Mixture Of Decane Research Articles

Salt-acid-surfactant synergistic effects on interfacial characteristics of water/oil systems: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Low salinity water injection with surfactants is one of the standard approaches in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This method relies on the interaction of surfactants and ions at oil/water interfaces to reduce the interfacial tensions. However, the details of the mechanisms governing the synergistic effects of these components are still debatable. In this study, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations have been employed to investigate the challenging interactions of chemicals and saline water at a molecular scale. The model oil phase used in this study was defined as a mixture of toluene and decane. In addition, the synergistic materials are NaCl, sodium dodecyl ethoxy sulfate (AES), and decanoic acid.The results of density profiles, planar distribution maps, and PMF calculations imply that the acid molecules in the oil phase act as surfactants and form micelles. A few water molecules are also transferred to the oil phase to form water-acid micelles at high surfactant concentrations. Consequently, the number of acid components in the interfacial area is decreased; hence, the IFT reduction is alleviated. The results showed that micelle formation was decreased by adding ions to the aqueous phase. RDF profiles indicate that surfactant-acid interaction improves by adding ions to the water phase. The higher surfactant-acid interactions keep the polar hydrocarbon molecules near the interface and prevent them from moving to the hydrocarbon phase. This study also highlights the vital role of surfactant-acid interactions in the arrangements and orientations of surface-active materials. Orientation analysis indicates that salts in water and hydrophobic acids synergize to orient surfactants parallel to the interface. These facts signify that the surfactant-acid interaction is one of the main factors that critically affect the water–oil interfacial behavior.

Measurement and correlation of diffusion coefficients of vitamin K3 in a fluid mixture of carbon dioxide and decane at 313–343 K and 10–30 MPa

The diffusion coefficients D1m of vitamin K3 in a dense fluid mixture of carbon dioxide and decane were measured by the Taylor dispersion method at temperatures from (313.2–343.2) K and pressures from (10−30) MPa, over the entire range of decane composition. The D1m values of vitamin K3 increased with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure under isocratic conditions. In addition, the measured D1m values were found to be correlated with the hydrodynamic (HD) equation based on the Stokes–Einstein equation, with an average relative deviation of 4.9% for 110 conditions over a wide range of fluid viscosities ranging from that of supercritical carbon dioxide to that of compressed liquid decane, apparently irrespective of the decane composition and solvent species.

Molecular modeling of interfacial properties of the hydrogen + water + decane mixture in three-phase equilibrium.

The understanding of interfacial phenomena between H2 and geofluids is of great importance for underground H2 storage, but requires further study. We report the first investigation on the three-phase fluid mixture containing H2, H2O, and n-C10H22. Molecular dynamics simulation and PC-SAFT density gradient theory are employed to estimate the interfacial properties under various conditions (temperature ranges from 298 to 373 K and pressure is up to around 100 MPa). Our results demonstrate that interfacial tensions (IFTs) of the H2-H2O interface in the H2 + H2O + C10H22 three-phase mixture are smaller than IFTs in the H2 + H2O two-phase mixture. This decrement of IFT can be attributed to C10H22 adsorption in the interface. Importantly, H2 accumulates in the H2O-C10H22 interface in the three-phase systems, which leads to weaker increments of IFT with increasing pressure compared to IFTs in the water + C10H22 two-phase mixture. In addition, the IFTs of the H2-C10H22 interface are hardly influenced by H2O due to the limited amount of H2O dissolved in nonaqueous phases. Nevertheless, positive surface excesses of H2O are seen in the H2-C10H22 interfacial region. Furthermore, the values of the spreading coefficient are mostly negative revealing the presence of the three-phase contact for the H2 + H2O + C10H22 mixture under studied conditions.

