Decade In Females Research Articles

Mortality and cancer incidence in a population exposed to TCDD after the Seveso, Italy, accident (1976–2013)

ObjectivesThe Seveso accident (1976) caused the contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) in an area north of Milan, Italy. We report the results of the update of mortality and cancer incidence in...

Climate change is altering the physiology and phenology of an arctic hibernator.

Climate warming is rapid in the Arctic, yet impacts to biological systems are unclear because few long-term studies linking biophysiological processes with environmental conditions exist for this data-poor region. In our study spanning 25 years in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that climate change is affecting the timing of freeze-thaw cycles in the active layer of permafrost soils and altering the physiology of arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). Soil freeze has been delayed and, in response, arctic ground squirrels have delayed when they up-regulate heat production during torpor to prevent freezing. Further, the termination of hibernation in spring has advanced 4 days per decade in females but not males. Continued warming and phenological shifts will alter hibernation energetics, change the seasonal availability of this important prey species, and potentially disrupt intraspecific interactions.

The impact of long-term conditions on the progression of frailty.

To explore longitudinally the impact of multiple long-term conditions (LTCs) on frailty progression separately for males and females. A functional frailty measure (FFM) was used to examine putative determinants of frailty progression among participants aged 65 to 90 in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), across nine waves (18 years) of data collection. A multilevel growth model was fitted to measure the FFM progression over 18 years, grouped by LTC categories (zero, one, two and more). There were 2396 male participants at wave 1, of whom 742 (31.0%) had 1 LTC and 1147 (47.9%) had ≥2 LTCs. There were 2965 females at wave 1 of whom 881 (29.7%) had one LTC and 1584 (53.4%) had ≥2 LTCs. The FFM increased 4% each 10 years for the male participants with no LTCs, while it increased 6% per decade in females. The FFM increased with the number of LTCs, for males and females. The acceleration of FMM increases for males with one long-term health condition or more; however in females the acceleration of FMM increases when they have two LTCs or more. Frailty progression accelerates in males with one LTCs and females with two LTCs or more. Health providers should be aware of planning a suitable intervention once the elderly have two or more health conditions.

Trends of COPD in Spain: Changes Between Cross Sectional Surveys 1997, 2007 and 2017

IntroductionWe aim to describe the changes in prevalence and risk factors associated to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain, comparing three population-based studies conducted in three timepoints. MethodsWe compared participants from IBERPOC conducted in 1997, EPISCAN conducted in 2007 and EPISCAN II in 2017. COPD was defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1s/forced vital capacity) ratio <0.70, according to GOLD criteria; subsequently, also as the FEV1/FVC below the lower limit of normal (LLN). ResultsCOPD prevalence in the population between 40 and 69 years decreased from 21.6% (95% CI 20.7%–23.2%) in 1997 to 8.8% (95% CI 8.2%–9.5%) in 2017, a 59.2% decline (p<0.001).In 2007, the prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI 6.8%–8.7%) with an upward trend of 1.1 percentage points in 2017 (p=0.073). Overall COPD prevalence decreased in men and women, although a significant increase was observed in the last decade in females (p<0.05). Current smokers significantly increased in the last decades (25.4% in 1997, 29.1% in 2007 and 23.4% in 2017; p<0.001). Regrettably, COPD underdiagnosis was constantly high, 77.6% in 1997, 78.4% in 2007, and to 78.2% in 2017 (p=0.95), higher in younger ages (40–49 yrs and 50–59 yrs) and also higher in women than in men in all three studies (p<0.05). ConclusionsWe report a significant reduction of 59.2% in the prevalence of COPD in Spain from 1997 to 2017 in subjects aged 40–69 years. Our study highlights the significant underdiagnosis of COPD, particularly sustained in women and younger populations.

DXA-Based Detection of Low Muscle Mass Using the Total Body Muscularity Assessment Index (TB-MAXI): A New Index with Cutoff Values from the NHANES 1999-2004.

