Decade Of Revolution Research Articles

Thinking While Black: Translating the Politics and Popular Culture of a Rebel Generation, by Daniel McNeil

Daniel McNeil has provided a detailed, expansive, and inspirational study of Black cultural critics Armond White (an American film and music critic) and Paul Gilroy (a British cultural critic). Going beyond an exploration of their work, McNeil delivers a nuanced investigation into these thinkers, considering how they evolved from ‘young soul rebels’ to ‘middle-aged mavericks’ (p. xvII). McNeil follows them as they rock against racism in the 1970s all the way to their current careers, reacting to the ever-changing world around them. Thinking While Black spans continents and decades of revolution, music, and film as McNeil takes a deep dive into not only the work of these two men, but also of the entire rebel generation to which they belonged. Drawing on hidden and little-known archives of resistance and resilience, this work sheds a new light on the politics and poetics of this generation, and how they came together often outside of conventional politics. Importantly, McNeil explores not only the writings of these men, but also how significant the popular culture they critique and examine is more broadly. This book is not only an exploration of important thinkers, but also it is a testament to the power of Black popular culture. The book also certainly occupies a vacant space in the current academic landscape. Indeed, at the launch, McNeil noted that he was motivated by the question ‘why don’t we know more about Gilroy before he was writing for The Black Atlantic, why don’t we know more about the films that Fanon watched?’ McNeil’s curiosity and desire to fill these gaps are present on every page.

The Politics of Pluralism: Historians and Easter 2016

The Politics of Pluralism:Historians and Easter 2016* Fearghal McGarry (bio) What historian of revolutionary Ireland can claim to have remained utterly impervious to seduction during the current orgy of centennial commemoration? The study of how distant events have been remembered is suddenly both popular and profitable, offering almost irresistible attractions. … The hard questions of history (what actually happened and who thought what, why, and with what consequences) are neatly avoided. Released from tiresome delving into the distant past, historians easily mutate into columnists and pundits, accorded spurious authority because of their past credentials as scholars. —david fitzpatrick1 Historians should not be cultural critics or advisors. Their job is to write history and to critique the work of fellow historians. —nicholas canny2 In Ireland—and far beyond—the centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016 was hailed as "an extraordinary success."3 Remembering the Rising may have meant little more than a good day out for many, but broad participation from the arts-and-heritage sectors, academics, and local communities ensured a vibrant program of events that commemorated the rebellion from almost every conceivable angle. Its success was in part a result of the Irish government's innovative [End Page 25] commemorative program, but it was also driven by popular enthusiasm. Some 250,000 people observed the formal ceremony outside the General Post Office (GPO) on Easter Sunday, while a remarkable 750,000 participants attended Reflecting the Rising, Ireland's largest-ever public history festival, on the following day. Aside from its popularity, the most striking aspect of the centenary was its pluralism, which foregrounded previously overlooked perspectives such as the role of women.4 The Irish Times praised the government's program for transcending the narrow nationalism that it associated with previous anniversaries: Those men and women in the uniform of our army marching yesterday were much more than a romantic gesture to the past or nod to the dead generations—they are an assertion of sovereignty, of maturity, and success as a state despite the difficult times. Independent. Democratic. Tolerant. European. Of many faiths and none. Most importantly, a state in which our multiple identities are interwoven. … One stream, the physical-force tradition, is inextricably associated with 1916. But it is, and was, only an element, and very much a minority element, whose importance is not in this commemoration of one week in a decade of revolution being privileged.5 There was broad media consensus that the Irish state had successfully reframed the legacy of Easter 1916. The Irish Times columnist Miriam Lord noted the government's success not merely in engaging the public but also in navigating the treacherous minefield that is commemoration of republican violence: "It was truly a great day for Ireland; a great day to be Irish. … [Y]esterday's dignified and uplifting commemoration confounded the cynics. In its tone and execution it hit all the right notes."6 Similarly, press coverage of Reflecting the Rising also emphasized the festival's popularity and its pluralism: The Rising was recalled by way of readings, lectures, debates, theatre, film, dance, exhibitions, concerts, and reenactments. … Perhaps most significant of all were the spoken words which underlined our new-found ability to challenge views of history and yet accept there [End Page 26] is more than one definition of Irish freedom. … The contrast with the inevitably narrower focus of 1966 is marked. … It was clear on this anniversary the approach to the Rising was one of inclusivity with the application of what the president [Michael D. Higgins] cited as "ethical sensitivity."7 In a feature headlined "Peaceful Path to Marking 1916 Easter Rising," the New York Times identified the Necrology Wall—a new memorial at Glasnevin cemetery inscribed with the names of 488 of the rebellion's fatalities regardless of their status as rebels, Crown forces, or civilians—as epitomizing this sensitive engagement with a contested past.8 The Irish state, it seemed, had finally cracked the problem of how to remember its violent origins without alienating those (including among its own elite) who did not identify with the "physical-force" republican tradition. A new commemorative mode, identified with emollient terminology such as "shared...