Influence of brine compositions on wetting preference of montmorillonite in rock/brine/oil system: An in silico study

In this paper, we investigated dependency of thin brine film stability confined between rock and hydrocarbon layer on brine solution properties in terms of salinity and anionic components. Molecular Dynamics simulation was used to investigate behavior of the system at rock/brine and brine/oil interfaces to characterize thin brine film. Here, montmorillonite, a thin water film containing different salinities (low salinity water, 5,000 ppm, and high salinity water, 70,000 ppm) of NaCl and Na2SO4, and organic components constituting 3:1 M mixture of decane and sodium decanoate were considered to represent rock, brine, and oil, respectively. High salinity brine makes the thin film more stable. Extensive repulsive electrostatic forces between Cl− anions distributed in brine film and carboxylate functional groups at the brine/oil interface impede penetration of oil components into the brine film and then their adsorption onto the clay surface. Low salinity Na2SO4 showed the most stable brine film, in which distribution of anions at the brine/oil interface prevents intrusion of oil components into the brine film. However, high salinity Na2SO4 showed strong potential in forming ionic aggregations comprising Na+ cations and anions. These ionic aggregations act as bridging agents to adhere oil constituents onto the clay slab.

Adsorptive desulphurisation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene from model fuels with modified vermiculite

ABSTRACT Vermiculite clay was modified with calcium oxide in order to remove Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and Benzothiophene (BT) from Model Fuels (1:1 volume mixture of decane and hexadecane). Composite was prepared with a wetness impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of these adsorbents were characterised using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-scattering scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transient electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The vermiculite-calcium oxide (VE-Ca) composite showed the highest adsorption capacity at an initial concentration of 30 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 120 mg, and contact time of 120 min at 25°C. The highest adsorption capacity for DBT and BT was 85.37 mg.g−1 and 93.7 mg.g−1 on VE-Ca composite, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to pseudo-second order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. The results showed the presence of calcium due to complexation between Ca2+ and thiophenic aromatic rings and chemical bonding between metals and sulphur which would improve the adsorption capacity for desulphurisation.

Fabrication of single-mode circular optofluidic waveguides in fused silica using femtosecond laser microfabrication

We demonstrate fabrication of single-mode circular optofluidic waveguides in fused silica glass substrates using femtosecond (fs) laser assisted chemical etching based on slit beam shaping. The fabrication procedure consists of four steps: slit-assisted fs laser direct writing of fused silica, selective chemical etching, polydimethylsiloxane film bonding, and vacuum-assisted liquid filling. The combination of slit beam shaping and high numerical aperture objectives ensures very narrowly modified lines with nearly circular cross-sections during laser direct writing. Introduction of a string of extra-access ports allows production of uniform circular microchannels with the diameters of ~10 µm and the lengths at the centimeter scale due to the improvement of wet chemical etching process. By vacuum-assisted filling a mixture of liquid paraffin and decane into a microchannel structure, a single-mode circular optofluidic waveguide embedded in glass can be obtained.

Experimental-Modeling Study of Phase Equilibria, Densities, and Viscosities for the Propanenitrile–Decane Mixture at Low Pressure

In this work, experimental data for vapor–liquid equilibria at 84.49 kPa, densities, and viscosities at 318.15 K are reported for the propanenitrile–decane mixture. To validate the methodology and ...

