Government Decision Research Articles

Building a research agenda on preventing and addressing sexual assault and intimate partner violence against trans people: a two-stage priority-setting exercise

BackgroundTransgender (trans) people experience high rates of sexual assault (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) and seldom receive the care and supports they need post-victimization. However, there is little to no research that aids in the development or improvement of related interventions. We undertook a study to build a novel Canadian research agenda on SA/IPV against trans people to guide future work and address these profound gaps in knowledge.MethodsGuided by the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method for research priority-setting, we developed and circulated two consecutive surveys to a multi-stakeholder group of government decision makers; mental health, health and social service providers, researchers and trans communities, among others, who proposed research questions related to preventing and addressing SA/IPV against trans persons. The initial survey launched March 2021 garnered responses from 213 stakeholders. These items were cleaned and collated into 20 final questions that fell within seven thematic areas. The refined research questions were evaluated in August 2021 on predefined criteria for answerability, feasibility, impact and equity by 79 of 95 survey 1 respondents who agreed to participate in the second survey (response rate = 83.2%). The questions were ranked using a research priority score calculated by dividing the sum of all the answers for each question across the four criteria by the number of answers received.ResultsAll questions were highly rated on each individual criterion and each had an overall research priority score of above 80%, with the most highly ranked question falling within the theme, “improving quality and implementation of education and training: How can training (e.g., for university/college students, educators, nurses, physicians, social workers, police, lawyers, security guards) be improved to better support trans survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence?”.ConclusionsThese questions form Canada’s first research agenda on SA/IPV against trans people. Together, they reflect the insights of stakeholder groups who have been historically excluded from research priority-setting processes and will guide future and much-needed work on the topic. Actionable information on preventing and addressing SA/IPV against trans persons will help reduce negative outcomes associated with being victimized.

Is Social Media a Democratic Forum for Public Accountability in Times of Crisis? The Brazilian Government's Response to the COVID‐19 Pandemic

The COVID‐19 crisis has troubled the world. In the Brazilian context, many people struggled financially to survive a period of social isolation. Therefore, in the surge of the pandemic, making a decision or forming an opinion about government decisions was very complex. Social media (SM) plays an important role in modern society as a source of information and a potentially democratic instrument for dialogic communication and public accountability. Thus, this research investigates SM as a forum for democratic accountability during Brazil's first wave of the COVID‐19 crisis. The methodological procedures comprise an analysis of three events concerning COVID‐19 in São Paulo, namely the social isolation mandates from March to July 2020. We gathered, coded, and analysed 970 comments from the São Paulo Government's official Facebook page. We found that the disclosure of information was limited, and users interacted with each other, but the Government did not dialogue with citizens. In the aftermath of the COVID‐19 crisis, we reflected on SM's potential and barriers to achieving democratic accountability in uncertain and risky times, particularly regarding information disclosure, SM and users’ interactions, and the spread of relevant information. We conclude that SM is a forum to achieve greater accountability and responsibility on the part of public managers and governors. However, it is limited by what kind of information is conveyed, whether users get the responses and information they need from the official channel, and SM's political and democratic aspects, which are multifaceted and complex.

A City-Level Integrated Case Base Design for Systemic Disaster Risk Management

AbstractUrban disaster risks show multi-stage evolution and interconnected coupling features. Under time pressure, case-based reasoning (CBR) has emerged as a critical method for risk management decision making. Case-based reasoning tackles target case problems by leveraging solutions from similar historical cases. However, the current case base is inadequate for storing systemic risk cases, thus impeding CBR efficacy. This article presents a city-level integrated case base with a nested cross structure to facilitate the use of CBR in systemic risk management. It comprises a multi-layer vertical dimension and a multi-scale horizontal dimension. The vertical dimension is optimized to a four-layer (environment-hazard-object-aftermath) risk scenario classification system with taxonomy and fuzzy clustering analysis. The horizontal dimension is improved to a three-scale (network-chain-pair) risk association mode using event chain theory and association analysis. Hazard acts as the pivotal link between the two dimensions. An illustrative example displays the use process of the proposed case base, along with a discussion of its CBR-supported applications. Through the digital transformation, the suggested case base can serve government decision making with CBR, enhancing the city’s capability to reduce systemic risk.