A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electromagnetic interference in integrated circuits

The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.

Railroads and the Transformation of China by Elisabeth Köll

Reviewed by: Railroads and the Transformation of China by Elisabeth Köll Ying Jia Tan (bio) Railroads and the Transformation of China By Elisabeth Köll. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp. 396. Railroads and the Transformation of China By Elisabeth Köll. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. Pp. 396. Railroads have featured prominently as engines of change in histories of modern nation-states and economies. As the first comprehensive history of China's railroad development in any language, Elisabeth Köll's well-researched account addresses issues of interest to historians of technology. It demonstrates how, in the words of Peter Norton in "Urban Transport and Mobility in Technology and Culture," "transport and mobility are not technological systems governed by purportedly objective measures (such as efficiency), but socio-technical systems that are constantly subject to the influence of social groups" (Technology and Culture, 2020, p. 1203). This work of business and institutional history brings into focus key socioeconomic factors that either impeded or accelerated the expansion of China's railroads. Köll explicitly spells out her objective in the opening paragraph by noting that the examination of "social, economic, cultural, and political functions" addresses "how and to what extent railroads affected China's development throughout the twentieth century, and conversely how this trajectory left an imprint on the railroad itself as a bureaucratic system" (p. 1). The chapters offer a chronological account that begins with the depiction of trains and railroads in journals published in the 1870s and ends with the abolition of the Ministry of Railways in the wake of the catastrophic collision of two high-speed trains in Wenzhou in 2011. Köll focuses on the following three major railroad lines owing to the comprehensiveness of archival documentation before the Communist revolution in 1949: the Tianjin-Pukou line connecting North China with the lower Yangtze, the Guangzhou-Hankou line connecting the middle Yangtze with the Pearl River delta, and the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo line connecting commercial centers in the lower Yangtze. The institutional analysis begins with the fractious integration of "Western managerial styles with indigenous business practices" under a semicolonial context and then moves on to the integration of railway lines into a national network during decades of regime change, war, and revolution (p. 20). After examining how these railroad companies became incorporated in the socialist economy and played a role in radical campaigns between the 1950s and 1960s, the study concludes by showing how the Chinese railroad system concurrently underwent rational bureaucratization and maintained autonomy at the regional and local levels (pp. 296–97). Köll's narrative arc follows Thomas Hughes's four-stage process in the [End Page 962] formation of technical systems, namely, invention, technology transfer, the correcting of reverse salients during system growth, and momentum (Networks of Power, 1993, pp. 14–17). The agents of historical change differ widely from Hughes's theory, which is generalized from electrical power systems in Western nations. While Hughes focused on the work of engineers, Köll briefly touches on their role in a section on the professionalization of railroad engineering (pp. 168–78). Her institutional approach instead focuses on the responses of managers, state administrators, and even military leaders to political upheaval and explores the implications of their decisions on the railroad system. The main problems of the "technology transfer" phase in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries arose from the "tensions and misunderstandings created by the half-dozen colonial powers building railroads under Chinese management," which in turn led to improvised solutions to resolve disputes over financing, surveying, land purchases, and construction (p. 51). Köll highlights the contribution of the military during the "system growth" and "momentum" stages. Not only did the inept handling of the engines by captives of warlord armies damage the equipment, but the soldiers themselves exacerbated engine failure by helping themselves to the hot water from the engine or the cold water from the tender (p. 71). The military was not entirely destructive. In the 1920s, armies of the warlord Zhang Xun and nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek transformed Xuzhou into a main supply station during their military campaigns (p. 120). The strategic destruction of...

