducing Commercial Fishing Deck Hazards with Engineering Solutions for Winch Design

Introduction The majority (67%) of hospitalized injuries among Alaska commercial fishermen are associated with deck machinery. This paper describes the “Prevention Through Design” process to mitigate one serious machinery entanglement hazard posed by a capstan deck winch. Methods After observing that the capstan winch provides no entanglement protection and the hydraulic controls are usually out of reach of the entangled person, NIOSH personnel met with fishermen and winch manufacturers to discuss various design solutions to mitigate these hazards. Results An emergency-stop (“e-stop”) system was developed that incorporated a momentary contact button that when pushed, switches a safety-relay that de-energizes the solenoid of an electro-hydraulic valve stopping the rotating winch. The vessel owners that had the e-stop installed enthusiastically recommend it to other fishermen. NIOSH entered into a Proprietary Technology Licensing Agreement with a company to develop the system for commercial use. Conclusions This is an example of a practical engineering control that effectively protects workers from a hazardous piece of equipment by preventing injuries due to entanglement. This solution could reduce these types of debilitating injuries and fatalities in this industry.

Lightweight Composites for Heavy-Duty Solutions

In various parts of the marine industry, composites (often referred to as fiberglass or FRP), are usually thought of suitable only for recreational boats and small cruisers. However, composites have been used for the Navy's 57m (188ft) coastal minehunters and 46 m–49 m (150 ft–161 ft) yachts in the U.S. and for larger minesweepers and patrol vesselsin the U.K. and Sweden. Ten years ago these vessels would have been at the upper limits of perceived size limitation for FRPs, but presuming limitations on the size of vessels using compositesas the primary structural material are premature. Composites are presently used for sections of large steel vessels, including nonpressure hull decking, nosesections, sails and diving planes for submarines, weapons enclosures and masts for destroyers, funnels on cruise ships and hatch covers for barges. Research is ongoing for use of composites in larger deckhouse sections for combatant and structural hull materials for 200 m (670 ft) fast freight vessels. Potential uses on large steel cargo and auxiliary vessels include bulbous bows, bow fairings, hatch covers, stern fairings, deck machinery enclosures, and nonstructural interiors. Composites have also been used as a complete hull restoration for a vintage steel yacht. This paper reviews current usage and explores future potential for the use of composites on larger vessels. Issues of damage tolerance, corrosion resistance, flammability, classification, and regulation are investigated. This paper does NOT present the highest level of technology in the composites industry. It is simply presented as a primer for those who normally work with steel and aluminum to think out of the metal box.

Statics and dynamics of multi-cable systems for submersibles

Abstract A method is presented for the static and dynamic analysis of multi-cable hoisting systems composed typically of hoisting and guide ropes, electrical cables and anchor lines. The cables are mutually coupled by the lowered object and the deck machinery, and are subject to the action of water current. In the analysis the principle of non-linear load distribution among a few individual cables is proposed. In the dynamic analysis, both components of motion (horizontal and vertical) are taken into account and the cable is treated as an elastic, curvilinear continuous system. The solution describes stationary planar vibrations of the cables and the submersible and is based on the resolution of the boundary value problem as a series of eigenfunctions. The presented method may be easily programmed and is suitable for personal computers.

Composites for Large Ships

Composites, frequently referred to as fiberglass or FRP, are usually thought of as the material of choice for recreational boats. Recently, though, composites have been used for 57.3 m (188 ft) mine hunters and a 49 m (161 ft) yacht. Ten years ago these FRP vessels would have been at the upper limits of perceived size limitations, but practical limitations on the size of vessels using composites as the primary structural material are premature due to continuing advances in the materials and processing technology. Composites are used for small sections of large steel vessels including non-pressure hull decking for submarines, weapons enclosures for destroyers, and funnels on cruise ships. Potential uses on large cargo vessels include bulbous bows, hatch covers, stern fairings, deck machinery enclosures and nonstructural interiors. This paper reviews current usage and explores future potential on the use of composites on larger vessels.

戦前の舶用補機械発達史

This paper is an excert from the manuscripts written by the marine auxiary equipment subcommittee of the marine Engineering history committee of the MESJ. The manuscript was completed after 10 years of hard wark. But has not yet been pubbished because of various aduerse conditions. This paper is one of the serial papers which will appear in this Journal twice a year to introduce the content of the manuscript to menbers of MESJ.This paper are consist of Deck machinery, Steering gear systems, and refrigerator and air conditioning systems.Marine machinery equipment developed according to ship building progress. They were almost imported from foreign country in Meiji and Taishou Era, but a some of large sized passenger vessels used the imported products on account of a lack of reliability in Japanese products.The marine machinery equipments developed rapidly own design and unique products by the World War II.

Seal maintenance for platform and deck machinery

There is little doubt that oil platform and ship's deck machinery has to endure some of the most punishing conditions within the marine industry. It obviously requires to be constructed from materials of sufficient toughness and strength to withstand the high forces it will be subjected to and perform efficiently.