The complexity of addressing equity in COVID-19-related global health governance and population health research priorities in Canada: a multilevel qualitative study

BackgroundSince COVID-19 emerged in 2020, the promotion of health equity, including in research, has further been challenged worldwide by both global health governance (GHG) processes and decisions, and national public health control measures. These global and national decisions have also led to the ‘covidization’ of health research agendas where resources have been massively channelled to address COVID-19, especially during the first years of the pandemic. This situation could potentially result in current and future population health research priorities not explicitly tackling equity as a central tenet. The study objective examined how and to what extent the COVID-19-related GHG architecture is affecting population health research priorities in Canada.MethodsWe conducted a multilevel qualitative study informed by the intersectionality-based policy analysis and multiple streams frameworks. We collected and thematically analysed data from four groups of respondents (n = 35: researchers, research funders and global and public health research institutes in Canada, and WHO/international actors) and an interactive feedback workshop (n = 40 participants).ResultsStudy findings generated four main themes. First, both global and national COVID-19 responses failed to address equity considerations, especially among populations in situations of vulnerability and marginalisation. Second, the integrated examination of funding, equity, and accountability was judged as necessary determinants of GHG and population health research priorities in Canada. Third, contrary to common beliefs about COVID-19, the consequences were not all negative, but they were also positive and unintended, and lessons can be learned. Fourth, study respondents proposed multiple recommendations to address inequities in the complex intersection between COVID-19-related GHG and population health research in Canada.ConclusionThis study provides substantial evidence of the multilayered and complex intersection between COVID-19-related GHG and population health research priorities in Canada. Although the window of opportunity was slim according to study respondents, there was still a unique collective effort to address COVID-19-related socioeconomic and health inequities by considering the numerous recommendations proposed by the four groups of study respondents. These recommendations can directly contribute to improving knowledge of global and national population health and equity research strategies in the context of an evolving pandemic and for policy- and decision-makers to adjust and rectify the course of global and public health governance.

The power and promise of transparency: Perspectives from citizens’ juries of pandemic health data sharing

The COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK, as in other countries, drew heavily on health and social care data, making its utility extremely visible as necessary for timely government decision-making and planning. The urgency created by the crisis, however, meant that additional data collection and sharing under emergency legislation was implemented with minimal public consultation. To understand the public perception of these new data measures and initiatives, three citizens’ juries took place in the spring of 2021. This article reports on qualitative observations of the small group deliberations from these juries. The analysis shows that jurors frequently drew on normative discourses of transparency and trust in discussions, and the different roles they were assumed to fulfil. Transparency was expected to offer greater visibility into the organisations involved in health and social care data sharing, but this was made difficult by the increased complexity of the health data economy. Transparency into the political justifications for additional health data collection was important for jurors. The utilitarian narratives used by the government were considered problematic, restricting opportunities for individuals to express concerns and leading to cynicism. The findings will be situated with the critical literature on visibility practices to highlight the need to unpick what the promise of transparency and trust offers to the public and how it links to power and control. Lastly, it will examine what the deliberations around transparency mean for wider policy on health and social care data-sharing.

Atmospheric environmental resources and corporate green innovation: Blessing or curse of the weather?

Green technology innovation is an important way to realize corporate green transformation and sustainable economic development. Regional resource endowments can influence local policies and corporate innovation decisions. This paper examines whether and how atmospheric environmental resources, that is, the capacity of the atmospheric environment to accommodate and purify pollutants, have an impact on corporate green innovation. Using the data of China's A-shares listed heavily polluting firms from 2012 to 2022, we find that the atmospheric environmental resources inhibit corporate green technology innovation, indicating a “resource curse” effect. The mechanism test reveals that regional environmental resources affect corporate green technological innovation by influencing local governments' environmental protection concern, economic concern, environmental enforcement and public concern. Further analysis shows that the impact of atmospheric environmental resources on corporate green technology innovation differs before and after the Paris Agreement, and varies across different levels of financial development, industry competition, corporate characteristics, and executive traits. This paper presents a new perspective of regional atmospheric environmental resources and its impact on corporate green technology innovation, revealing the mechanisms behind corporate green innovation from an external perspective, which has implications for governmental departments and corporate environmental governance decision-making.