The aims of this study were to investigate age-related changes in total body skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM) and the between-limb asymmetry in lean mass in a large sample of adults. Demographic, anthropometric, and DXA-derived data of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants were considered. The sample included 10,014 participants of two ethnic groups (Caucasians and African Americans). The age-related decline of TBSMM absolute values was between 5% and 6% per decade in males and between 4.5% and 5.0% per decade in females. The adjustment of TBSMM for body surface area (TB-MAXI) showed that muscle mass peaked in the second decade and decreased progressively during the subsequent decades. The following thresholds were identified to distinguish between low and normal TB-MAXI: (i) 10.0 kg/m2 and 11.0 kg/m2 in Caucasian and African American females; and (ii) 12.5 kg/m2 and 14.5 kg/m2 in Caucasian and African American males. The lean asymmetry indices were higher for the lower limbs compared with the upper limbs and were higher for males compared with females. In conclusion, the present study proposes the TB-MAXI and lean asymmetry index, which can be used (and included in DXA reports) as clinically relevant markers for muscle amount and lean distribution.

Pyogenic Granuloma of Lower Lip: An Unusual Presentation

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign inflammatory hyperplasia of connective tissue. It depicts an overzealous tissue response to a known stimulus or injury and is commonly found in the gingiva, especially in the anterior maxilla, and rarely on lips, oral mucosa, and tongue. It is commonly seen during the second, third, and fourth decade in females, with predilection in the third decade. This case report depicts the unusual presentation of pyogenic granuloma of the lower lip in an 11-year-old male child following a positive history of trauma and lip biting, which was successfully managed by excision under local anesthesia.

Calf circumference: cutoff values from the NHANES 1999–2006

Calf circumference (CC) is used in geriatric studies as a simple and practical skeletal muscle (SM) marker for diagnosing low SM and sarcopenia. Currently applied CC cutoff points were developed in samples including older participants; values representative of the full adult lifespan are lacking. We aimed to develop CC cutoff points and to identify relevant confounding factors from the large and diverse NHANES 1999-2006 population sample. Demographic, anthropometric, and imaging data (DXA, appendicular lean mass) from the adult (age≥18 y) NHANES sample were partitioned into subgroups according to sex, age, ethnicity, and race. Adults aged 18-39 y and BMI (in kg/m2) 18.5-24.9 were set as a reference population; CC cutoff points were derived at 1 and 2 SDs below the mean. The sample included 17,789 participants, 51.3% males and 48.7% females, with respective ages (mean±SD) of 43.3±16.1 y and 45.5±16.9 y. CC was strongly correlated with appendicular lean mass, r=0.84 and 0.86 for males and females (both P<0.001), respectively. Significant differences in mean CC were present across sex, ethnic, self-reported race, and BMI groups. Adjusting CC for adiposity using BMI revealed a decrease in CC beginning after the second decade in males and third decade in females. Rounded CC cutoff values for moderately and severely low CC were 34 cm and 32 cm (males), and 33 cm and 31 cm (females), respectively. Our findings support the use of BMI-adjusted CC values for participants outside the normal-weight BMI range (18-24.9). This study defined CC values in a diverse population sample along with a BMI-adjustment approach that helps to remove the confounding effects of adiposity and thereby improves CC as a useful clinical estimate of SM mass.

Secular changes in the anthropometrics of Chilean workers and its implication in design.

Anthropometrics is very important when ensuring a physical match between end users and product or workstations. The purpose of this study are twofold, to provide anthropometric data for the design of products and to examine the secular changes in the adult Chilean workers in a period of more than 20 years. Nineteen anthropometric measurements from two samples from 1995 and 2016 were compared using independent t-test (95% confidence interval), where additionally absolute and relative differences were calculated. The secular trend observed for Stature is characterized by an increase average of 20mm and 10.5mm per decade for females and males, respectively. There is a positive secular trend for both genders, which is observed for most of the selected body measurements. The most pronounced increases were onWeight, Shoulder breadth, Body mass index, Popliteal height; Buttock-popliteal length and Hip width. Segmental dimensions that experienced a positive secular trend, together with Weight and Stature, are highly correlated with seating design, addressing the need to review products targeting Chilean adult workers, such as public transport seats, office furniture or industrial workplaces.