Two different anniversaries: comprehending three decades of the Velvet revolutions and of the collapse of the USSR

The article is a review of two multi-author books, each of which is a result of an international academic project. The first one is a collected volume dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Velvet revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe (The Long 1989. Decades of Global Revolution. Ed. by P.H. Kosicki and K. Kunakhovich. Budapest-NY: CEU Press, 2019. 284 pp.). The second book, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the collapse of the Soviet Union, was published under the auspices of the European Dialogue Expert Group (Dismantling of Communism. Thirty years later / Edited by K. Rogov. Moskow: NLO Publ., 2021. 448 pp.). The key point of the article is that post-Soviet countries remain largely ‘terra incognita’ for the academy. Whereas vector of development of Eastern European countries does not raise doubts among the researchers – it is a case of integration into the West (albeit not a problem-free), the academic consensus regarding the post-Soviet states is only that previous concepts and approaches are out of work. Search for a new conceptual language is at play.

Short Communication on the Tunisian Exchange Regime a Decade after the Revolution

Over the decade following the revolution, the IMF annual reports on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions show that the Tunisian de facto exchange regime is not compliant with the de jure regime announced by the Tunisian authority. The latter claims a floating regime, except in 2013-2015, whereas the International Monetary Fund (IMF) states that it is a rather crawl-like regime, except in 2017. This discrepancy between the real and the official exchange regime is neither new nor specific to Tunisia. The IMF was aware of it and it has adopted a de facto classification since 1999. Nevertheless, this dichotomy is a bit surprising for Tunisia for the next reason: Tunisia has experienced a revolution that ended in early 2011 a dictatorship regime and established a democratic political regime supposed to be more accountable and more transparent. This controversy raises an important question: The exchange regime dichotomy stated by the IMF, does it really exist despite the transition toward democracy, or it is only an allegation that can be attributed to the inaccurate verification technique used by the IMF? In this context, the Tunisian de facto exchange regime over the postrevolution decade. The paper can be reduced to two main parts. The first part summarizes the theoretical explanations of the divergence between the de facto exchange regime and the de jure exchange regime. The second part consists of empirical verification of the Tunisian exchange regime by using descriptive statistics and econometric models.

Demythologization of the «controlled chaos» as a tool for geopolitical war: economic and sociocultural markers

Through the example of ten countries of Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union, where the so-called «color revolutions», coups d’etat and civil wars occurred in the past decades, the inconsistency of particular foundations of the theory of «controlled chaos» have been ascertained. The reasons for prolonged social turbulence in these countries are, in the first instance, intrinsically conditioned. They are related to existing fundamental social and economic problems within these countries. The role of the external interference in the matters of sovereign states in the contemporary political discourse is grossly exaggerated. A particular interest for our research presented a «decade of revolutions» - a time of growth, culmination and decline in the social tension. Chronologically, the revolutionary «outbursts» are arranged as follows: Ukraine - 2004, 2014; Armenia - 2018; Georgia - 2003; Kyrgyzstan - 2005, 2010; Lebanon - 2005; Syria - 2011; Egypt - 2011-2013; Tunisia - 2010-2011; Myanmar - 2007; Vietnam - 2018. «Controlled chaos» is an exquisite yet paradoxical and utopian in its substance metaphor which disguises a natural human striving to put the blame for their misfortunes on anyone else except themselves. A search for an external enemy, which represents a historically well-proven political technology, averts the public attention of the country, which remains in a turbulent condition, from real issues and allows corrupt elites to continue satisfying their materialistic aspirations thus plunging the country into the state of decline.