Capillarity and phase-mobility of a hydrocarbon gas–liquid system

When oil fields fall during their lifetime below the bubble point gas comes out of solution. The key questions are at which saturation the gas becomes mobile (“critical gas saturation”) and what the gas mobility is, because mobile gas reduces the production of oil significantly. The traditional view is that the gas phase becomes mobile once gas bubbles grow or expand to a size where they connect and form a percolating path. For typical 3D porous media the saturation corresponding to this percolation limit is on the order of 20%. However, significant literature report on gas mobility below lower limits of percolation thresholdsi.e.below 0.1%. A direct experimental insight for that is lacking because laboratory measurements are notoriously difficult since the formation of gas bubbles below the bubble point includes thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, and the pressure decline rates achievable in laboratory experiments are orders of magnitude higher than the decline rates in the field. Here we study the nucleation and transport of gas coming out of solutionin-situin 3D rock using X-ray computed micro tomography which allows direct visualization of the nucleation kinetics and connectivity of gas. We use either propane or a propane–decane mixture as model system and conduct pressure depletion in absence of flow finding that – consistent with the literature – observation of the bubble point in the porous medium is decreased and becomes pressure decline rate dependent because of the bubble nucleation kinetics. That occurs in single-component systems and in hydrocarbon mixtures. Pressure depletion in absence of flow results in critical gas saturations between 20 and 30% which is consistent with typical percolation thresholds in 3D porous structures. That does not explain experimentally observed critical gas saturations significantly below 20%. Also, the respective pore level fluid occupancy where pores are filled with either gas or liquid phase but not partially with both as in normal 2-phase immiscible systems rather diminishes connectivity of gas and liquid phases. This observation indicates that likely other mechanisms play a role in establishing gas mobility at saturations significantly below 20%. Experiments under flow conditions, where gas is injected near the bubble point suggest that diffusion may significantly contribute to the transport of gas and may even be the dominant transport mechanism at field relevant flow rates. The consequence of diffusive transport are compositional gradients where locally the composition is such gas nucleation may occur. That would lead to a disconnected but mobile gas distribution ahead of the convective front. Furthermore, diffusive exchange leads to ripening and anti-ripening effects which influences the distribution for which we see evidence in pressure depletion experiments but not so much at low rate gas injection. Respective relative permeability computed from the imaged fluid distributions using a lattice Boltzmann approach show distinctly different behavior between pressure depletion and flowing conditions. These findings suggest that capillarity in a gas–liquid hydrocarbon mixture is far more complex than in a 2-phase immiscible system. Capillarity is coupled to phase behavior thermodynamics and kinetics on a fast time scale and diffusion-dominated mechanisms such as ripening and anti-ripening effects at a slow time scale. While the consequences for the current experimental and field modelling approaches are not yet fully clear, this shows that more research is needed to fully understand these effects and their implications.

Hydrocarbon Degradative Potential of Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k Under Modified Nitrate Concentrations

Conventional mineral salts medium (MSM) had been used for many decades. A modification of the concentration of nitrate in the MSM was attempted in this work to see its effects or otherwise on microbial cultures. This research investigated the ability of Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k to degrade hydrocarbons under modified nitrate concentrations for a period of twenty-seven (27) days. The findings from the growth patterns of Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k in the experimental study showed that the organism was capable of utilizing decane as only carbon source as well as the mixture of decane and heptane as its carbon and energy providers. The hydrocarbon utilization test carried out on the mixture of decane and heptane with an increase in nitrate concentration indicated that Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k was able to use the hydrocarbon mixture as the major source of carbon and nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen showing a steady increase in growth rate within the period of 27days. The highest value obtained was 1.84 × 109 cfu/ml on Day 21 and lowest value was 4.80 × 106 cfu/ml on Day 0 thus revealing the efficiency of Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k in bioremediation. The findings from the growth patterns of Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k in this experimental study revealed Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k capability in efficiently utilizing decane solely and the mixture of decane and heptane been modified with nitrate as carbon and energy sources respectively thereby enhancing bioremediation.

Molecular dynamics simulation of nanocellulose-oil-water interaction in enhanced oil recovery application

