Death Drive Research Articles

Ambulatory assessment of suicidal ambivalence: The temporal variability of the wish to live and the wish to die and their relevance in the concurrent and prospective prediction of suicidal desire.

Suicidal ambivalence is increasingly understood as the result of the interplay of two conflicting motivational orientations, the wish to die (WTD) and wish to live (WTL). However, research is scarce regarding the nature of their relationship, their temporal structure, and their relevance in predicting suicidal desire. Fifty psychosomatic/psychiatric inpatients (17 reporting suicide attempts) took part in an intensive longitudinal design with 10 signal-contingent prompts per day over 10 days; assessing WTD, WTL, and suicidal desire. We calculated mean values and variability of WTD, WTL, suicidal ambivalence, and suicidal desire and tested mixed-effects models of suicidal desire. The mean number of answered prompts was 40.98 (SD = 21.68). Repeated-measures correlation of WTD and WTL was r = -0.60. Patients with a history of suicide attempts reported higher WTD, lower WTL, more suicidal ambivalence, stronger suicidal desire, and showed higher variability in all constructs. At the same assessment, WTD was the strongest statistical predictor of suicidal desire. Only WTL and the interaction of WTD and WTL predicted suicidal desire prospectively. Wish to die and WTL are likely two distinct (although correlated) constructs that should not be reduced to a single ambivalence score. A stronger focus on WTL holds potential for suicide research and practice.

Psychoanalytic Interpretation of the Killings by Javed Iqbal Mughal aka Kukri

The current case study article is an attempt to interpret the killings by notorious serial killer of Pakistan, Javed Iqbal Mughal aka “Kukri” via a psychoanalytic prism. For this purpose, facts about the case were collected from authentic secondary sources (like international news reports, books and encyclopaedic works) and analyzed. It utilized case study method. The analysis reveals that he was a homosexual paedophile sex offender who was a psychopath and megalomaniac. He had a high need for dominance and control. Before the precipitating event, he was dominated by his sexual drive and was using his ability to fulfil it by creating opportunities of encounter with his preferred sex objects. But in response to the attack, he developed a very strong vengeance fantasy and due to a lack of superego, he was dominated by death instinct and executed his vengeance fantasy. It appears that what forced him to complete this process was his desire of fame that was present even before he was attacked by a masseur but was intensified as it glorified his revenge. This article revels the psychological process that manifested in the killings by Javed Iqbal and explains the phenomenon in context of the thinking and behaviors of a psychopath.

Dynamic association between suicidal ambivalence and suicide risk among individuals with a history of suicide attempts.

Suicide risk is highly fluctuating. There is a need for predictors of short-term change in suicide risk to optimize risk assessment and treatment, especially among individuals who already attempted suicide. Based on 1776 daily assessments of 16 former psychiatric inpatients with a history of suicide attempts, we examined how suicidal ambivalence and, respectively, wish to die (WTD) and wish to live (WTL) predicted same-day and change in perceived suicide risk (i.e., next-day perceived suicide risk, controlled for same-day perceived suicide risk) in multilevel regression models. Additionally, based on the assumptions of nonlinear dynamics, we examined the associations between levels of fluctuations in the WTD/WTL and perceived suicide risk within the same time period. Suicidal ambivalence, WTD, and a WTL significantly correlated with same-day suicide risk. Suicidal ambivalence and WTD significantly predicted change in suicide risk. Fluctuations in WTD were significantly associated with concurrent suicide risk. The results suggest that suicidal ambivalence and WTD are drivers of suicide risk among individuals who already attempted suicide. The association between fluctuations in WTD and suicide risk was small and warrants further investigation on the practical utility as a warning sign.

Torn between living or dying-analyses of influencing factors on suicide ambivalence and its longitudinally impact on suicidal ideation and behavior in a high-risk sample.