Spine surgical robotics: review of the current application and disadvantages for future perspectives

In the past decade, intelligent medical technology has been a hot research direction, which results in a series of products such as image-assisted AI and tumor diagnostic auxiliary systems. In the field of surgery, surgical robotics is one of the most attractive intelligent technologies. After nearly a decade of revolution, robots have shown much superiority in spine surgery, and many published studies on accuracy and radiation volume have reported these advantages. However, in reviewing these articles, we found that some of them mentioned the shortcomings of robots, which led us to review the comprehensive evaluation of spinal robots. In this article, we summarize the aspects that have been mentioned in published articles as well as unpublished ones that we have concluded. Through these summaries, we hope that future researchers will be able to make targeted improvements to robots and broaden the future direction of spine surgery robotics. Spine surgical robotics is still widely believed to have a brilliant future application, but it needs to solve the disadvantages of not having a wide application range, not having a deep application depth and not having prominent advantages compared with other existing application technologies.

Conferences, Communication and BIALL: a Whistle-Stop Tour of the 90s

This was the decade of the IT office revolution which would have a profound impact on working practices within law firms, including the library. The first, and arguably biggest, change was the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. The first law firm website was set up in 1994, and by the end of the decade virtually all law firms were using this as the key way to present their offerings. The first text message was sent in 1992. In 1994 Amazon was founded, as a source for buying books! By 1996 we were able to organize our contacts and diaries on a PalmPilot. Google was founded in 1998.

Film and fashion in Shanghai: What (not) to wear during the cultural revolution

ABSTRACTRecent scholarship has challenged the assumption that China was an ocean of drab sartorial uniformity during the Cultural Revolution decade. This essay extends this tendency by asking what role cinema played in people's choices about what to wear. Based on data gathered in group interviews in Shanghai, it finds several tendencies: revolutionary history films inspired contemporary military-style clothing, but not only for political reasons; foreign films screened during the Cultural Revolution built up a mental archive of contemporary international fashion that was drawn upon as the strictures of the era were relaxed in the 1970s; and memories of films screened before 1966 provided another mental archive of retro-fashion possibilities, also drawn on as strictures were relaxed. Overall, our research demonstrates that even though socio-political frameworks always condition individual agency, even in the most difficult of times, individual agency continues to be exercised in the interstices of everyday life.

RiceMetaSysB: a database of blast and bacterial blight responsive genes in rice and its utilization in identifying key blast-resistant WRKY genes.

Nearly two decades of revolution in the area of genomics serves as the basis of present-day molecular breeding in major food crops such as rice. Here we report an open source database on two major biotic stresses of rice, named RiceMetaSysB, which provides detailed information about rice blast and bacterial blight (BB) responsive genes (RGs). Meta-analysis of microarray data from different blast- and BB-related experiments across 241 and 186 samples identified 15135 unique genes for blast and 7475 for BB. A total of 9365 and 5375 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in blast and BB RGs were identified for marker development. Retrieval of candidate genes using different search options like genotypes, tissue, developmental stage of the host, strain, hours/days post-inoculation, physical position and SSR marker information is facilitated in the database. Search options like ‘common genes among varieties’ and ‘strains’ have been enabled to identify robust candidate genes. A 2D representation of the data can be used to compare expression profiles across genes, genotypes and strains. To demonstrate the utility of this database, we queried for blast-responsive WRKY genes (fold change ≥5) using their gene IDs. The structural variations in the 12 WRKY genes so identified and their promoter regions were explored in two rice genotypes contrasting for their reaction to blast infection. Expression analysis of these genes in panicle tissue infected with a virulent and an avirulent strain of Magnaporthe oryzae could identify WRKY7, WRKY58, WRKY62, WRKY64 and WRKY76 as potential candidate genes for resistance to panicle blast, as they showed higher expression only in the resistant genotype against the virulent strain. Thus, we demonstrated that RiceMetaSysB can play an important role in providing robust candidate genes for rice blast and BB.

”Hei me itse nyt tehdään!”