Benign breast disorders and diseases in rural Andhra Pradesh: A prospective study

Background: Throughout life period of female, breast is subjected to constant physical and physiological alterations that are related to puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. Benign breast diseases (BBD) constitute a heterogeneous group of breast lesions which include developmental abnormalities, inflammatory and granulomatous lesions, epithelial and stromal proliferations, and neoplasms.Methods: This is a prospective study of females with breast disease presenting to surgery department over a period of one year. Malignant cases or benign cases treated earlier are excluded from the study. In addition to detailed history, triple assessment including thorough clinical examination, imaging study and tissue biopsy was done to arrive at a diagnosis. Investigations included routine hematological in all patients and imaging (ultrasonography and mammography) in some.Results: Most common BBD is fibroadenoma followed by mastalgia, breast abscess and fibrocystic disease in our population. Commonest way of presentation was lump in breast followed by mastalgia and nipple discharge.Conclusion: Benign breast diseases are common problems of 2nd and 3rd decade in females and raises considerable fear of malignancy. The patients of BBDs generally present with one or more of these complaints–breast lump, breast pain or nipple discharge. All the patients with discrete breast lumps should undergo a triple assessment to make an early diagnosis.

Slow Gait, Subjective Cognitive Decline and Motoric Cognitive RISK Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Community Dwelling Older Adults.

Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome (MCR), slow gait speed (SG) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are known to be harbingers of dementia. MCR is known to be associated with a 3-fold increased risk of future dementia, while SG can precede cognitive impairment. We aim to determine the prevalence and demographics of MCR, slow gait alone (SG-A) and subjective cognitive decline alone (SCD-A) in community-dwelling older adults and association with physical, functional, cognition and psychosocial factors. A total of 509 participants were classified into four groups according to presence of SG and/or SCD. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with SG-A, SCD-A and MCR. The prevalence of MCR was 13.6%, SG-A 13.0% and SCD-A 35.0%. Prevalence of MCR doubled every decade in females with 27.7% of female ≥ 80 years old had MCR. Almost 4 in 10 had no SG or SCD (SG+SCD negative). MCR and SG-A groups were significantly older, had higher body mass index (BMI), lower education, lower global cognition scores especially in non-memory domains, higher prevalence of low grip strength and lower short physical performance battery scores than those with SCD-A and SG+SCD negative. In addition, the SG-A group had significantly higher prevalence of multi-morbidity and diabetes. The prevalence of pain, depression, frailty, social isolation and activity of daily living impairment were significantly higher in MCR. The global cognitive and functional scores for those with SCD-A were comparable to the SG+SCD negative group. The Malay ethnic group had the lowest prevalence of SCD but highest prevalence of SG. After adjusting for confounding factors, age, BMI, frailty status, instrumental activity of daily living, depression and pain remained significantly associated with MCR. For SG-A, age, BMI, education and number of chronic diseases remained significant. Both MCR and SG-A are associated with global cognitive decline especially in the non-memory domains and lower functional scores. Gait speed is a good predictor of negative outcomes and should be considered as the 'sixth' vital sign. Long term prospective studies are needed to evaluate: i) the conversion to dementia in different ethnic groups and ii) effect of targeted physical and / or dual task exercise on delaying the conversion to dementia and / or improvement in physical measures and reduction of disability.

Gender variation in age-related hearing loss using pure tone audiometry in city of Bengaluru