Findings on the role of suicide ambivalence, an individual's wish to live (WL), and wish to die (WD) in the development of suicidality have been heterogenous. The main goal of this study was to examine associations of these constructs within the past week with sociodemographic factors and to longitudinally investigate their predictive power for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). N = 308 patients (54% female; M = 36.92 years, SD = 14.30), admitted to a psychiatric ward due to suicidality, were assessed for all constructs after admission, after six, nine, and 12 months. Data were analyzed with univariate fixed-effect models and lagged mixed-effect regression models. Decreased, WL increased post-baseline. Gender showed no significant link to ambivalence, WD, and WL. Ambivalence and WD correlated negatively with age and positively with depressiveness. More participants in a relationship showed a WL compared with single/divorced/widowed participants. More single participants or those in a relationship showed ambivalence than divorced/widowed participants. More single participants showed a WD than participants in a relationship/divorced/widowed. Longitudinally, ambivalence and WD predicted SI and SA. The findings underscore the importance of taking suicide ambivalence and WD into account in risk assessment and treatment.

Risk and protective factors of a wish to die and suicidal ideation in community-dwelling, older, Flemish adults: results of the Belgian ageing studies

Objectives This study aims to increase the understanding of suicidality in older adults by investigating the prevalence, characteristics, risk and protective factors of suicidal phenomena in community-dwelling older adults (60+) in Flanders, specifically of a current wish to die (WTD) and lifetime suicidal ideation and behaviour (LSIB). Method Cross-sectional data from the Belgian Ageing Studies (BAS) is used (N = 3050). The BAS aims to monitor the needs and quality of life of community-dwelling older adults through a standardised survey. Statistical methods used are bivariate analyses and binary logistic regression. Results Prevalence rates of 4.8% for WTD and 8.2% for LSIB are found. LSIB is the biggest predictor of a current WTD, followed by requiring support on three domains, elder abuse, depression and subjective cognitive complaints, and elder abuse were significant risk factors for both WTD and LSIB. Limited effects of protective factors were found. Conclusion Previous research regarding risk factors to be confirmed in this study, and new insights on the effect of elder abuse, subjective indicators of cognitive complaints and requiring support are added. Further research into protective factors and underlying mechanisms is required.

“(The) Play’s the Thing”: Shakespearean drama as an end in itself

Drama, more obviously than other genres of art, is a form of play; and play, according to Johan Huizinga, is essentially autotelic, or not a means to an end. Shakespeare’s plays are trivialised if they are seen essentially as means to other ends. Science conceives of the material world as an endless chain of causes, just as utilitarianism demands that all human artefacts and endeavours take their place on an eternal chain of purposes. This model devalues all its elements, for they acquire their worth only in terms of what appears next along the chain, never in or of themselves. The model is also counter-intuitive, since human experience values things, people and events differently from one another. Some items give us more pause than others; a few invite us to lose ourselves, as a child becomes lost in a game. Drama asks an audience to play along with its playing actors, pointlessly. If there is a point – moral or utilitarian – it is a mere side effect. A play, like Cleopatra’s hopping, is a digression from the straight journey of human lives toward death; and, as Freud suggests in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, detours are the only places in which the life drive makes any inroads into the death instincts’ relentless onward progress. Shakespeare’s dramatic works not only demonstrate play, and hook their audiences into the delightful, terrifying and all-absorbing world of (the) play, but they also provide a metanarrative about play, playing with the idea of playing. This essay resists the tendency to interpret Shakespeare’s dramatic works pragmatically, and instead shows, with examples from comedies and romances, especially The Tempest and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and from tragedies including King Lear, Macbeth, Hamlet and Antony and Cleopatra, how they refuse to be means toward other ends, but “play till doomsday”, throwing reflective aspects up to their audiences and defying the puritans to stop them as they do so.

Eksistensi Kematian sebagai Akhir: Thanatos dan Eros dalam Ziarah Karya Iwan Simatupang (Perspektif Psikoanalisis Freudian)

This article explores personality dynamics in Indonesian literature by taking the theme of death in the novel Ziarah by Iwan Simatupang (1969). The concept of 'Thanatos and Eros' from Freudian psychoanalytic research is understood as the relationship between instincts in human behavior, which are described as conflicting settings, namely the death instinct and the life instinct. This research uses a qualitative description method and a content analysis method in the form of presenting data in the form of words and sentences taken from the novel Ziarah by Iwan Simatupang (1969) on the aspects of Thanatos (death instinct), eros (life instinct) and anxitas (anxiety). The research techniques used are literature review, note-taking, and data processing techniques. Thus, research into personality dynamics in the novel Ziarah by Iwan Simatupang obtained six data on Thanatos (death instinct), five data on eros (life instinct), and one data on anxitas (anxiety). Thanatos (death instinct) data emphasizes the death instinct in the form of aggression and suicidal actions in the Painter character, the Young and Old Operative character, and the Mayor character. The eros data (life instinct) emphasizes the sexual instinct in the painter's characters and the non-sexual instinct (lamentation poetry) in fulfilling physical needs such as feelings of hunger, thirst, work, and others. Anxiety data emphasizes the anxiety of death in the painter's character.