Artikkelissa tarkastelemme, miten 1960- ja 1970-lukujen nuoruutta ja nuoruuden yhteisöjä muistellaan oppikoulujen teinikuntien ja vasemmistoradikaalin nuortaistolaisen liikkeen näkökulmasta. Niin Suomessa kuin muuallakin maailmassa 1960-luvun opiskelijaliike tempaisi mukaansa nuoria ja nuoria aikuisia eri yhteiskuntaluokista ja koulutusasteilta. “Ajan henki” aktivoi nuorisoa oppikoulujen teinikunnissa ja Suomen Teiniliiton piirissä, kun taas yliopistoissa opiskelijat liittyivät sankoin joukoin muun muassa taistolaisliikkeeseen. Molempia toimintamuotoja yhdistää toimijoidensa voimakas yhteisöllisyyden kokemus ja yhdessä tekemisen tärkeys. Artikkelissa pohdimme, miten ja millainen yhteisö ja yhteisöllisyys rakentuvat entisten teinikuntalaisten ja taistolaisessa liikkeessä toimineiden nuoruusmuistoissa. Painopiste on nuoruuden toiminnan ja yhteisön kuvauksessa, sillä muistot ovat täynnä yhdessä toimintaa: mielenosoituksia ja erilaisia tempauksia, lehtien myymistä, kokouksia ja opintopiirejä. Miten tätä nuoruuden aktiivista ja yhteisöllistä toimintaa muistellaan ja kerrotaan liki 50 vuotta myöhemmin?

Romantic Ireland’s dead and gone? How centenary publications are reshaping Ireland’s divided understanding of its decade of war and revolution, 1912–1923

Ireland is currently mid-way through its ‘decade of centenaries,’ the commemoration of its period of greatest political upheaval in recent history, which stretched from the signing of the Ulster So...

Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna after Two Hundred Years

Given the current challenges to European unity, in particular Russian aggression in Ukraine and dissent in the European Union over economic policy toward Greece, Europeans should remember that, two hundred years ago, they celebrated together a long-awaited peace, as their statesmen collaborated on a lasting settlement to solve territorial questions and ensure international stability. Revisiting the Congress of Vienna, however, is not an exercise in nostalgia. New works on the Congress underscore the critical international stakes in 1814 and 1815, following two decades of war and revolution, and reveal the complexity of the negotiations, political goals, and the unsettled nature of postwar Europe. The Congress was so successful in solving the existential problems of Europe that Europeans would not fight a comparable war against each other for another century—until the Great War in 1914. The challenges that Europe faced in the twentieth century suggest, in fact, that the type of collaborative diplomacy developed at the Vienna Congress remains essential to limit conflict.

The third decade of microfluidics

A graphical abstract is available for this content

Review Essay—Access to Justice in Post-Mao China: Assessing the Politics of Criminal and Administrative Law

Since the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution decade (1966–1976), post-Mao China has witnessed a sustained period of unprecedented legal reform. Criminal prosecutions and citizen lawsuits against the government, because they pit individual litigants against the authoritarian Chinese state, are two politically significant areas of law. We examine and critically assess the sociolegal scholarship on criminal and administrative legal reform as it has developed over the past few decades, with special attention to shifts in the conventional wisdom regarding legal reform and political liberalism in China and elsewhere. Additionally, we offer both theoretical and empirical suggestions for enhancing the explanatory power of sociolegal research in China.

Cuba and the New Origenismo (review)

