Debt In Capital Structure Research Articles

Revisiting the puzzle of capital structure determinants: an empirical study based on UK firms

PurposeThis study aims to measure impact of several firm-specific factors on alternative measures of leverage. The authors also aim to study impact of the subprime crisis on such associations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilized an unbalanced panel data of 973 firm-year observations on 47 UK listed non-financial firms for the years 1990–2019. Book-based and market-based long-term and total leverage measures have been used as explained variables. The explanatory variables are profitability, size, two measures of growth, asset tangibility, non-debt tax shields, firm age and product uniqueness. Fixed effect and random effect models with clustered robust standard errors have been utilized for data analysis. To find the effect of subprime crisis, original dataset was split to create pre-crisis and post-crisis datasets.FindingsThe authors find that profitability significantly reduces leverage while firms having more tangible assets use significantly more debt in capital structure. Firm size and non-debt tax shield have statistically insignificant positive impact on leverage. Having more unique products reduces use of external debt, albeit insignificantly. Growth, when measured as market-to-book ratio, has inconsistent impact, whereas capital expenditure insignificantly reduces leverage. Age is found to be an insignificant predictor of leverage. After the subprime crisis, firms started relying more on internal fund instead of external debt, more particularly short-term debt. Having more collateral is gradually becoming more important for availing external debt.Research limitations/implicationsData limitations restrict generalization of the findings.Originality/valueThis is one of the pioneering attempts to show how subprime crisis altered the theoretical domain of capital structure research in the UK.

The role of capital structure management in maintaining the financial stability of hotel firms during the pandemic—A global investigation

Due to the detrimental effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the hotel sector, pandemic crisis management research has received lots of academic attention, from studies in sales-marketing to human resource management. However, financial management has been largely overlooked in the agenda of pandemic crisis management and hotel resilience. Therefore, this paper aims to address the research gap by exploring the role of capital structure management in maintaining financial stability and resilience capacities of hotel firms during this evolving and unpredictable Covid-19 pandemic. Using a database of 1882 firm-quarter observations of 196 hotel firms in 30 countries from Quarter 3 2018 to Quarter 2 2021, it is found that low debt capital structure mitigates the adverse impact of the pandemic on hotel firms’ financial stability during this turbulent time; particularly the negative impacts caused by government restrictions on both domestic and international travel. The benefit of low debt levels is more pronounced for more vulnerable hotels such as small, less diversified, and slow growing hotel firms. Also, hotel firms that have less long-term debt are more financial stable and resilient during pandemic period. Research outcomes suggest that financial management, in particular capital structure policies should be a critical part of hotel resilience building and crisis management strategy for hotel firms.

The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Capital Structure of Domestic Companies

The choice of the optimal capital structure is one of the biggest challenges that the company’s top management faces due to the fact that the right strategy secures the company’s financial stability, sustainable development and capital-raising potential. This study aims at establishing a connection between the capital structure of Russian companies and corporate governance. Literature background of the paper consists of foreign and Russian authors’ works in the field of behavioral finance. Observations from 60 Russian companies were employed in the study. The major findings obtained by economic and mathematical modeling are as follows: 1. positive connection was established between the size of board of directors, number of independent directors and debt in capital structure; 2. positive connection between CEO’s age and short-term debt in capital structure; 3. no correlation between gender of directors and debt. The findings of this study may be used for determining the optimal capital structure strategy. Moreover, this information may be taken into account by top-management, directors, etc. for internal valuation of a company’s operations including sound valuation of the corporate governance factors that influenced the company’s capital structure.

DEBT EQUITY AND SHARE PRICE PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED IN NIGERIA

This study examined the impact of debt equity ratio on the share price performance of manufacturing firms listed in Nigeria between 2010 and 2019. The study adoptedan ex-post facto research design. A sample size of fifteen (15) listed manufacturing firms was used while panel regression models estimated using fixed effect model and random effect model, while the result of the Hausman test was utilized to select the appropriate model between fixed effect model and random effect model.The findings of the study reveals that the total debt to equity ratio is negative and significant influence on performance of share price {Coef. = -0.009 P-value > 0.05}. Return on Assets is also seen to be positive and significantly influence the performance of share price of listed manufacturing firm in Nigeria {Coef = 2.428 P-value = 0.000}. However, Size of firm {Coef. = -0.019 P-value = 0.344} is seen to have negative but insignificant effect on the performance of share price. The study therefore recommended that firm manager should cautious while using debt finance. Firm manager should consider the consequences of debt finance before making capital structure decision. They are supported to identify the optimum debt level and ensure that they are no use excessive amount of debt in capital structure.