Arzu ve Karanlığın Melodileri: Morte a Venezia ve La Pianiste Filmlerinde Film Müziği Yoluyla Eros ve Thanatos'un Kişileştirilmesi

Sound and music, a significant issue in film studies, and associated phenomena, such as leitmotiv and diegetic/ non-diegetic music are essential notions as they serve many functions in the film experience of the audience. Sound and music, in general, have emerged as supportive elements for image and narrative in the art of cinema. Music is used in films to form a completeness with the images. In addition to these functions, film music has a significant place in terms of underlining the frames of mind of characters and expressing the emotions that are not spoken and not shown on the screen. Luchino Visconti used movements from Gustav Mahler’s third and fifth symphonies in Morte a Venezia (1971). The meanings brought by Mahler’s music almost move with the mood of Aschenbach, the main character of the film. Similarly, Michael Haneke used Schubert’s compositions in his film La Pianiste (2001). The troubles, emotional fluctuations, and oppositions experienced by Erika, who is the protagonist of the film, are also embodied in Schubert’s music, and thus the layers of meaning in both films increase with the music. In this article, the use of music in these two films is examined in terms of having similar functions. In addition, by referring to psychoanalytic theory, the reflection of the two most basic human instincts, life and death instincts, on music and characters was also examined and it was aimed to create an authentic perspective on film music.

Traumatic Characters’ Re-Victimisation Through Death Instincts In Selected Contemporary Malaysian Noir Narratives

Sigmund Freud first coined the concept of ‘death instinct’ in his controversial work Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) by stating that all beings are driven towards death as the result of living. The concept was introduced to explain the reasons for traumatised individuals to undergo a ‘compulsion to repeat’ their traumatic state. This concept will be applied to the textual analysis of selected characters who had undergone traumatic experience(s) fromthree Malaysian noir short stories published by Fixi Novo and written by three different authors. These stories were chosen since they took place in an urban community with its storyline regulating sexual abuse that leads to murder. The paper aims to (a) identify the traumatic event(s) experienced by selected characters in the short stories which provoke(s) their primal ‘death instinct’ and (b) examine how the concept ‘death instinct’ by Sigmund Freud compelled selected characters to repeat their trauma outwardly to undo their trauma. The study discovered that ‘death instinct’ is crucial as an intrinsic force to help victims of trauma psychically undotheir traumatic experience by repeating the act of violence upon others as a disguised form of self-gratification in response to a traumatic condition of urban society.Keywords: death instinct, Malaysian literature, noir, trauma, violence

The Ego and the Id: Concepts and developments

ABSTRACT In this note I have limited myself to describing some convergent and divergent developments arising from the innovative concepts present in The Ego and the Id. It could be argued that a part of the psychoanalytic movement wished to emphasize the function of the Ego (Anna Freud, Hartmann, Rapaport), while another part (Melanie Klein and her followers) delved into the dynamics of the Superego and the Id in primitive and pathological states of mind. I will examine three themes presents in The Ego and the Id: the assertion that a part of the Ego is unconscious; the idea that the death drive becomes part of the dynamics of melancholia and its Superego; the concept of fusion and defusion of the life and death instinct. Freud's writing represents a forge of new ideas that have made psychoanalysis ever more creative and capable of understanding the complexity and mysteriousness of the human mind.