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a way to obtain long hydrocarbon-structured oil by flooding oil reservoirs using water with certain materials. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) and xanthan gum are commonly used in the EOR process. Both of these materials have several disadvantages, including unstable at high salinity and leave debris in the environment. One alternative to substitute HPAM and xanthan gum is nanocellulose, which is an abundant amount of natural polymer. Molecular dynamics simulations investigate the potential of nanocellulose as an EOR agent. A mixture of decane and naphthalene is used as an oil model, while the SPC/E model is used as a water model. By analyzing the simulation trajectory, the interfacial tension and viscosity values were obtained. The simulation results showed the value of the water-oil interfacial tension increased with the addition of nanocellulose. This was caused by the position of nanocellulose that was always in the aqueous phase during the simulation. The water-oil interfacial tension also increased from 46.94 dyne/cm to 47.96 dyne/cm with the presence of two nanocellulose molecules at 353 K. Water viscosity increased from 3.10×10−4 kg/m.s to 3.80×10−4 kg/m.s after the addition of one cellulose molecule at 353 K. Nanocellulose can be an EOR agent by increasing the water viscosity but unfortunately the water-oil interfacial tension also increasing. Due to the change of these two opposing properties, nanocellulose cannot optimally improve oil recovery as shown by previous research.

A new high-pressure aerosol shock tube for the study of liquid fuels with low vapor pressures

A new shock-tube facility for studying gas-phase and condensed-phase mixtures has been developed for the investigation of various hydrocarbon species at the Qatar campus of Texas A&M University. At present, the facility is intended for studying combustion behaviors of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules and mixtures thereof under realistic engine conditions. Equipped with an aerosol generation and entrainment apparatus, the facility also possesses an enlarged driver section and double-diaphragm interface between the driver and driven sections. The driver section diameter is 19.37 cm with a configurable length of 1 m-6 m. Additionally, the stainless-steel driven section has an inner surface with a mirror finish and internal diameter of 15.24 cm. The driven section is also configurable in length up to approximately 5.2 m. As with most modern shock tubes, this shock tube is equipped for use with current methods of shock velocity detection, optical diagnostics, and other diagnostic techniques. In addition to the study of aerosolized liquids (fuels and non-fuels) related to combustion chemistry, reaction kinetics, evaporation studies, and particle-fluid interactions, among others, the facility is capable of investigating traditional gas-phase mixtures like those previously undertaken in a similar facility in the Petersen Group Laboratory at Texas A&M University. The operating limits of the title facility include temperatures and pressures up to 4000 K and 100 atm, respectively. The design and characterization of a novel aerosol introduction method is also presented, which yielded measured aerosol loading uniformities of 92%-97%. Finally, ignition delay time measurements of stoichiometric mixtures of decane in air are presented, which show excellent agreement with those recently recorded in heated shock tubes.

Thermodynamics of liquids in capillary medium

Abstract

Study of nanoconfined mixtures of decane and water: Structure and dynamic

In the last years, the phase behaviour of multi-component hydrocarbon systems in shale reservoirs has received significant attention. The main complexities in modelling the phase behaviour is the confinement. It is presented in this work, the results obtained by molecular dynamics simulation in the NPT ensemble of n-decane/water liquid mixture confined in an amorphous hydrophobic nanometric tube. Nanotube walls are made up of a Lennard-Jones binary mixture similar to a Kob-Andersen system. As it happens in a macroscopic flow of biphasic fluid, a transition from drop to a thread is observed in this confined system when increasing water molar fraction. Different values of the water tetrahedral bond distribution, water density profiles, and the mean square-displacement of water were found for a drop to a thread transition. The calculated quantities, substantially differ from those corresponding to the bulk system.

Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on fines stabilization during low salinity water flooding in sandstones