STRATEGY FOR THE FORMATION OF OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE WITH SWOT ANALYSIS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSECTORS COMPANIES

<p><em>This study aims to determine the optimal capital structure formation in pharmaceutical sub-sector companies during the period 2014 - 2019 by analyzing profitability, dividend policy, and the SWOT matrix model by analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and being the basis for formulating various alternatives. These strategies can be carried out by company management. The company's profitability is not optimal; the company can still distribute dividends. And the results of the study illustrate that the capital structure of the pharmaceutical sub-sector company is not yet optimal. The average proportion of long-term debt capital structure of pharmaceutical sub-sector companies is 18.43% debt and 81.57% equity. Calculation of company value from 2014 - 2019 using the Modigliani Miller approach with a debt proportion of 0% - 100% shows that the highest company value of pharmaceutical sub-sector companies is in the composition of 30% debt and 70% equity. The total WACC averages 47% of the debt. By producing a WACC of 1.92% - 16.89% with a total average WACC of 10%. By considering the WACC, it is concluded that the optimal capital structure for the average pharmaceutical sub-sector company is in the composition of 30% to 60% of the debt.</em><em> </em><em>Meanwhile, the average WACC is 11.10%, and with financial distress, the average WACC value is 10%. Based on considering the company value and WACC above, the capital structure of the pharmaceutical sub-sector company is not optimal. The optimal capital structure will result in high Firm Value and the lowest cost of capital. The results of this study have implications for financial performance, capital structure, firm value, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and SWOT analysis, which need to be optimized to achieve optimal capital structure.</em><em></em></p>

Capital Structure Determinants of Shariah-Compliant Firms: Evidence from the MENA Region

Capital structure choice is vital in corporate financial management due to its effect on both investors' risk and return. Despite the various research that has investigated factors affecting the capital structure of companies, only a few studies have started to examine the capital structure of Shari'ah-compliant companies, especially in the MENA region. Indeed, the screening requirements for which shari'ah-compliant must adhere can affect their capital structure determinants. Hence, under those conditions, this study aims to determine the factors influencing the capital structure of a shari'ah-compliant listed firm in five MENA region countries. The importance of investigating shariah-complaint companies capital structure emanates from the financial constraints on their debt capital structure. Accordingly, this study utilizes static panel data techniques on a sample consisting of Shari'ah-compliant firms over the period 20102018. The findings of this study were consistent with several previous studies as well as the theoretical background of capital structure determinants mainly, the trade-off and the pecking order theory. Our results give insight to managers on what determines their capital structure under shari'ah screening methodologies. However, more insight can be drought from the capital structure of shari'ah-compliant firms by extending the research into industry specifics.

Growth of Fixed Capital Investments in the Regional Economy by Increasing Debt Financing

An increase in fixed capital investments is necessary for accelerating the growth of the Russian regions and the economy as a whole and requires increased financial resources. The paper considers the possibility of increasing financial resources of regional companies by attracting additional debt financing. The proposed methodology determines the potential demand for debt financing, considering the performance requirements ensuring financial stability. The paper analyses how an increase in debt financing influences credit rating of a company as well as the cost of debt financing attraction. Unlike other works, this paper considers the debt capital structure of companies. Additionally, the study proposes a methodology for identifying changes in the coefficient of interest coverage (that affects credit rating of companies) depending on various debt financing structures. The application of the developed methodology allowed determining the potential increase in debt financing, which is necessary for the investment of regional companies. Debt financing can increase by 1.7 times (43.5 trillion roubles) in Russia in general, 1.4 times in the Sverdlovsk region, 2 times in the Tyumen region, and 1.6 times in the Chelyabinsk region. There are no opportunities to increase debt financing in the Kurgan region. A reduction in interest rates on loans to non-financial companies allows expanding debt financing of the Russian economy without lowering the credit rating. The study results can be used to determine the potential demand for debt financing from companies, industries, regions and the economy as a whole. Further research may consider the validity of the policy of high interest rates on loans to non-financial companies for achieving high economic growth.