Information technology for forecasting epidemiological threats based on the telegraphic equation

Based on the analysis, it is established that traditional approaches, such as the SIR (Susceptible-Infectious-Covered) and SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Covered) models, do not provide sufficient forecasting accuracy and do not take into account the complex dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases. The need to develop a method that will improve forecasting accuracy and provide support for managerial decision-making to predict the spread of epidemiological threats based on the telegraphic equation is substantiated. The developed system allows for making effective management decisions aimed at reducing the negative impact of the epidemic on the population and medical infrastructure. The use of the telegraphic level allows us to predict the wave spread of infection, spatial and temporal delays, as well as sources of new infections, which ensures accurate forecasting of peak periods, the duration of the epidemic, and the workload of medical facilities. The developed method integrates the classical SIR model with the telegraphic level, which allows the modelling the dynamics of infection spread in a spatio-temporal environment. This method provides forecasting of the spatial and temporal dynamics of infection spread, taking into account wave effects, delays, and the influence of external factors. It provides an opportunity to accurately analyze key epidemic indicators, such as the peak of the disease, its duration, and the distribution of the burden on hospitals. The developed method and mathematical model based on the telegraphic level provided an appropriate level of accuracy in predicting the spatial and temporal dynamics of the spread of epidemiological threats. Testing the model on historical COVID-19 data showed that the average forecast error was 5...10%. This indicates the model's adequacy. In the case of high population mobility, the model accurately described the wave dynamics of the infection. The proposed decision support system includes a user-friendly interface with four tabs for entering model parameters, analyzing results, visualizing them, and generating recommendations. It allows to improve the accuracy of estimating the duration of the epidemic, peak loads, and some resources. The developed system is a tool for managers to support the adoption of governmental decisions aimed at predicting the infection of the population of regions and optimizing the use of medical resources. The results of the study can be used to plan epidemic response measures at the local, regional, and global levels. The proposed system ensures efficiency, flexibility, and accuracy, which are key to managing epidemiological situations in the face of modern challenges.

Business Group Affiliation and Board Independence in India: The Effects of Structural and Situated Attention

ABSTRACTResearch Question/IssueThis study examines how business group affiliation shapes firm attention and consequently influences firms' compliance with board independence requirements.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a longitudinal sample of Indian listed firms, we find that group‐affiliated firms are more likely to comply with board independence requirements than nongroup firms, especially when the affiliated firm is larger or when a greater proportion of firms in the business group has adopted an independent board structure. However, the likelihood of compliance in group‐affiliated firms is subject less to the influence of the industry compliance norm. We also document that group‐affiliated firms are less sensitive to the influence of the industry task environment than stand‐alone firms. Other things being equal, the influences of industry complexity, munificence, and dynamism on compliance are smaller in group affiliates.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study contributes to the attention‐based view by extending the structural attention argument from organizational structures within firm boundaries to organizational forms across firm boundaries. We argue that the network structure of business groups shapes affiliated firms' attention focus and consequently affects their compliance patterns. We also highlight the joint effects of structural and situated attention on shaping organizational decisions. We reveal that the interplays of business groups' organizational form and industry contexts give rise to distinct compliance patterns between affiliated and unaffiliated firms and among different types of group‐affiliated firms. As such, we supplement prior corporate governance literature by stressing the influences of inter‐organization networks and industry task environment on board structure.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur study indicates that inter‐organizational networks affect compliance with corporate governance regulations. Thus, the government could utilize inter‐organizational relationships and peer influence to encourage compliance. Our study also highlights the impact of industry environments and business group structure on board composition and managers' cognitive limitations that prevent them from attending to all situational cues. Thus, it is essential for managers to allocate their scarce attention to scanning various domains of their firms' external environments and internal circumstances when making strategic and corporate governance decisions.

Sustainable Health and Well-Being: Guidelines for Integrating Therapeutic Gardens for Holistic Hospital Care