Low salinity water (LSW) flooding is a commonly used technique to recover remaining oil. Efficiency of this method can be improved by decreasing salinity of the injected fluid during LSW flooding. However, the environment of low salinity is unfavorable for fine-sized particles retention, and may result in fines migration and formation damage. In most sandstone reservoirs, migration and production of fines along with fluid is a major problem in oil and gas industry.Several methods can be used to control migration of fine-sized particles. One effective treatment is to use nanofluids. Nanofluids can affect surface charges and increase the attraction between the particles and sand surface. Fines are negatively charged while nanoparticles usually have positive charge. By attracting nanoparticles to surface of the sand, sand surface becomes more positive which leads to retention of fines. In previous studies, effect of nanoparticles on fines migration in aqueous media was investigated. Another parameter which can influence surface charges is presence of hydrocarbon. Crude oil is an organic substance which is negatively charged just like other organic substances. And this charge difference explains why the presence of oil can affect the performance of nanoparticles in fine migration control.The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the effect of using SiO2 nanoparticles on controlling fines migration caused by LSW injection in presence of hydrocarbon. In addition, the effect of fine particles stabilization on oil recovery was analyzed. A mixture of paraffin and decane was used as hydrocarbon. Experiments have been conducted in three different series. The first series of experiments aimed to select the best nanoparticle among Al2O3, SiO2, and MgO. The results showed that silica nanoparticles had a great potential to control fines migration during LSW flooding. In the second series, the impact of injected nanofluid concentration on fines migration was investigated. And, in the third series, the effect of soaking times of 6, 12, 24, and 48 h was investigated. In addition, recovery of oil is measured in all tests. Silica oxide nanofluid in 0.1% wt. concentration shows the best performance in controlling fines migration and reducing the pressure drop in the porous media. In the third series of experiments, the soaking time of 24 h for the SiO2 nanofluid showed the best results for controlling fines migration. Also, our experiments showed that migration of fines cannot be considered as an effective mechanism of enhanced oil recovery during LSW flooding.

Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.

The effect of organic acids on wettability of sandstone and carbonate rocks

This paper examines the role of crude oil's organic acid surface active compounds (SAC) in determining the reservoir wettability over a range of salinities and temperatures. To isolate the effects of individual SACs, this project used model oil mixtures of pure decane and single SACs to represent the oleic phase. Due to the large number of experiments in this study, we used wettability measurement method by the modified flotation technique (MFT) to produce fast, reliable, and quantitative results. The results showed that oil wetting by decane increased with temperature for carbonate rocks. Sandstones oil wetting showed little temperature dependency. The presence of long-chained acids in decane increased oil wetting in sandstone and carbonate rocks as salinity was lowered, while the short-chained acid increased water wetting under the same conditions. The effect of organic acids on wettability was slightly enhanced with increasing temperature for all rock types.

Measurements of hydrocarbon bubble points in synthesized mesoporous siliceous monoliths

Silica based crack-free monoliths having the same pore size range as the oil and gas producing north-american shales were synthesized using a new synthesis procedure. Crack-free monoliths were synthesized by controlling the evaporation rate. Evaporation rate of 0.4 g/cm2 was found optimal for making monoliths in cylindrical enclosures of different sizes for experimentation. The focus of this work was to understand the effects of nano-sized porous media on the saturation pressures of a hydrocarbon mixture of methane and decane. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized monoliths were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm (BET), pore size distribution curve, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of decane in saturated monoliths revealed different boiling points in comparison to pure decane. The experimentally measured saturation pressures at two different temperatures of the bulk hydrocarbon mixture (decane-methane) matched well with the simulated results. The bubble point pressures of a hydrocarbon mixture in the nano-sized monolith were lower (about 18%) than those in the bulk.

Effect of monoethylene glycol and kinetic hydrate inhibitor on hydrate blockage formation during cold restart operation