The role of debt financing in the relationship between capital structure, firm’s value, and macroeconomic factors: To throw caution to the wind

The role of debt in capital structure and firms' performance has a great novelty in reducing market imperfections that improve firms' value. This study integrated the qualitative and quantitative aspects of capital structure and firms' performance in 56 stock exchange-listed companies of Jordan by using the time series data from 2012 to 2016. The results confirmed the "stewardship theory," "pecking order theory," and "concentrated ownership theory," while contractionary monetary instruments diffuse the recessionary phase in a country. The results confirmed a U-shaped relationship between debt and Tobin's Q in mediation with the country's per capita income. In contrast, an inverted U-shaped relationship found between market capitalization and a firm's performance in intervention with domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCPFS). These results are essential in the light of CG theories to stabilize the firm's internal and external issues, which are further optimized by government financial agencies to energize macroeconomic policies for sustained growth.

Dividend payout policy of Shariah compliant firms: Evidence from United States

This paper investigates the effects of religious screening on payout behavior of US firms. Shariah compliant (SC) indices serve as suitable sample as they are emerging as alternative investment class in the last two decades. Through an analysis of a sample of US firms belonging to Dow Jones proprietary database for the period 2006–2018, this study provides evidence that SC firms are more prone to make total payout, cash dividends and repurchases. We use panel logistic regressions with industry and year fixed effects. The findings reveal that the drivers of higher propensity of total payout are higher profitability, higher retained earnings, lower debt capital structure and lower asset growth. The factors that contribute to likelihood of paying higher cash dividends are higher profitability, lower governance levels and lower market/book assets ratio. Moreover, better governance, lower asset growth and lower equity/assets increase the propensity of SC firms to make higher repurchases. These findings are important contribution to the Islamic corporate finance and dividend policy literature.

CORPORATE LEVERAGE TRANSMISSION UNDER INFORMATION ASYMMETRY: EVIDENCE FROM NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS OF PAKISTAN

The study aims to examine the relation between capital structure and information asymmetry. For this purpose, pooled OLS and fixed effect model regression techniques are used for empirical analysis of the study. The annual data has been taken from analysis of Pakistan Stock Exchange listed companies' balance sheet published by State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) from the period of 2006 to 2015.The result depicts a noticeable increase of debt in capital structure as a result of an increase in information asymmetry and it also shows the consistency with pecking order theory. Firm follows the hierarchical patterns of financing and the results are robust against different econometric techniques. The key findings also give some suggestions to increase the tendency of funds raising through debt financing when market has information asymmetry.Keywords: Information asymmetry, Corporate Leverage, Pecking Order HypothesisJEL Classification: G3DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9710

Debt Capital Structure and Credit Information Sharing: Evidence on Listed Firms from an Emerging Market

ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of credit information sharing on debt financing structure of listed firm on the Ghana Stock Exchange market between 2003 and 2013. Employing a panel data of 20 listed non-financial firms in Ghana in robust ordinary least squares, random effect and fixed effect models, findings are presented on how information sharing affect debt financing structure. Findings show that information sharing, coverage quality and the presence predominantly promote short-term debt financing options while these at the same time detract long-term debt financing options. While the positive nexus between credit information sharing and short-term debt financing confirms the information asymmetry and information sharing theories, We attribute the negative nexus between credit information sharing and long-term debt financing options to the shallow and weak nature of credit information sharing activities and institutions; hence making it difficult to permeate risks and uncertainties surrounding long-term financing options. This is an indication that credit information can increase access to debt financing for firms. These findings imply that policymakers must enact policies and laws that deepen, expand and enhance the coverage and quality of credit information in order for the full potency of information sharing can be realized on the debt financing structure of firms.

Analysis of Institutional Factors Affecting Share Prices: The Case of National Stock Exchange

This study offers empirical findings on the impact of institutional variables on firm’s stock market price performance. In order to identify the influence of companies financial on NIFTY 50 Index, our sample consists of balanced panel of 30 actively traded companies (that becomes the study’s index representative) over a massive transition period, 1995–2014. Attempts have been made with a wide range of econometric models and estimators, from the relatively straightforward to (static) more complex (dynamic panel analyses) to deal with the relevant econometric issues. Results indicate that increasing debt in capital structure does not establish any significant relation with the stock prices. Earnings per share (EPS) shows a poor explanation of price variation. Economic value added (EVA) indicates a positive relation with current as well as previous year’s stock price performances. However, dividend payout (DIVP) and dividend per share (DPS) achieve negative relationship at moderately significant level. The present study confirms that performance of companies fundamental ratios will be essential and immensely helpful to investors and analysts in assessing the better stocks that belong to different industry groups.