Driven Towards Death – A Psychoanalysis Approach In Interpreting The Novel Kokoro By Natsumi Soseki

This paper aims to attest the author's interpretation that Sensei's character in the novel "Kokoro" by Natsume Soseki, fits into the category of individuals who are driven to death. Through Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach, the writer is expected to prove his interpretation through an integrated analysis. Psychoanalytic elements contained in the novel include instincts, structure of personality and death drive. According to Freud, human instincts are divided into two: life instincts and death instincts. In Freud’s structure of personality, the discussed topic will be focused on the id, ego, and superego. Id, ego, and superego will be the subject of how Sensei's character falls into the category of individuals who are driven to death. The method used in answering the research problems is by using close reading, focalization, and data collection. The novel "Kokoro" tells the characters of I and Sensei. I and Sensei are two people met just by chance, unrelated to each other. This paper focuses on Sensei’s part where he tells his past to I. At the end of the contents of the letter, Sensei stated that he had committed suicide. The letter turns out to be Sensei’s testament. The results of this paper are, in the novel "Kokoro", Sensei's character is an individual who: 1) has a life instinct and a death instinct in different periods of time, 2) has an id, ego, and superego which is proof that Sensei has the trait of being driven to death.

Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich: Defender of the Russian People and Its Traditionsy

The article is devoted to the biography and views of the famous mathematician and Russophile dissident Igor Shafarevich. Since the beginning of the 1970s, he has been a fellow-thinker and associate of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The article analyzes the main events of Shafarevich’s life, his social and political activity, and the ideas his most fundamental works base upon. It is noted that despite the importance of his ideas and his works, neither monographs nor signifi cant studies on his activity have yet appeared. The article tells about Shafarevich’s life journey, biography, his social and political activity, and his place in the dissident movement. It also pays attention to his friendship and ideological kinship with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Next, it analyzes the main ideas of Shafarevich’s article “Socialism” for the “From Under the Boulders” collection and his book “Socialism as a Phenomenon in the World History”. Shafarevich took socialism as a manifestation of the human race’s desire for self-destruction, for Nothing, as a kind of the biological death instinct. According to Shafarevich, socialism is hostile to individuality. It lowers a person down to the level of a government machine component and seeks to destroy the forces that support and strengthen the human personality: religion, culture, family, individual property, nationality. Developing his concept of socialism in later works, he appeared there as a critic of socialism, even more radical than Solzhenitsyn, and probably the most radical than anyone else among the Russian thinkers. The article pays special attention to Shafarevich’s famous work “Russophobia” and the controversy it aroused. It is noted that the core of Shafarevich’s social and political views was not formed by him in any separate program. However, it can be quite clearly identifi ed in a number of his key statements. It appears that it was connected with his vision of Orthodoxy, monarchy and Russian civilizational sovereignty, which presupposed getting rid of dependence on the West.

The versatility of the Kleinian model. Melanie Klein’s theory and formulations of morality and forgiveness

The purpose of this article is to outline Melanie Klein’s basic concepts through a detailed investigation of her viewpoints on the nature and origins of “objects.” Above all, it will be the burden of argument to document and chronicle how Klein gives powerful insights into notions of morality, forgiveness and love, which are particularly illuminating for ethical or philosophical studies. Famous for having given the death instinct a prominent, centre-stage position, Klein’s real achievement, however, in Emilia Steuerman’s opinion, “is her understanding of love as reparation (caritas),” (The Bounds of Reason 27) intrinsically linked to the reality of the death instinct. The elaboration on the two basic positions of Melanie Klein’s theory will show them to be related to two distinct formulations of morality. The concept of reparation, which represents one of the most interesting nodal points of her theoretical writings, will be construed to overlap, psychoanalytically, the concept of forgiveness put forth by philosophers such as Hannah Arendt or Jacques Derrida. Klein’s astute inclusion of an intolerance towards appreciation and admiration in her theorization of envy will be shown to have rendered the counterbalancing concept of gratitude equally impressive. Closely related to reparation, gratitude possesses the same redemptive quality, serving to mitigate the burden of aggression. It is a measure of the versatility of the Kleinian model that it enables her readers to extrapolate from her theorization of key psychoanalytical concepts to the dynamics of notions pertaining to fields such as ethics or philosophy

Object Relations : Insights of Eros and Thanatos in the Selected Novels of Khaled Hosseini

Discourse of human instincts is an ever challenging notion in psychology. These challenges paved a way for new exploration. One of the significant endeavour on Object Relation Theory is Melanie Kleinian model of psychical development, is the infant seen as coming into the world with life and death instincts. Phantasy, Projection,Introjection, Sadism, Epistemophilia, Reparation, Symbolism in which Klein sees life and death instincts in the human condition. Literature provides a rich platform to explore human psyche since ancient times. Khaled Hosseini’s works are one of such entity to explore human instincts. His two novels, The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns’s characters Mariam, Amir, Hassan, Sorob, Soroya , and Ali had experienced bitter childhood days in their past. The characters of Hosseini’s have suffered from Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) which haunts them throughout. The present study focuses on how the Eros and Thanatos frame the personality of selected characters with the fear of their past and to constrain their purpose in life.