Therapeutic hospital gardens (THGs) need to be purposefully designed for hospital users and well-integrated into the clinical hospital treatment plan to be effective. Healthcare decision-makers are critically important in establishing therapeutic gardens in hospitals and healthcare facilities because they have the ultimate decision-making power to include such gardens for the holistic care of their patients, staff, and visitors. This study aims to establish how THGs can be successfully created by investigating the professional experiences of 12 global healthcare decision-makers in hospital administration, executive government, and senior consultancy to government on the role of THGs in creating a healthy and sustainable hospital environment. This article shows how these decision-makers, who have already worked with healthcare designers and clinical practitioners to design and establish THGs, have been selected and interviewed. The qualitative analysis of these semi-structured interviews uncovered why and how these healthcare decision-makers made THGs a reality in their hospitals. This analysis informed the development of the THG Healthcare Decision-maker Guidelines, which were designed to guide all hospital CEOs, government executives, and senior consultants to the government to both design and then establish THGs successfully. These guidelines include five systematic steps: 1. design for hospital cohorts; 2. purposefully design and integrate THGs well; 3. facilitate inclusive and defined stakeholder engagement; 4. evaluate the garden visitor experience; and 5. understand the benefits and values of THGs. These five systematic steps can be used immediately by healthcare decision-makers to work with healthcare designers and clinical experts to implement such gardens in hospitals successfully. When the three sectors, healthcare governance, healthcare design, and clinical health, work together, more THGs can be established in hospitals for better patient care, visitor well-being, and a healthy and sustainable hospital environment.

Exploring the impact of locking down citizen’s voice on citizen participation in local government budgeting during COVID-19 public restrictions in Zimbabwe

The COVID-19 pandemic presented unmatched challenges for citizen participation worldwide in local government budgeting processes. Zimbabwe in particular was grappling with the pandemic’s effects and pre-existing governance issues. The pandemic ignited the central government to put COVID-19 public restrictions militating on citizen engagement in the budgeting process. The implemented measures were aimed at curbing the spread of the virus. While these measures were necessary for public health, they unintentionally constrained citizens’ ability to be unreservedly involved in local government decision-making. The paper employed a qualitative case study research design, employing interviews, Google Forms, and document analysis, to gather data exploring the experiences and perspectives of citizens, civil society organizations, and local government officials regarding the repercussions of constrained citizen participation in local government budgeting during the pandemic. The argument was hinged on the participatory theory based on two broad views: the normative and the instrumentalist perspectives. The paper notes that COVID-19 restrictions severely constrained citizen participation, limiting public input, deliberation, and accountability opportunities. The inability to convene public meetings, consultations, and workshops weakened the citizen-government engagement process, hindering transparency and the ability of citizens to influence resource allocation and stewardship. Furthermore, the restricted participation by marginalized communities exacerbates existing inequalities due to the technological divide hindering their ability to voice their concerns and interests in the budgeting processes. The paper calls for the exigent need for inventive methodologies to guarantee comprehensive and evocative citizen participation, by leveraging digital technologies and promoting alternative channels for engagement to augment citizen participation in local government budgeting.

“The Voice of Agitation Should Roll across the Broad Atlantic”

Abstract Scholars have provided impressive analyses of the transatlantic slave trade to the Americas and its demise over the past four decades, this led by contributions to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database ( https://www.slavevoyages.org/ ). England played a decisive role in the suppression of that traffic after prohibition of British participation in 1808, this partly achieved by British interceptions of slave vessels by its West Africa Squadron (1819–1867) and the establishment of Courts of Mixed Commission for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1819–1871). Given a North Atlantic Ocean current clockwise gyre and South Atlantic counterclockwise gyre, a major northern slave vessel route connected Africa to the Caribbean and a second southern route connected Africa to Brazil.1 Africans disembarked in the Caribbean had diverse origins in West Africa (Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria) and West Central Africa (Congo, Angola). Brazil received fewer Africans from West Africa (there was a long-term connection between Benin and Bahia), large numbers of African slaves from West Central Africa and a small number from Southeast Africa (Mozambique) at or near Rio de Janeiro. Language difference (Spanish, French, English, Dutch, Danish in the North Atlantic, Portuguese in the South Atlantic) contributed to a conceptual separation of those two regions, particularly evident in historiographies related to slavery and abolition. The Scottish diplomat David Turnbull was one of the few observers of the nineteenth century who connected Caribbean islands with Brazil. Turnbull asserted to the British Foreign Office that subaltern resistance by slaves and free blacks in both the British and non-British Caribbean could aid in England’s quest to extinguish the transatlantic slave trade. Turnbull organized a petition campaign in Jamaica in the late 1840s to pressure England’s Foreign Office to pursue more aggressive actions at sea and on land to halt slave disembarkations in Cuba and Brazil. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston’s positive response combined with slave resistance in Brazil contributed to Brazil’s imperial government decision to act decisively to halt further slave disembarkations in 1850–1851.