Buckwalter-ARias, james. Cuba and New Origenismo. Woodbridge, Eng.: Tamesis, 2010. viii + 206 pp.James Buckwalter-Arias's Cuba and New Origenismo is a lucid, finely argued book that brings depth and perspective to scholarship on post-1989 Cuban literature. For a period whose cultural production, broadly defined, has been abundantly celebrated in popular and academic venues, this book invokes distinction of literary as a category and an aspiration. It reads reemergence of Origenes - literary movement that flourished in Cuba in 1940s and 1950s - in post-1989 writing as a repudiation of socialist imperatives that in first decades of Revolution, as now standard history tells us, privileged politically committed works. But new of narrative by Senel Paz, Jesus Diaz, Eliseo Alberto, Leonardo Padura, and Antonio Jose Ponte is rich with contradictions and unanswered questions, which Buckwalter-Arias elucidates with remarkable rhetorical eloquence and conceptual confidence. Indeed, like article on Reinscribing Aesthetic: Cuban Narrative and Post-Soviet Cultural Politics that author published in PMLA in 2005, Cuba and New Origenismo is notable for unusual elegance of its writing.Buckwalter-Arias's critique of 1990s origenismo finds prerevolutionary movement and its individual writers rehabilitated for what they represent politically - as emblems, that is, for a literature independent of State - rather than as models of style or form. Novels of 1990s have far less in common with Lezama's Paradiso, for example, than they do with more prosaic and historically situated works of socialist realism ostensibly favored by Revolution. At same time, Revolution as a negative force has an importance in 1990s writing that it lacked in Origenes movement, which was neither clear nor organized in its relationship to Castro's regime and cultural policies, while object of origenistas' more cohesive and sustained derision, namely US neocolonialism and the consumer-driven culture industry (8), is conspicuously spared censure in their recent revival. This silence connects to a more general failure on part of Cuban writers post-1989 to acknowledge material conditions that govern publication of their work: namely, those of transatlantic publishing market in which, Buckwalter-Arias proposes with careful nuance, works read as dissident, while not just commodities (160), carry a historically determined and economically advantageous appeal. This final argument is both crux of book and basis for its own vision of a new origenista literature that would transcend simple aesthetics versus ideology - or Lezama versus Guevara - binary and enter the realm of oppositional praxis (195).In some ways first and last chapters, on Paz's lobo, el bosque y el hombre uevo and Ponte's El libro perdido de los origenistas, are most interesting: first because it demonstrates where book's compelling narrative of rediscovery begins, and last where origenismo may lead. In a skillful dialogue with some of more strident criticisms of Paz's sexual politics, BuckwalterArias suggests that his story stands as a final but doomed attempt to reconcile Revolutionary teleology with notion of transcendence that origenistas had drawn from modernists and, in its more redemptive strain, from Catholicism. Ponte's essay enters narrative as an exception - inevitably, perhaps, Ponte being so deft a critic that he often seems to anticipate analyses of his work. Buckwalter-Arias, however, draws El libro perdido into a larger interrogation of origenistas' legacy precisely through loss that, for Ponte, is at core of their project: finding in his work a poetics of history, [a] means for mapping a historico-literary landscape that contributes at very least to task of conceptualizing current impasse (162). …

Legal Strategies in Upstream Oil and Gas Contracts to Attract Foreign Investment: Iran's Case

Legal Strategies in Upstream Oil and Gas Contracts to Attract Foreign Investment: Iran's Case

Latin America since independence: a history with primary sources

1. Independence Narratives, Past and Present 2. Caudillos versus the Nation State 3. Race and Citizenship in the New Republics 4. The Export Boom as Modernity 5. Signs of Crisis in a Gilded Age 6. Commerce, Coercion, and America's Empire 7. Power to the People 8. A Decade of Revolution in Cuba 9. Peru in an Age of Terror 10. A Right to Have Rights in the New Democracies 11. Bolivia's Left Turn Epilogue

Down the Alleyway: Courtyard Tenements and Women’s Networks in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing

This article examines the formation and operation of lower class women’s social network in the ghettoized courtyard neighborhood in early twentieth-century Beijing. Drawing evidence from criminal case files, the author argues that courtyard tenements provided a gendered urban space within which women formed, extended, and maintained a flexible and dynamic web of durable relationships. Motivated largely by individual circumstances and objectives, this neighborhood network remained personalized, individualized, and “ego-centered.” The network neither came into existence for any type of political movements nor did it entail wider female solidarity, but the physical geography of the courtyard tenements and the development of these neighborhood networks offered lower class women some immediate protections and buffers when they were under emotional, domestic, or economic crisis. This article argues that these interpersonal relationships forged within a complex urban space were an important resource to enable women to rise out of the intense state control and economic turmoil in the tumultuous decades of reform and revolution.