Hydrate blockage formation in offshore flowlines may induce production stoppage and operational hazards. Previous work suggested the risk of hydrate blockage became highest for water and decane mixture with 60% watercut, however the risk could be alleviated by adding a thermodynamic inhibitor along with the kinetic hydrate inhibitor. This work presents the effect of adding the hydrate inhibitors on hydrate blockage formation during cold restart operation, where the water and decane mixture stayed inside the hydrate formation region without mixing for 10h then executed mixing at constant stirring rates of 200, 400, and 600rpm. Depending on the mixing rate, liquid phase became stratified (200rpm), partial dispersing (400rpm), and full dispersing (600rpm). Without hydrate inhibitors, hydrates formed instantly upon mixing of liquid phase with fast growth rate. The stirrer was eventually stopped due to the formation of hydrate blockage within 13.9, 18.8, and 42.2min for stratified, partial dispersing, and full dispersing liquid phase, respectively. The resistance-to-flow could be estimated from the measurement of torque changes during the hydrate formation. Sever torque spikes were observed for the water and decane mixture without hydrate inhibitors. The hydrate growth rate decreases linearly as a function of hydrate fraction in liquid phase, then it drops upon torque spikes, possibly due to agglomeration and bedding of hydrate particles. Adding 20wt% mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) to the water phase could suppress the torque spikes while hydrate formation proceeds to the final fraction, suggesting MEG may prevent the agglomeration and bedding of hydrate particles for all flow regimes. However its performance was limited at 10wt% MEG concentration. The presence of kinetic hydrate inhibitor, Luvicap, was also found effective to suppress the hydrate formation for 155.0min at mixing rate of 200rpm, however soon lost its efficacy with increasing mixing rate to 400 and 600rpm. These results suggested that the hydrate formation mechanism during cold restart would be highly dictated by the mixing rate and corresponding flow regime, thus appropriate hydrate inhibition strategy must be developed to manage its risk. For 10wt%MEG and 0.1wt% Luvicap solution, hydrate formation initiated in interface between water and decane, then proceeded to gas phase without affecting the resistance-to-flow. The performance of hydrate inhibitors must be evaluated based on relevant data measurement and visual observation to better describe the hydrate formation mechanism.

Evaluations of Molecular Dynamics Methods for Thermodiffusion in Binary Mixtures

The objective of this paper is to investigate the behavior of two well-known boundary-driven molecular dynamics (MD) approaches, namely, reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD) and heat exchange algorithm (HEX), as well as introducing a modified HEX model (MHEX) that is more accurate and computationally efficient to simulate the mass and heat transfer mechanism. For this investigation, the following binary mixtures were considered: one equimolar mixture of argon (Ar) and krypton (Kr), one nonequimolar liquid mixture of hexane (nC6) and decane (nC10), and three nonequimolar mixtures of pentane (nC5) and decane. In estimating the Thermodiffusion factor in these mixtures using the three methods, it was found that consistent with the findings in the literature, RNEMD predictions have the largest error with respect to the experimental data. Whereas, the MHEX method proposed in this work is the most accurate, marginally outperforming the HEX method. Most importantly, the computational efficiency of MHEX method is the highest, about 7% faster than the HEX method. This makes it more suitable for integration with multiscale computational models to simulate thermodiffusion in a large system such as an oil reservoir.

Raman spectroscopic and kinetic analysis of hydrate shell formation on hydrogel particles containing monoethylene glycol

Hydrate shell growth on hydrogel particles incorporating monoethylene glycol (MEG) was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and a high pressure autoclave apparatus. Surface images of hydrogel particles covered by a hydrate shell are presented and the obtained Raman spectra indicate MEG molecules were excluded from the formation of the hydrate shell. The Raman spectra and surface imaging of the particles demonstrate that the particles remain intact after the dissociation of the shell. In subsequent hydrate formation cycles, the hydrate fraction in the liquid phase was determined from gas consumption measurements in a high pressure autoclave. The hydrate fraction reached only 0.11 for hydrogels containing MEG while a high hydrate fraction of 0.41 was observed for a control system consisting of bulk water and decane mixture. The growth rate in the presence of hydrogel particles was suppressed in the early stages of hydrate formation, suggesting that the increasing MEG concentration inside the hydrogel core may limit the further inward hydrate growth. After hydrate formation the hydrogel particles were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), suggesting the possibility of recovering hydrogel polymer through conventional heating methodologies. These results demonstrate that injecting hydrogel particles containing high concentration of MEG may be feasible to manage the risk of hydrate plug formation as they will absorb the free water resulting in the dispersed hydrogel particles among the hydrocarbon liquid phase.