Modelling of the Ukrainian labor market: system dynamics approach

The purpose of the article is to develop a System Dynamics model of the functioning and development of the Ukrainian labor market, which can subsequently be used to simulate various government decisions and policies. The Stella Architect software is used to construct the model, allowing to provide insights into the current state of the labor market and forecasts future trends, helping identify potential improvements.The explanatory System Dynamics Model effectively demonstrates the complex interrelationships that influence the dynamics of the Ukrainian labor market. The identified balancing loops highlight key factors such as retirement, business closures, production levels, and the formation of new businesses, all of which shape labor supply and demand. Each loop illustrates how changes in one economic aspect can impact others, underscoring the interconnectedness of labor dynamics, economic growth, and business development. Furthermore, the developed causal loop diagrams emphasize the cyclical nature of these interactions, where increases in labor supply can result in higher wages and GDP, leading to further investment and business creation. This model offers valuable insights into the feedback mechanisms that may stabilize or destabilize the labor market, particularly in response to external shocks or policy interventions. In the future, the developed model can be used to test various policies for major elements of the model and to simulate its behavior.

Strengthening policy engagement when scaling up interventions targeting non-communicable diseases: insights from a qualitative study across 20 countries.

Policy engagement is an essential component of implementation research for scaling up interventions targeting non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It refers to the many ways that research team members, implementers and policymakers, who represent government decision-making, connect and interact to explore common interests. Well-conducted engagement activities foster co-production, local contextualization and assist in the successful translation of research evidence into policy and practice. We aimed to identify the challenges and facilitators to policy engagement during the early implementation phase of scale-up research studies. This qualitative study was focused on the research projects that were funded through the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases in the 2019 round. Nineteen project teams opted to participate, with these studies implemented in 20 countries. Forty-three semi-structured stakeholder interviews, representing research, implementation and government were undertaken between August 2020 and July 2021. Transcripts were open-coded using thematic analysis to extract 63 codes which generated 15 themes reflecting both challenges and facilitators to undertaking policy engagement. Knowledge of the local government structures and trusting relationships provided the foundation for successful engagement and were strengthened by the research. Four cross-cutting concepts for engagement were identified and included: (1) the importance of understanding the policy landscape; (2) facilitating a network of suitable policy champions, (3) providing an environment for policy leaders to genuinely contribute to co-creation and (4) promoting two-way learning during researcher-policymaker engagement. We recommend undertaking formative policy analysis to gain a strategic understanding of the policy landscape and develop targeted engagement plans. Through engagement, researchers must facilitate cohesive vision and build a team of policy champions to advocate NCD research within their networks and spheres of influence. Ensuring equitable partnerships is essential for enabling local ownership and leadership. Further, engagement efforts must create a synergistic policymaker-researcher lens to promote the uptake of evidence into policy.

پلانی کارگێڕيی وه زار هتی ت هندروستیی عێراق و ڕەوشی دام و د هزگا ت هندروستیی هکانی سلێمانی

This study attempts to investigate the health conditions in the city of Sulaymaniyah, through the generalhealth situation in Iraq and the impact of economic and political factors and government decisions that fallwithin the health services of the Iraqi individual.This study consists of two main parts. The first part is devoted to the Iraqi government’s plan to manage thehealth sector, including the laws and finances allocated to this sector, as well as focusing on the internationalagreements in which Iraq has participated in the advancement of the health situation. The second part focused onthe health institutions in the city of Sulaymaniyah in terms of the numbers of hospitals and clinics and the capitalallocated to this sector, with mentioning the most important steps taken by the government to advance the sector.

Evaluating use of evidence in U.S. state governments: A conjoint analysis

AbstractEvidence‐based practice (EBP) has become a global public management movement to improve constituents' lives through government decision making. However, how civil servants' decisions are influenced by scientific evidence remains unanswered. In this study, we answer two related research questions: (1) How do different elements of evidence impact civil servants' program preferences? (2) How does the rating of evidence influence their program preferences? Collaborating with major governmental and nonprofit agencies that promote the use of EBPs, we invited civil servants from three U.S. state governments to a paired conjoint experiment. Our analysis shows that: Civil servants prefer programs with evidence that is: (1) from their own states; (2) more recent; (3) shows positive effect on people from different demographic groups; and is (4) created by independent government teams and university research teams. We also find the “evidence‐based” rating drives civil servants' preferences toward evidence with higher internal validity.