Dinamika Kepribadian Tokoh dalam Novel Konspirasi Alam Semesta Karya Fiersa Besari

Humans are created with two types of inherent personalities, namely positive and negative personalities. The attitude or personality that exists in each individual can change due to events that have occurred in the past, and differences in personality possessed by individuals can also cause conflicts that lead to anxiety. This is what is called the dynamics of personality which can also be contained in the novel which contains the author's way of expressing an event through his fictional characters. This study aims to describe the personality dynamics that occur in the characters in the novel Conspiracy of the Universe by Fiersa Besari. This type of research includes qualitative descriptive research with a literary psychology approach. The data in this study are in the form of whole sentences or quotes that reflect the personality or behavior of the characters who are included in the personality dynamics which are divided into instincts and anxiety in Fiersa Besari's novel Conspiracy of the Universe by Fiersa Besari. The data collection technique uses reading techniques and note-taking techniques. Data analysis used techniques with three steps, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of this study reveal that the dynamics of personality found in the characters Juang Astrajingga and Ana Tidae are instincts and anxiety which include 6 data on life instincts in the form of sex instincts, thirst, creative activities and instinctive derivatives. Furthermore, 2 data on death instinct in the form of aggressive verbal and non-verbal activities, 6 data on realistic anxiety, 1 data on neurotic anxiety, and 1 data on moral anxiety. Keywords: novel, character, personality dynamics, literary psychology, psychoanalysis

BELOVED & THE EROTICS OF TEMPORAL MUTILATION

'Snatched and yanked' the readers begin a journey in Beloved’s extravagant and meandering narrative—a narrative filled with repetitions and returns that mutilate time beyond recognition. This paper aims to map time in Beloved, to understand its narrative insurgence, and feel the foreign terrains it leaves the reader in. I depend on Peter Brooks’ essay “Freud’s Masterplot” to contextualize the patterns of repetitions and returns that mutilate time in the text through a psychoanalytic understanding. Crucial to the psychoanalytic understanding of the narrative is the comprehension of narrative desire, precisely how the death instinct can be at work in the narrative. Given the controversial status of the death instinct in psychoanalysis, I also rely on Matte Blanco’s “The Four Antinomies of The Death Instinct” to elucidate how the death instinct takes root in the narrative and interacts with time. This maimed temporal map of Beloved takes the reader from three-dimensional reality on an ever-deviating spiral downwards to reach the purest, undifferentiated mode of being.

빨간 구두의 굴레와 여성주의적 재해석

For Hans Christian Andersen the red shoes syndrome indicates the supposedly feminine vanity and pride; contemporary feminist writers unveil the womanly innate desire for artistic behavior represented by the syndrome. But since this feminine desire had been a taboo, they had to interiorize it, but were not able to completely dampen it, hence often-times their desperate attempt to satisfy it, coupled with death instinct. This essay explores the red shoes syndrome in the works of Anne Sexton, Kathryn Davis, and Yideum Kim (a contemporary Korean poetess), as well as Alice Walker and a couple of others, with the special intention to demonstrate the shared desire among women a generation after another. As was already shown in “The Red Shoes” by Andersen, the shoe cannot be detached from human body and won’t stop dancing even after being separated. In the final analysis, this paper argues that the undying shoe is a zombie, which has only one-dimensional principle of behavior just like an object or a machine thus programmed. A zombie is, in this regard, an object the way that the red shoes are. In turn, the unremovable red shoes from the feet can be equivalent to a certain non-organic part of female body. Human body already has lots of non-organic ingredients in it, which are, of course, objects. The object of the red shoe, the non-organic bodily part, generates the affect of artistic satisfaction in our (especially, women’s) body.