Background: Age-related hearing loss is one of the common reasons for disability in our population. There are many studies conducted to find a specific pattern of hearing loss correlating gender and age but have failed to prove a relation. Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain gender related hearing thresholds and to determine the rate of change in pure-tone hearing thresholds between genders. Materials and Methods: Subjects were selected after thorough history to exclude any past history of otorrhoea, usage of ototoxic drugs, head injury, and subjects exposed to noise at work place. Pure tone audiometric evaluation was conducted on 46 male and 54 female volunteers from Bengaluru. Hearing levels for frequencies of 0.25, 0.5. 1, 2, 4, and 8 KHz were determined using ARPHI 500 MK 1 audiometer. Results: The mean hearing ability increases from 17.82 dB at 0.5 KHz to 14.02 dB at 2 KHz in males and from 15.18 dB at 0.25 KHz to 12.50 dB at 1 KHz in females. The average rate of change in threshold was 0.30 dB per decade for males and 0.40 dB per decade for females at 0.25 kHz, increasing/decreasing gradually to 0.62 dB per decade for males and 0.27 dB per decade for females at 8 kHz. Women appear to have faster rate of change in of hearing at the lower frequency of 0.25 KHz. Men had significantly faster rates of threshold increase at 4 and 8 kHz than women. The rate of decline in hearing is faster in males compared to females. Conclusion: Our study has been able to find gender differences in hearing thresholds between genders and found that females have better hearing ability than males. It also found that rate of decline in hearing levels was faster in males compared to females.

Clinical, pathological and radiological correlative study of benign breast diseases in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Study of pattern of benign breast disease is a challenge due to variants in occurrence and presentation in different age groups and different geographical areas. The objective was to study the pattern of benign breast diseases and its clinical, pathological and radiological correlation.Methods: This is a prospective study of females with benign breast diseases presenting to surgery department. This work was done for studying the age distribution, to evaluate the different types of benign diseases of the breast, their mode of clinical presentation, pathology, to evaluate the accuracy of different modes of triple assessment and various modes of management for different types of Benign Breast Diseases. Patients with obvious malignancy and males were excluded from the study.Results: A total of 200 females were included in the study. Fibroadenoma (55%) was the commonest diseases with presenting mostly at 20-24years of age. Clinical examination had accuracy of 88%, USG had accuracy of 77.3%, FNAC had 93% and mammography had 83.33% accuracy foe diagnosing benign breast diseases.Conclusions: Benign breast diseases are common problems of 2nd and 3rd decade in females and raises considerable fear of malignancy. The patients of BBDs generally present with one or more of these complaints-breast lump, breast pain or nipple discharge. All the patients with discrete breast lumps should undergo a triple assessment to make an early diagnosis.

Extended compilation of autopsy-material measurements on lumbar ultimate compressive strength for deriving reference values in ergonomic work design: The Revised Dortmund Recommendations.

Measures of human physical capacity are required in ergonomic work design. To avoid biomechanical low-back overload, criteria are needed to differentiate load and overload. With respect to the evaluation of manual materials handling and similar physical exposures regarding potential overload, the compression component of the forces transferred via lumbar discs or vertebrae are compared with the ultimate compressive strength of lumbar-spine segments in a common biomechanical approach. As mechanical load-bearing capacity cannot be quantified directly in vivo, forces are applied to dissected spinal elements up to failure, which is interpreted as a measure of ultimate strength or tolerance to compression. Corresponding autopsy-material measurements were collected from literature and examined regarding several conditions: At the very minimum, a specimen consists of a complete vertebra or a disc including the adjacent endplates; failure is identified definitely as lumbar; compressive-force application is quasi-static; results are given as single values etc. This study continues previous collations, the latest is dated on 2001 including 25 usable out of 47 investigations totally. Currently, 66 newly discovered seemingly appropriate studies were collected via a systematic literature search, 11 of them were added for subsequent analysis. Nearly 4,000 values were compiled, 1,192 remained for analysis. Human lumbar ultimate compressive strength varies between 0.6 and 15.6 kN, mean and standard deviation are 4.84 ± 2.50 kN. For data originating from donors of specified gender and aged 20 years or more, the distributions are characterised by 6.09 ± 2.69 kN for male adults (n=305) and 3.95 ± 1.79 kN for female adults (n=205). According to a linear regression model for donors aged 20 years or more, strength significantly decreases with age: 10.43 kN minus 0.923 kN per 10 years of age for males and 7.65 kN minus 0.685 kN per decade for females. Based on these gendered age relations, the “Revised Dortmund Recommendations” were derived ranging between 5.4 kN for males aged 20 years and 2.2 kN for males of 60 years or more. The corresponding recommended limits for females amount to 4.1 and 1.8 kN, respectively. A specific safety margin was implemented for young adults up to 25 years of age as skeletal strength may not be fully developed. Due to the compression-related and biomechanical nature of this approach, other influences like shear or torsion as well as psychological or psychosocial risk factors remain unconsidered despite their undoubted importance for initiating complaints, disorders and diseases at the low-back region.