Determinanty struktury kapitału przedsiębiorstw notowanych na GPW w Warszawie. Sektor usług

The rules shaping the capital structure are major issues relating to corporate finance. Although, there are many studies, there is no conclusive outcome which theory best explains the behavior of enterprises. The aim of this study is to verify whether company’s capital structure depends on the share of fixed assets in total assets, the size and growth of a company, its profitability, liquidity and size of a non-debt tax shield. The significance of the impact of various factors on the debt of a company was investigated using linear panel models. Data for the analysis come from the financial statements of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, belonging to the service sector (sample size: 158), for the years 1998–2012. It was found that the share of the debt in capital structure decreases when share of the tangible assets in total assets, size and profitability of the enterprise grow. The impact of the other factors was not found. It seems that shaping the capital structure of the studied companies is best explained by the pecking order theory.

KEBIJAKAN RESTRUKTURISASI UTANG MELALUI DEBT TO EQUITY SWAP

This research aim to obtain the understanding about debt restructuring to improve the efficiency and its productivity. An essential difference between these and the usual swapping of debt into equity is that the former allow a wider range of aplications. The firm’s owner have the option of choosing the sequence of restructuring negotiation with the creditors. The firm can combine the existing models, which is certainly with the agreement of the creditor and investor. This research has studied the choice of debt restructuring model carried out by PT X which is caused by the fact that the companies have difficulty paying their debts. Data collecting methods were conducted through literature study and field research from financial report of PT X. The result of this research indicate that PT X should choose debt for equity swap by converting their debt for equity swap that which giving lower cost of capital. By choosing debt for equity swap enable to change the liability profile from one to the other type, to create a more optimal capital structure debt equity and equity debt in what is called recapitalisation. Decision of converting their debt for equity swap will cause PT X be a mojority shareholder and increase the ability to compete with other aluminium company.

The Puzzle of Zero Debt Capital Structure in Emerging Capital Markets

Kokoreva Maria Sergeevna - assistant professor, lecturer, HSE Higher School of Economics, deputy head of the school of finance, researcher of the scientific and educational laboratory of corporate finance, director of the joint educational program for the preparation of bachelors in the direction of "Economics" USU and HSE.
 E-mail: maria_kokoreva@mail.ru
 This study investigates the puzzle of zero-debt on in developing markets using a sample of firms from Eastern Europe during 2000-2013. The results of this paper are in line with the previous research of firms from developed markets. Firms that are financially constrained do not use debt as a result of credit rationing w. While financially unconstrained firms intentionally eschew debt to maintain financial flexibility and avoid underinvestment incentives. Furthermore, this study provides new insights on into unconstrained firms’ performance during different economic situations. Firms that strategically avoid debt show better financial results than levered firms.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ ЛЕВЕРИДЖ ТА СТРУКТУРА КАПІТАЛУ СУЧАСНИХ ТНК: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ КЛАСТЕРНИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ

The cluster analysis applying the k-means method has been carried out. The analysis allowed discovering statistical features on financial leverage and capital structure of explored MNEs considering their industrial specificity as well. Clusterization was performed by thee criteria: the level of debt ratio; the level of direct financial leverage by means of the pair linear regression factor reflecting the influence of debt ratio on ROI; the level of indirect financial leverage by means of the pair linear regression factor reflecting the influence of short-term debt ratio on current market stock price. Three persistent models of financial leverage have been revealed and quantitatively identified. The model of reverse financial leverage implies the existence of reverse effect either from direct or indirect financial leverage as well as the low share of debt in capital structure. This model is typical for oil industry, mostly typical for pharmaceutical and mining industries and partially typical for electronics and food industries. The highest direct financial leverage model can be distinguished by the second highest among clusters (but-positive) average value of indirect financial leverage effect and the highest direct financial leverage effect among clusters. The level of debt usage in this model is relatively high. It describes only MNEs having not typical values of clusterization criteria. This did not allow to make sectoral generalizations. The highest debt model implies the use of the largest share of debt in their capital structure. This model shows the average positive effect of indirect financial leverage and the minimal reverse effect of direct financial leverage. It is typical for wholesale trade MNEs and mostly typical for utilities, telecommunications and motor vehicles corporations.