Mechanism and simulation of intensive use of urban inefficient land based on evolutionary game theory

Intensive utilization of urban inefficient land is crucial for achieving sustainable urban development. This study constructs an evolutionary game model of urban inefficient land redevelopment involving three main actors: the government, developers, and the public. The model reveals the staged characteristics of the redevelopment process and the dynamic evolution of decision-making behaviors among the actors. The study finds that the redevelopment process can be divided into three stages: initial, development, and mature, with significant differences in the decision-making behaviors of developers, the government, and the public at each stage. Developers' decisions are influenced by redevelopment benefits and costs, the government's decisions are affected by regulatory benefits, and the public's decisions are impacted by participation benefits and costs. The initial strategy configuration has a significant influence on the system's evolutionary trend. Economic incentives, cost constraints, and public participation are the three pillars driving redevelopment. The study recommends adopting differentiated and dynamic policy combinations, improving the redevelopment benefit distribution mechanism, and strengthening public participation capacity building to promote positive interactions among the actors and achieve efficient land resource utilization. This research systematically analyzes the mechanism of inefficient land redevelopment from a dynamic game perspective, providing a scientific basis for policy formulation and holding great significance for promoting sustainable urban development.

“Workers in Saskatchewan Now Have a Clear-Cut Bill of Rights”

This paper examines the politics surrounding the construction, implementation, and administration of the Saskatchewan Trade Union Act (stua) between 1944 and 1950. The act is important because it reflects the first attempt by a social democratic government in North America to construct a system of labour law that ostensibly aligned socialist ideas with the rights of workers to form trade union freedoms. This makes the stua unique in Canadian labour and political history because the legislation demonstrated the policy priorities of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (ccf) and the Canadian Congress of Labour as both organizations were attempting to solidify their places in postwar Canada. This history reflects the fact that the ccf and the unions, like the left in general throughout the 1940s and 1950s, defined the working class narrowly, focusing attention on white and male breadwinners with women and racialized workers very much on the periphery. The history also demonstrates the inherent contradiction within social democratic reform politics, as the act extended numerous rights to workers to organize and collectively bargain but when those same workers pushed back against government decision-making during the province’s first public-sector strike in 1948, political tensions found many of those same social democrats acting in similar manners to their private-sector counterparts. These tensions within social democratic approaches to labour relations – so evident in the Saskatchewan experience – have become a central contradiction of the movement throughout the postwar period and continue today.

Perlindungan Kepada Warga Negara Melalui PTUN terhadap Penyalahgunaan Wewenang oleh Pejabat Publik

Perlindungan Kepada Warga Negara Melalui PTUN terhadap Penyalahgunaan Wewenang oleh Pejabat Publik

Measurement of government performance in literature review

Government performance means the results of government work. Its use is to evaluate government accountability, decision-making, efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and achievement of goals. Purpose: This paper aims to explore the understanding of performance measurement tools commonly used in government, the reasons for using them, and the implementation of performance measurement in Indonesia. Method: This study uses a meta-synthesis method, an integrative review approach from 2000–2021, in the Scopus database using the keywords measurement system, performance measurement, performance measurement government, measurement system government. Results and Discussion: The final sample consisted of 23 studies, and the results showed that the most commonly used performance measurement was the balanced scorecard. This is because the balanced scorecard is able to explain the vision, mission, strategy, results, and operational actions, so that it can achieve local government goals. Research implications: Insight into government performance measurement can be used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of various performance measurement tools so that the government can implement performance measurement tools that are more appropriate for its government. Originality/Value: This study offers an adaptation of existing methods to measure government performance more effectively. In addition, this study focuses on the context of developing countries, which can provide new contributions to the literature.

A Review - Comparative Study of Old and New Pension Scheme

Now the days the people are striking showing aggression on new pension scheme and revolting against the decision of government to take back the new pension scheme. The daily newspapers are filled with news of pension. These newspapers ignited me to understand and compare the new and old pension policy and whether it is possible for the government to adopt the old pension scheme and at what cost. In this paper I will try to analyse and compare the pension policies and their impact on both pensioners and the government too.