Title: Management of a Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma in a Male Patient

Peripheral ossifying fibroma is a solitary, benign, reactive gingival overgrowth frequently arising from the interdental papilla. It is commonly seen in second decade in females. It is usually painless and slow growing, commonly seen in the anterior aspects of the jaws. The etiopathogenesis of the peripheral ossifying fibroma is not clearly established and the treatment of the lesion includes complete surgical removal along with the removal of causative factors to prevent recurrence. We report a case of peripheral ossifying fibroma in a young male patient.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 01 No. 02 July’17. Page : 83-85

Pyogenic Granuloma: A Retrospective Analysis of Cases Treated Over a 10-Year.

BackgroundPyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion of the mucosa and skin. Recent studies of the epidemiology of PG are rare. We aimed to retrospectively analyze characteristics of PG cases in South Korea.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 155 patients treated for PG between March 2005 and May 2014. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.2 (70 males, 85 females). The mean age of patients was 35.3 years.ResultsA high occurrence was observed in the first and third decades in males, and the fourth to fifth decades in females. There was a statistically significant difference between genders according to age group (p<0.05). The average lesion diameter was 0.84±0.46 cm (long axis). The most frequently involved site was the face (n=47). Bleeding was the primary complication (n=41). PG was mostly treated with excisional biopsy (n=74). The recurrence rate was 7.7% (n=12).ConclusionWe concluded that most common site of PG was the face, the age of female with PG is higher than previous studies, and finger is associated with trauma more than other sites. The most recent epidemiological information on PG of this study will support the treatment and diagnosis of PG and future research objectives.

Clinicopathological study of benign breast diseases

Background: Study of pattern of benign breast disease is a challenge due to variants in occurrence and presentation in different age groups and different geographical areas. The objective is to study the clinical profile and pattern of benign breast disease and its pathological correlation. Methods: This is a prospective study of females with breast disease presenting to surgery department over a period of one year. This survey was mainly meant for studying the age distribution, to evaluate the different types of benign diseases of the breast, their mode of clinical presentation and pathology and to evaluate the various modes of management for different types of Benign Breast Diseases. Patients with obvious malignancy and males were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 100 females were included in the study. Fibroadenoma (37%) and fibroadenosis (23%) were the commonest diseases,both presenting mostly at 21-30years of age. Left side involvement was most common. The commonest presentation was breast lump which comprised 84 (84%) cases, out of which 26 (26%) had associated complaints like breast pain and nipple discharge. Conclusion: Benign breast diseases are common problems of 2nd and 3 rd decade in females and raises considerable fear of malignancy. The patients of BBDs generally present with one or more of these complaints – breast lump, breast pain or nipple discharge. All the patients with discrete breast lumps should undergo a triple assessment to make an early diagnosis.

Life Expectancy in 2040: What Do Clinical Experts Expect?

We use expert clinical and public health opinion to estimate likely changes in the prevention and treatment of important disease conditions and how they will affect future life expectancy. Focus groups were held including clinical and public health faculty with expertise in the six leading causes of death in the United States. Mortality rates and life tables for 2040 were derived by sex and age. Life expectancy at age 20 and 65 was compared to figures published by the Social Security Administration and to estimates from the Lee-Carter method. There was agreement among all three approaches that life expectancy at age 20 will increase by approximately one year per decade for females and males between now and 2040. According to the clinical experts, 70% of the improvement in life expectancy will occur in cardiovascular disease and cancer, while in the last 30 years most of the improvement has occurred in cardiovascular disease. Expert opinion suggests that most of the increase in life expectancy will be attributable to the already achieved reduction in smoking rates, especially for women.