Effect of ownership concentration on capital structure: evidence from the MENA region

Purpose – This paper aims to document how does ownership concentration, a proxy for agency conflicts, affect capital structure of firms in emerging markets. Agency relationship between insiders and outsiders has the potential to influence corporate decision-making which, in turn, impacts firm characteristics such as leverage. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses pooled regression analysis to document the effect of ownership concentration on capital structure in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region (Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Kuwait and Bahrain), during the period between 2005 and 2009. Findings – The authors show that ownership concentration negatively affects capital structure. The results also show that for a given level of ownership concentration, the proportion of debt in capital structure goes up as information asymmetries decrease. Finally, the results show that for a given ownership concentration, it is the growth firms with low information asymmetries that have a higher proportion of debt in capital structure. Research limitations/implications – The authors argue that information asymmetries associated with ownership concentration minimize the ability of firms to raise debt, thereby resulting in a negative relationship between ownership concentration and capital structure. Furthermore, reluctance on the part of controlling shareholders to accumulate excess leverage to minimize non-diversifiable risk also negatively influences capital structure. Originality/value – Most of the prior studies on the relationship between ownership concentration and capital structure have been conducted in relatively more developed markets. An important market that has failed to attract attention regarding this issue is the MENA. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap by documenting the relationship between the two in the MENA region.

Impact of ownership structure on capital structure of New Zealand unlisted firms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use a panel of New Zealand unlisted firms from 1998 to 2009 to examine the relationship between ownership structure and firm leverage ratios. Although, the choice of the debt in capital structure is important for all firms, the scale effects may influence the degree of influence of particular financial theories upon capital structure. Design/methodology/approach – To control the endogeneity effect of insider ownership, this study uses the dynamic panel generalised method of moment estimation and uses the Granger causality test to check the causality effect of leverage and insider ownership. Findings – The findings suggest an inverse U-shape relationship of insider ownership and leverage, indicating higher insider ownership increases management entrenchment while lower insider ownership increases misalignment of the interests of management and owners. Moreover, this study finds bi-directional causation between insider ownership and firm leverage ratios. Practical implications – Finance policy needs to vary across firm type, industries and firm characteristics and should match the different borrowing requirements of small business. Originality/value – This paper contributes to literature by investigating whether the structure of equity ownership can impact cross-sectional variations in capital structure. Moreover, most of the capital structure research has been conducted in large markets like USA and publicly listed firms but this paper concentrates on the evidence from New Zealand unlisted businesses. Also, the econometric analysis is more robust due to controlling for the endogeneity effect of insider ownership.

Shareholder and Management Features in the Context of Behavioural Characteristics, Effects and Life Cycle**

Prerequisites of agent’s limited rationality are defined, when their choice is influenced by preferences, last events, emotional characteristics. An impact of behavioral characteristics on making decision in case of limited rationality of the agent is considered. For example, overconfidence managers encourage an increase in debt in capital structure of the company and overinvestment. The conflicts of interests for the Russian companies with ownership concentration are analyzed. Moreover ownership concentration – is a necessary measure of shareholders protection, not always have a negative effect on financial economic results. Behavioral features and agency problems vary at life cycles of the company. The algorithm of transition from one life stage to another in accordance with determined risks, agency problems and drivers is developed. The challenge to stimulate managers for increase of productivity and their decisions is determined. This article presents investigation a motivation and an encouragement of management; defined behavioral characteristics in the way of incentives; behavioral stereotypes in stimulation methods are presented.

Importance of Debt in Capital Structure and PSO in Pakistan

I have conducted my research on the importance of debt in capital structure. Capital structure is a considerable issue for financial managers. They think about the sources of financing that which source should be used? And how much? A capital structure with the best combination of its components can increase value of the firm. There are three main components in capital structure, but the debt has more importance. The source of data which is used in the research is secondary source. The topic is an analytic type, therefore, secondary data is considered more important as compare to primary data. Companies from Oil and Gas sector in Pakistan are taken as sampling units in the research. These companies are Pakistan State Oil Ltd, Shell Pakistan Ltd, and Pak Petroleum Ltd. The results came from the analysis clearly indicates that debt financing plays key role in the value of the company. By increasing debt finance up to some extent, weighted average cost of capital decreases and value of the company increases. It is also found that there is positive correlation between debt, profit and earning per share. Dependency is concerned; dependent variables discussed in the research vary with change in independent variable (Debt). Financial managers can easily take benefits from this research while setting optimal capital structure for the company.