The Temporal Dynamics of Wish to Live, Wish to Die, and Their Short-Term Prospective Relationships With Suicidal Desire

The internal debate hypothesis (Kovacs & Beck, 1977) suggests that those at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors may experience fluctuations in both the wish to live (WTL) and wish to die (WTD). Previous research has investigated this hypothesis using various cross-sectional (Goods et al., 2019 [cf. Page & Stritzke, 2020]) and longitudinal methodologies (e.g., Bryan et al., 2016). No investigations have determined the within-day temporal dynamics of WTL and WTD using ecological moment assessment (EMA), however. N = 49 undergraduate university students recruited from a research participant pool from a large southeastern university in the United States with a lifetime history of suicide ideation completed the current 10-day EMA investigation. Results demonstrated that WTL, WTD, and resulting suicidal ambivalence (i.e., relatively equal WTL/WTD ratings) demonstrated similar within-person person variability; however, WTD scores appeared to demonstrate higher average variability compared to WTL and ambivalence scores. Although state WTL and WTD were concurrently related to state suicidal desire, only WTD prospectively predicted suicidal desire when controlling for the influence of the outcome variable at the previous timepoint. Ambivalence scores also prospectively predicted suicidal desire when controlling for suicidal desire at the previous timepoint. Results support the clinical and theoretical utility of separate WTL and WTD assessment. WTD was relatively stable within this sample but may be closely related to risk for future suicidal thinking. Changes in WTL may reduce state risk for suicidal desire but could be more trait-like in nature compared to WTD. Future research that investigates these hypotheses should consider the study limitations outlined.

War as an Apocalypse: Literary Techniques of the Representation of Military Experience in Ukrainian Prose About the First World War

The article analyses how the writer’s military experience аffects the artistic images in his literary work. In particular, the apocalyptic motifs have been investigated, because the biblical legend about the imminent arrival of the apocalypse is one of the most famous and, probably, the most popular in society. The prophecies about the end of the world get attention every time during major wars, terrible world catastrophes, great social upheavals etc. The First World War, which was the first upheaval of such a scale in the 20th century, was one such event. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, despite the existing studies devoted to Ukrainian works about the First World War, the texts of combatant writers were not analysed for apocalyptic imagery. The subjects of the study were the works of K. Polishchuk, O. Makovei, and O. Turianskyi. It is argued that the motives of hopelessness, despair and misunderstanding, for what and for what interests ordinary soldiers are fighting, have been were common to all writers. They perceive the war as the end of the world. The leading problems of the works of these writers are the general dehumanization of society, which allowed a bloody slaughter, and the deviation of an individual personality, which is broken by a traumatic war experience. The images that represent individual characters of the apocalyptic myth in the analysed works can be transformed into a dragon, a fury or an angel of death. Their purpose is the destruction of the world. And, therefore, each person can make a choice about what his life will be. This optimism is not preserved in the analysed texts of K. Polishchuk and O. Makovei. Their works are characterised by absolute pessimism. Humanity is not capable of a positive choice, it is doomed, because it constantly prefers the death instinct, according to Z. Freud. On the other hand, in O. Turyanskyi’s novel, man and humanity do win over the terrible dehumanizing reality. And the world still has hope for further revival.

비 자살적 자해 대학생의 자해 중단 경험: 해석현상학적 분석

study. The data were collected with the help of one-on-one in-depth interviews with the participants. Three non-suicidal self-injury college students participated in the study and The researcher approached interpretative phenomenological analysis by Smith et al.,(2009).The results of the data analysis are described in three individual case analyses and a collective case analysis. Thematic aggregation revealed the following common themes: Thematic aggregation revealed the following common themes: ‘uncontrollable death instinct,’ ‘painful choice to forget pain,’ ‘distorted methods of escape,’ ‘escape strategy as an outsider,’ ‘a look at the abyss of self-injury,’and ‘making wounds a muscle for life.’ The common themes can be recapitulated as a process of choosing self-injury to escape anxiety and engaging in self-recovery as a wounded individual after seeing the abyss of anxiety. In order to resolve this lack of support, the active role of the Student Counseling Center installed in each university is required. The Student Counseling Center is in a position to intervene in various problems faced by college students. The study results suggest the necessity of revitalizing the outreach function of the university counseling centers as well as the personal know-how and techniques of counselors. Discussions were made based on the research results, and specific programs were suggested at the counseling level to prevent non-suicidal self-injury of college students and move toward recovery.