Application of ICHD-II Criteria in a Headache Clinic of China

BackgroundChina has the huge map and the largest population in the world. Previous studies on the prevalence and classification of headaches were conducted based on the general population, however, similar studies among the Chinese outpatient population are scarce. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of 1843 headache patients enrolled in a North China headache clinic of the General Hospital for Chinese People's Liberation Army from October 2011 to May 2012, with the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD-II).Methods and ResultsPersonal interviews were carried out and a detailed questionnaire was used to collect medical records including age, sex and headache characteristics. Patients came from 28 regions of China with the median age of 40.9 (9–80) years and the female/male ratio of 1.67/1. The primary headaches (78.4%) were classified as the following: migraine (39.1%), tension-type headache (32.5%), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (5.3%) and other primary headache (1.5%). Among the rest patients, 12.9% were secondary headaches, 5.9% were cranial neuralgias and 2.5% were unspecified or not elsewhere classified. Fourteen point nine percent (275/1843) were given an additional diagnosis of chronic daily headache, including medication-overuse headache (MOH, 49.5%), chronic tension-type headache (CTTH, 32.7%) and chronic migraine (CM, 13.5%). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score of TTH with MOH was significantly higher than that of CTTH (6.8±2.0 vs 5.6±2.0, P<0.001). The similar result was also observed in VAS score between migraine with MOH and CM (8.0±1.5 vs 7.0±1.5, P = 0.004). The peak age at onset of TTH for male and female were both in the 3rd decade of life. However, the age distribution at onset of migraine shows an obvious sex difference, i.e. the 2nd decade for females and the 1st decade for males.Conclusions/SignificanceThis study revealed the characteristics of the headache clinic outpatients in a tertiary hospital of North China that migraine is the most common diagnosis. Furthermore, most headaches in this patient population can be classified using ICHD-II criteria.

Age-related volumetric changes in pancreas: a stereological study on computed tomography

(1) To explore age-related changes in the volume of the pancreas on computed tomography (CT) images calculated by the method of Cavalieri. (2) To investigate the relationship between these changes and body mass index (BMI), gender, abdominal diameter, abdominal skinfold thickness. We retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT examinations of 272 adults between the ages of 20-88years. There were seven groups of patients, with 40 patients (only ninth decade has 32 patients) for each decade. Pancreatic volume (PV) was found to be 63.68±15.08cm(3) in females, 71.75±15.99cm(3) in males (mean value of both groups, 67.71±16.03cm(3)). Maximum value of PV was found in the fourth decade in females, males and also for mean of both groups (73.50, 84.21 and 78.85cm(3), respectively). PV remained constant until ~60years of age. Thereafter, it gradually decreased in both genders. There was a negative correlation between PV and age (p<0.001, r: -0.473). We found positive correlation between PV and BMI, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), transverse abdominal diameter (TAD), anterior subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (ASAT), posterior subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (PSAT), bilateral subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses (BSAT). Quantitative data may allow clinicians to better estimate age-related PV changes and help them in decision making.

Cancer profile in Kolar: A ten years study

Cancer profile varies in different regions and depends on race, lifestyle and diet. The study of a cancer profile helps to know the common cancers in a particular population, its probable risk factors and also helps in cancer control programs. To study the cancer profile at Kolar, based on Pathology Department records. Retrospective study from January 1997 to December 2006. Cancer cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathology in the Department of Pathology were included in the study. The relevant history, clinical findings, and sociodemographic information of each case was retrieved from hospital records. Descriptive statistics. Out of a total of 19,615 cases reported at the Department of Pathology, 2,744 (13.98%) were cancer cases. The peak incidence was in the fifth decade in females and the seventh decade in males. Male : Female ratio was 0.7 : 1. Overall there was a steady rise in the number of cases from year 1997 to 2006. The top ten cancers in males were of oral cavity, stomach, esophagus, bone, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), prostate, liver, larynx, penis, and Hodgkin's disease / bladder and those in females were oral cavity, cervix, breast, stomach, esophagus, thyroid, ovary, bone, rectum, and melanoma. Oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal cancers predominated in both genders. In females, cervical cancer predominated over breast cancer. Thyroid cancers were relatively more common in this region especially in females.